SEMINAR VSC 591.pptx

Speaker
Major Advisor
Dr. S. K. Acharya
Assistant Professor
Department of vegetable science
College of Horticulture
S. D. Agricultural University
Jagudan – 384 460
Minor Advisor
Dr. Piyush Verma
Associate Professor & Head,
Department of Horticulture,
C. P. College of Agriculture,
S. D. Agricultural University,
Sardarkrushinagar.
Dr. Kiran Kumari
Seminar Co-ordinator &
Associate Professor,
College of Horticulture,
S. D. A. U., Jagudan

Introduction
History of PGR’s
What is Plant Growth Regulators?
What are the benefits?
Effects of PGRs on plant
Classification of Plant Growth Regulators
Plant Growth Regulators and their role
Methods of application of PGRs
Research Work
Precaution in Growth Regulator Application
Constraints in the use of growth regulators
Conclusion
Future thrust

Introduction
• Cucurbits belong to the family cucurbitaceae and form an
important, a large group of vegetables, grown extensively
throughout India and other tropical and sub tropical regions of
the globe
• The fruits of cucurbits are consumed fresh as a dessert
(muskmelon and watermelon) or in salads (cucumber and long
melon), cooked (bottle gourd, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, ridge
gourd, summer squash, pumpkin etc.) and processed in pickles
(gherkins, pointed gourd), jam (pumpkin) or candied
(ash gourd)
• Most of the cucurbits are annuals, direct sown and propagated
through seed
01

 A group of chemicals produced by plants known as plant
growth regulators control the growth and development of
plants.
 These chemicals act on plant processes at very low
concentrations.
 Often they are produced at one location and transported to
another, where they exert their influences; however, they may
also act on the same tissue in which they are produced.
 Plant growth regulators are organic chemical substance, other
than nutrients and vitamins which regulate the growth of plant
when applied in small quantities.
 PGR’s are used in different forms like liquid, powder, paste
etc. “Hormone” is Greek word derived from “hormao”, which
means to stimulate.
Conti….
02

History
• The application of plant growth regulators in agriculture has
started in 1930 in United States (Fishel, 2006). The discovery of
major plant growth regulators started with Charles Darwin and
his child, Francis Darwin experiment
• They observed the growth of coleoptiles of canary grass
towards the light source phototropism followed by a series of
experiments and they concluded the presence of a transmittable
substance that influences the growth of canary grass towards the
light. Later on that substance we know as auxin and isolated by
F. W. Went
• Gibberellins or gibberellic acid was formerly found in
uninfected rice seedlings and was reported by E. Kurosawa
And F. Skoog
03

• Miller discovered another growth promoting substance named
kinetin (cytokinins). The use of the plant cell culture bioassay
was a key to the eventual isolation of zeatin from corn by
Letham (1963)
• The growth regulating properties of ethylene were first
recognized by the Russian scientist Nejebulov in 1901. His
experiments showed that illuminating gas could cause leaf
abscission and epinasty
• Fruit physiologist Crocker was the first to suggest that
ethylene was an endogenous plant hormone
• ABA was first identified and chemically characterized by F. T.
Addicot (l963) who was studying for compounds responsible
for abscission of cotton bolls. He named one active, compound
as abscission-I and other more active compound as abscission-
II. The abscission-II was proved to be ABA
Conti….
04

What is Plant Growth Regulators?
 A Plant Growth Regulators is an organic compound, either natural or synthetic, that
modifies or controls one or processes within a plant
or
 Plant growth regulators –not only included plant hormones (natural or synthetic) but also
included non nutrient chemicals not found naturally in plants that when applied to plants,
influences their growth and development
05

What are the benefits?
Promote and accelerate root formation on cuttings and
seedlings
Increasing flowering results to increase
yield
PGRs have been proven to save
contractors time and money
Control the size of
plants
06

Effects of PGRs on plant
1. ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT - when the action of two growth
regulators is opposite it is called antagonistic. Example- auxin
promotes apical dominance but cytokinins oppose
2. SYNERGISTIC EFFECT- Two or more growth regulators may
be similar in their action, when the effect is more than the sum of
their individual effects
• Example- Auxin and gibberellins cause stem elongation by
different mechanism while ABA and ethylene inhibits stem
growth
07

Classification of Plant Growth Regulators
A) On the basis of nature of function
a. Growth promoting hormones/Growth promoter:
• Auxin
• Gibberellins
• Cytokinins
b. Growth inhibiting/Growth Retardant:
• ABA
• Ethylene
08

B) On the basis of Origin
a. Natural hormone: Produced by some tissues in the plant. Also
called Endogenous hormones. e.g. IAA.
b. Synthetic hormone: Produced artificially and similar to natural
hormone in physiological activity. Also called exogenous
hormones. e.g. 2, 4 D, NAA etc.
c. Postulated hormone: Also produced spontaneously in the plant
body, but their structure and function are not discovered clearly
e.g. Florigen, Vernalin.
Conti….
09

