Plant Growth Regulators Auxin And Gibberelins
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This document summarizes plant growth regulators and focuses on auxins and gibberellins. It defines plant growth regulators as organic compounds that modify physiological processes in plants. Auxins and gibberellins are two major types of plant growth regulators. Auxins promote cell elongation and are involved in phototropism, while gibberellins regulate growth processes like seed germination, stem elongation, and flowering. The document provides details on the discovery, production, mechanism of action, and functions of auxins and gibberellins in plant development.
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1. Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division. The first was discovered in 1955 and is called kinetin, derived from degraded herring sperm DNA.
2. Cytokinins are synthesized primarily in root apical meristems but also other growing tissues. They move up through the xylem while auxin moves down.
3. In Arabidopsis, cytokinin signaling involves receptors that phosphorylate histidine phosphotransfer proteins, leading to phosphorylation of ARR transcription factors and expression of genes causing cytokinin responses.
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Auxins are a specific group of plant hormones that play an important role in plant growth and development. Some key points about auxins include:
- They were the first plant hormone discovered. Common auxins include indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
- Auxins are synthesized in root tips, young leaves, and apical buds, and are involved in processes like stem elongation, root initiation, apical dominance, and fruit development.
- Their discovery was made through experiments by Charles Darwin, Peter Boysen-Jensen, and Frits Went in the late 19th/early 20th centuries which demonstrated that a signal substance moved through plants and caused differential growth.
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This document discusses plant hormones called auxins. It describes auxins as organic substances produced in actively growing plant tissues that influence physiological processes even at low concentrations. The document outlines the discovery of auxins in 1881 and notes they are produced in plant tissues and influence processes like cell elongation, differentiation, ethylene production, root and lateral root formation, fruit development, leaf abscission, secondary growth, and phototropism and gravitropism. It also discusses how auxins are applied to plants based on factors like plant type, age, concentration, and application method.
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This document summarizes the major classes of plant hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. It describes their roles in processes like cell elongation, fruit ripening, dormancy, and responses to stress. The document also discusses some newer identified plant hormones and their functions, as well as potential medical applications of harnessing plant hormones to target cancer cells.
Plant hormone
Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, are organic compounds that regulate plant growth. The main classes of plant hormones are auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. These hormones control key functions of plant growth and development such as cell division and enlargement, fruit ripening, dormancy, and response to environmental stresses. Common plant hormones include indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), kinetin, gibberellic acid (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA). Plant hormones allow plants to adapt and grow under different conditions.
Plant growth hormone
Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, regulate growth and development in plants. There are five major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and differentiation, as well as apical dominance. Gibberellins promote stem elongation. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and differentiation. Ethylene regulates fruit ripening and inhibits stem elongation. Abscisic acid induces seed dormancy. Plant hormones have potential medical applications, as some can inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
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Presentation for Plant Physiology. I was in charge of creating and designing the presentation as well as formating the images and information. Our projec won our class competition in regards to overall look and presentation.
Plant hormones
Plant growth regulators, also known as plant hormones, are chemicals that alter plant growth. The main plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and root growth. Gibberellins promote cell elongation and division, leading to stem growth. Cytokinins promote cell division. Abscisic acid inhibits growth and promotes leaf and fruit drop. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and leaf senescence. These hormones precisely control many aspects of plant growth and development.
Photoperiodism and vernalization
Photoperiodism and Vernalization,all about phitoperiodism and vernalisation,classification of plants on the basis of photoperiodism.
Ethylene
1. Ethylene is a plant hormone that influences many aspects of plant growth and development. It plays an important role in fruit ripening.
2. Ethylene's effects on plants were observed as far back as ancient Egypt, China, and India, where smoke or burning materials were used to stimulate ripening.
3. Ethylene is produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi. It is involved in processes like stimulating seed germination, root and shoot growth, flowering, leaf and fruit drop, and fruit ripening.
Ethylene
This document discusses ethylene, a plant hormone that plays an important role in fruit ripening. It describes how ethylene is produced through the methionine pathway and triggers climacteric fruit to ripen. Factors like stage of development, auxins, injuries and temperature can influence ethylene production. The document also categorizes fruits based on their ethylene production rates and discusses how ethylene can be removed or its action inhibited during storage to extend shelf life.
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Organic nutrients are transported throughout plants via the phloem. Sugars and other organic materials move from sources, like mature leaves, to sinks, such as roots and developing organs, through sieve elements in the phloem. This process, called translocation, occurs via pressure flow. Sugars are actively loaded into the phloem in source tissues, increasing pressure. This causes flow to lower pressure sink tissues, where sugars are unloaded. Mainly sucrose is translocated, along with other materials, in a rapid flow driven by solute concentration gradients between sources and sinks.
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This document discusses cytokinins, a class of plant growth hormones. It begins by defining cytokinins and their role in promoting cell division. It then discusses the discovery of cytokinins in 1954 using DNA from herring sperm. The document outlines that cytokinins are synthesized primarily in root tips and occur throughout actively dividing plant tissues. It describes the chemical structure of major cytokinins like benzyladenine, kinetin, and zeatin which are adenine derivatives. Finally, it lists several physiological roles of cytokinins like stimulating cell division and elongation, delaying senescence, promoting flowering, and breaking seed dormancy.
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The document discusses the physiology of flowering in plants. It explains that flowering is influenced by photoperiodism, where plants use the relative duration of light and dark periods to determine when to flower. There are three main categories of plants based on their photoperiodic response: short day plants that flower under short days, long day plants that flower under long days, and day neutral plants that are not influenced by day length. The document outlines the role of the phytochrome pigment in sensing day length and initiating flowering, where different ratios of its two forms, Pfr and Pr, trigger flowering in short day versus long day plants.
Vernalization
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a cold treatment given to hydrated seeds or growing plants. Cold exposure cuts short the vegetative period, resulting in early flowering. Two main theories explain vernalization's mechanism: the phasic development theory proposes cold exposure accelerates plant development phases, while hormonal theories suggest cold induces a floral hormone called vernalin. Epigenetic changes in gene expression from cold exposure may also play a role, stably altering flowering gene expression even after the cold is removed. Vernalization has practical applications in agriculture by promoting early flowering, increasing disease resistance, and aiding crop improvement.
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Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates many processes in plants including fruit ripening, flower and leaf senescence, and stress responses. It was discovered in 1864 that gas leaks caused abnormal plant growth and was later identified as the hydrocarbon ethylene. Ethylene is produced from methionine through various intermediates and binds to receptors in plants to trigger gene expression changes and physiological responses. Some key effects of ethylene include stimulating fruit ripening, inducing leaf and flower abscission, breaking seed and bud dormancy, and causing the "triple response" in seedlings.
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant growth regulators are organic compounds that control plant growth and development. The main types are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins and gibberellins promote growth, while abscisic acid and ethylene inhibit growth. Plant growth regulators influence processes like cell division and elongation, flowering, fruit ripening, dormancy, and response to stress.
Cytokinin plant hormones complete
1. Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division. The first was discovered in 1955 and is called kinetin, derived from degraded herring sperm DNA.
2. Cytokinins are synthesized primarily in root apical meristems but also other growing tissues. They move up through the xylem while auxin moves down.
3. In Arabidopsis, cytokinin signaling involves receptors that phosphorylate histidine phosphotransfer proteins, leading to phosphorylation of ARR transcription factors and expression of genes causing cytokinin responses.
Auxins
Auxins are a specific group of plant hormones that play an important role in plant growth and development. Some key points about auxins include:
- They were the first plant hormone discovered. Common auxins include indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
- Auxins are synthesized in root tips, young leaves, and apical buds, and are involved in processes like stem elongation, root initiation, apical dominance, and fruit development.
- Their discovery was made through experiments by Charles Darwin, Peter Boysen-Jensen, and Frits Went in the late 19th/early 20th centuries which demonstrated that a signal substance moved through plants and caused differential growth.
Flowering
This document summarizes different mechanisms of floral evocation and flowering in plants. It discusses three types of flowering responses: autonomous, obligate, and facultative. Common seasonal cues include photoperiodism and vernalization. Flowering is regulated by microRNAs, circadian rhythms, photoperiod pathways, and genes such as FLC that promote or suppress flowering under different environmental conditions. Vernalization gradually represses FLC expression leading to an epigenetic switch from a flowering-suppressive to flowering-permissive state. COOLAIR non-coding RNA is involved in vernalization by facilitating histone modifications that stabilize FLC repression.
Auxin
This document discusses plant hormones called auxins. It describes auxins as organic substances produced in actively growing plant tissues that influence physiological processes even at low concentrations. The document outlines the discovery of auxins in 1881 and notes they are produced in plant tissues and influence processes like cell elongation, differentiation, ethylene production, root and lateral root formation, fruit development, leaf abscission, secondary growth, and phototropism and gravitropism. It also discusses how auxins are applied to plants based on factors like plant type, age, concentration, and application method.
Plant hormone (Part-2)- Gibberellins
Gibberellins are tetracyclic diterpenoid plant hormones that were first discovered in Japan when investigating a fungus that caused abnormal growth in rice plants. There are currently 136 identified gibberellins derived from plants, fungi, and bacteria. Gibberellins promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flower induction. They are synthesized in the leaves and transported to other parts of the plant where they stimulate growth and developmental processes.
PLANT GROWTH HORMONE
This document summarizes the major classes of plant hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. It describes their roles in processes like cell elongation, fruit ripening, dormancy, and responses to stress. The document also discusses some newer identified plant hormones and their functions, as well as potential medical applications of harnessing plant hormones to target cancer cells.
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Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, regulate growth and development in plants. There are five major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and differentiation, as well as apical dominance. Gibberellins promote stem elongation. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and differentiation. Ethylene regulates fruit ripening and inhibits stem elongation. Abscisic acid induces seed dormancy. Plant hormones have potential medical applications, as some can inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
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Plant growth regulators are chemicals that alter plant growth and development. The main plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and root growth. Gibberellins promote stem elongation and seed germination. Cytokinins promote cell division. Abscisic acid induces dormancy and leaf senescence. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and senescence. Together these hormones precisely regulate key processes in the plant life cycle.
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Introduction
Cucurbits belong to the family cucurbitaceae and form an important, a large group of vegetables, grown extensively throughout India and other tropical and sub tropical regions of the globe. In temperate regions some of the cucurbits like cucumber and chow- chow (chayote) are grown in greenhouses as well as under open field conditions. The fruits of cucurbits are consumed fresh as a dessert (muskmelon and watermelon) or in salads (cucumber and long melon), cooked (bottle gourd, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, summer squash, squash melon, pumpkin etc.) and processed in pickles (gherkins, pointed gourd), jam (pumpkin) or candied (ash gourd). Cucurbits with a tough rind (bottle gourd and summer squash) are used for containers, cutlery, musical instruments, ornaments etc. Dry fruits of sponge gourd are used as scrubbing pads. The colourful ornamental gourds that come in a variety of shapes and sizes are used as decoration pieces. Most of the cucurbits are annuals, direct sown and propagated through seed.
PGR is a group of chemicals produced by plants known as plant growth regulators control the growth and development of plants. These chemicals act on plant physiological processes at very low concentrations. Often they are produced at one location and transported to another, where they exert their influences; however, they may also act on the same tissue in which they are produced. Plant growth regulators are organic substance, other than nutrients and vitamins which regulate the growth of plant when applied in small quantities. PGR’s are used in various forms like liquid, powder, paste etc on crop plants.
Growth, development and yield analysis in crop plants helps in understanding the contribution of various growth and yield components. Plant growth regulators considered as a new generation of agro-chemicals when added in small amounts, modify the growth of plants usually by stimulating or modifying one part of the natural growth regulatory system, thereby the yield is enhanced. Higher production through breeding is a continuous endeavor of mankind. But, these methods are however, not only time consuming but also costly. Therefore, growth regulators have been known as one of the quick means of increasing production.
History
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Plant hormones and their applications
Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, control plant growth and development processes including germination, growth, flowering, fruit ripening and senescence. The major plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote stem elongation and growth, stimulate fruit growth, and induce root formation. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation, control flowering, and break seed dormancy. Cytokinins promote cell division and stimulate shoot and root growth. Abscisic acid inhibits seed germination and induces dormancy while ethylene induces fruit ripening and flowering.
Androgenesis
Androgenesis is the production of haploid plants through the culture of male gametophytes or microspores. There are two main methods - anther culture and isolated pollen/microspore culture. Anther culture involves excising anthers from flower buds and culturing them on nutrient media, while microspore culture isolates microspores from anthers. Several factors influence androgenesis success, including genotype, anther wall components, culture medium, growth regulators, and physical conditions. Androgenic haploids can develop directly from microspores or indirectly through a callus phase, following various developmental pathways. Androgenesis allows for the efficient production of haploid plants for breeding programs.
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are small molecules that regulate plant growth and development. There are several major classes of PGRs, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. PGRs can promote growth, through cell division and elongation, or inhibit growth. Auxins promote root formation and flowering. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation. Cytokinins promote leaf growth. Ethylene induces fruit ripening and flowering. Abscisic acid inhibits seed germination and induces dormancy. PGRs allow plants to respond to environmental cues and coordinate various growth processes.
Lecture 5 plant hormones 2014
Plant hormones regulate growth and development in response to environmental and biological signals. The major plant hormones are auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids. These hormones function through complex signaling cascades in the cell involving gene transcription and protein degradation. Hormone manipulation is important for tissue culture and seed germination.
Plant growth hormones
Plant hormones, also known as chemical messengers, control many plant functions and developmental patterns. The five major classes of natural plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and division, gibberellins stimulate stem growth, and cytokinins promote cell division. Ethylene promotes ripening, while abscisic acid induces stomatal closure and bud and shoot growth inhibition. Plant hormones influence many important plant processes including flowering, fruit growth and ripening, dormancy, and response to stress.
ubaidafzal018@gmail.com
Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. GAs were first identified in 1926 as the cause of "foolish seedling" disease in rice. The first GAs isolated in 1935 were gibberellic acid, gibberellin A1, and gibberellin A2, extracted from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. GAs promote stem elongation, seed germination, flowering, and leaf growth while inhibiting root growth and promoting dormancy. Compared to auxins, GAs have less effect on cell extension in excised tissues but greater effect on intact plant growth. GAs are biosynthesized through the methylerythritol phosphate pathway,
Plant growth regulators
This document discusses plant hormones and plant growth regulators. It describes the main types of plant hormones - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. For each hormone, it provides details on their discovery, natural and synthetic forms, sites of synthesis, and roles in plant growth and development such as cell elongation, division, dormancy, flowering, and fruit ripening. It also discusses the roles of anti-auxins and anti-gibberellins in inhibiting the effects of auxins and gibberellins, respectively.
Plant Hormones by Dr. R.B. Kakde
Plant hormones or Plant hormones are Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellic acid, Abscisic acid and Ethylene. they are also called as Phytohormones or Plant Growth Regulators which play key role in various stages of plant development such as seed germination, shoot formation, root formation, stem elongation, scenescence, abscision, fruit ripining etc.
PLANT GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTyxz.pdf
A presentation about plant growth could cover a variety of topics, including the different stages of plant growth, the factors that affect plant growth, and the ways in which plants can be grown and cultivated. The presentation could begin by discussing the basic biology of plants, including their structure and the processes that take place within them. It could then move on to discuss the different stages of plant growth, from germination to maturity, and the factors that affect plant growth, such as light, water, nutrients, and temperature
Seminar on pgr in plants
This document provides an overview of a seminar on plant hormones and growth regulators. It discusses the five major plant hormones: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. For each hormone, it describes their classification, discovery, roles in plant growth and development processes like cell division, fruit ripening, dormancy, and responses to environmental stresses. The document aims to inform attendees about the key functions and effects of different plant hormones.
Amaninder deep singh
The document discusses plant growth regulators and their role in crop improvement. It begins by introducing plant hormones and the five major classes: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. It then examines each hormone in more detail, describing their discovery, functions, effects on growth, and practical applications in agriculture. Specific examples are provided such as how auxins promote cell elongation and apical dominance, gibberellins induce stem elongation and seed germination, and ethylene stimulates fruit ripening and senescence. In conclusion, plant growth regulators are important for plant growth and development and widely used to improve crop yields and quality.
Plant growth hormones
Expains in detail the Plant Growth Hormones, Plant growth promoters and plant growth retardants/inhibitors. The role of Growth hormones in Physiological process of Plants and their application in Plant Tissue culture (Auxins, cytokinins, Gibberellins, ABA, Ethylene)
Control & coordination III
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Plant Growth Regulators Auxin And Gibberelins
- 1. 1
- 2. Faculty of Pharmacy Gomal University Presented By; Ain Ali Haider (25) Sarmad Hussain (18) Hammad Hussnain (39) Muhammad (63) Asfandyar (38) Submitted to; Muhammad Imran Aziz Date:8th May 2017 2
- 4. • Plant growt regulators • Introduction • Mechanism of action • Auxin • Gibberellins CONTENT: 4
- 5. Plant Growth Regulators; • A plant growth regulator is an organic compound, either natural or synthetic, that modifies or controls one or more specific physiological processes within a plant. 5
- 6. • Organic compounds • Produced by plants • Required in minute amount • Thymon said “phytohormones” 6
- 7. • Hormones => animals • Phytohormones => plants • Plant growth regulators=> syntheticly produced i.e IAA (naturally) IBA (synthetically) 7 3 TERMINOLOGIES 7
- 8. Also called as Phytohormones , These are the physiochemical intercellular messengers that regulates ; • Germination • Rooting • Growth • Flowering • Fruit ripening • Foliage and death • Bud dormancy etc 8
- 9. T y p e s o f P l a n t G r o w t h R e g u l a t o r s • Auxins • Gibberellins • Cytokinins • Ethylene glycol • Abscisic acid 9
- 10. 3 Steps of Signal Transduction: 10
- 11. • a plant hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth. 11
- 12. Introduction: • The term auxin is derived from a greek word auxein which means “to grow” • First growth hormone • Pormotes elongation of young shoots(IAA) • Promotes fruit growth Alpha NAA IBA 12
- 13. 13
- 14. 14
- 15. Production: • Produced in root cells • shoot meristematic tissue, • In young leaves • Mature root cells • In the embroy 15
- 16. Mechanism of action : 1. Binding of hormone 2. Signaling 3. Activation Proton pumps 4.Action of Golgi apparatus 5. Activation of DNA Protiens 6. Production of protiens 16
- 17. 17
- 18. Functions of Auxin; • Auxin promotes cell growth • Help in phototropism • Suppresses lateral growth 18
- 19. • Auxin is required for fruit growth • Rooting elongation. • Tropistic response of bending 19
- 20. • Elongation of the plant, • Increases the plasticity of the cell wall 20
- 21. • Leaf and fruit abscission 21
- 22. GIBBERELLiNS • A class of diterpene plant growth hormones that regulate growth and various developmental processes. 22
- 23. INTRODUCTION: • First Gibberellin to be structrally found as GA3 • About 136 GAs identified • Diterpenoid acids • Weakly acidic compound • of rice seedlings. Gibberellic Acid 23
- 24. Chemical Structure • tetracyclic diterpene acids which have a common entgibberellane skeleton. • Gibbane ring 24
- 25. Discovery: • Japanese scientist Kurosawa • Bakanae (foolish seedlings) • “Gibberalla fujikuroi” • 1926 Filtered Extract of fungus • In 1934, Yabuta discovered compound Fusaric Acid, known as Gibberellins. 25
- 26. Production: These are found in the; • Young tissues of Roots , • Germinating seeds, • Developing shoot tissues, • Embroy, • Production increases in the dark. • SYNTHESIS; • From acetyl CoA 26
- 27. 27
- 28. Differences Between AUXIN GIBBERELLINS 28 • Found in higher plants • Double or single unsaturated ring structure • Apical dominance • Does not cause bolting • Found in fungi mostly • Tetracyclic gibbane structure, less unsaturation • Does not affect • Causes bolting
- 29. • Does not influence callus formation • No effect of root growth • Produce Hydrolyzing enzyme. • Replace the requirements of long photoperiods 29 • Essential for callus formation • Effect on root growth • Does not produce Hydrolyzing enzyme • No effect on flowering in long day plants
- 30. Functions of Gibberellins: • Stimulate elongation • Flowering in the binnel plants • Break seed dormacy Foolish Seedlings of rice Internodal stem development 30
- 31. • Parthenocarpic plants fruit development • Induces sex expression • Stimulates germination of pollen • Stimulate root growth Fruit Development Development of root 31
- 33. • Stimulates α-amylase production in germinating seeds. • Stimulate internodal develpoment. 33
- 34. 34
- 35. Prepared by; Ain Ali Haider akhan196@hotmail.co.uk