Auxins : IAA, NAA, IBA, 2, 4-D, 4-CPA
Gibberellins : GA1 to 83
Cytokinins : Kinetin, Zeatin
Ethylene : Ethrel
Abscissic acid : Dormins
Phenolic substances : Coumarin
Flowering hormones : Florigin, Anthesin, Vernalin
Natural substances : Phytochrome
Synthetic substances : Synthetic Auxins, Synthetic Cytokinins
Growth inhibitors : AMO-1618, Phosphon-D, Cycocel, B-999
Classes of plant growth regulators:

Plant Growth Regulators and their roles
1. AUXINS
 Auxins are one of the most important plant
hormones. The chief naturally occurring auxin is
indole-3 acetic acid – IAA and other related
compounds. The term Auxin is derived from the
Greek language meaning “to grow” or "to increase"
 These plant growth regulators are generally
produced at the points of stems and roots from
where they are transported to other parts of the
plants. These plant hormones include both natural
and synthetic sources. Indole-3-acetic acid and
indole butyric acid are obtained from natural plant
sources, whereas naphthalene acetic acid and 2, 4-
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid are obtained from
synthetic sources
IBA powder
11

• Polar translocation
• Apical dominance
• Variable behavior of root and shoot
growth
• Root initiation
• Delay in abscission
• Differentiation of xylem elements
Characteristics of Auxin
12

Role of auxins in plants
1. Promotes cell enlargement and elongation of stem
2. Inhibition of lateral buds
3. Leaf abscission
4. Lateral growth
5. Vascular differentiation
6. Root growth
7. Root initiation
8. Flowering
9. Sex expression
10. Development of fruits and seeds
11. Development of parthenocarpic fruits
12. Symbiosis
14

Apical dominance
Delay in abscission Root initiation
Parthenocarpy
Flowering
13
Cell elongation

• Certain compounds synthesized only, by chemists, may also
cause some physiological responses common to lAA are called
synthetic auxins
• They are as under:
1. Alpha and Beta Napthalene acetic acid (NAA)
2. 2, 4-Dichorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D)
3. 2, 4, 5-Trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4, 5-T)
4. Phenolic acid
5. 2-Methyle-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (MCPA)
Synthetic Auxins
15

Agricultural uses and method of application of Auxins:
Sr. No Compound Uses/Purpose Method of application
1. Natural & synthetic
Auxins
a.Stimulate rooting in stem
cutting
b.Promote budding & sprouting
By dust, spray, Dip
2. IAA a. Prevention of leaf & fruit drop spray, Dip
3. NAA a.Controlled pre harvest fruit
drop
Spray
4. N- Alyphatamic acid a. Induce flower formation
b. Increase fruit yield in tomato
Spraying on young
seedlings
5. NAA and other synthetic
Auxin
a. Control of fruit set in many
fruit crops
Spray

Gibberellins
• Gibberellins are second important growth
hormones found in plants
• Gibberellins are an extensive chemical family
based on the ent-gibberellane structure. The
first gibberellin to be discovered was
gibberellic acid. Now there are more than 83
types of gibberellins and are mainly gathered
from a variety of organisms from fungi to
higher plants
• GA3, the highly active and long time
commercially available. This was isolated in a
pure form from the culture medium of the
fungus Gibberella fujikuroi
• Immature seeds contains higher amount of
gibberellins. The ability of other plant parts
for gibberellin synthesis is less established.
Young leaves are also thought to be a major
site of GA synthesis
GA3
Structure of GA3
17

Role of GA in plants
1. GA promotes growth of intact plants
2. Promotion of germination of dormant seeds and
growth of dormant buds
3. GA stimulate mobilization of foods and minerals
elements in storage cells
4. Juvenile and flowering
5. Sex expression
6. Parthenocarpic fruit
18

Cytokinins
• These are produced in the regions where cell division occurs;
mostly in the roots and shoots. They help in the production of new
leaves, lateral shoot growth, chloroplasts in leaves etc. They help
in overcoming apical dominance and delay ageing of leaves
Cytokinin occurs in:
• Milk of unripe coconut,
• Milky endosperm of maize
• Vascular tissue of plants,
• Potato tubers
• Mosses
• Brown and Red algae
• Diatoms
19

Role of Cytokinins in plants
1. Dormancy
2. Cell division
3. Cell enlargement
4. Root and bud differentiation
5. Development of fruits and seeds
6. Delaying Senescence
7. Effects on mobilization (organic metabolites and
minerals)
20

Ethylene: ( 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid)
• Ethylene is a simple, gaseous plant growth regulator, synthesized
by most of the plant organs includes ripening fruits and ageing
tissues. It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon having double covalent
bonds between and adjacent to carbon atoms
• Ethylene is used as both plant growth promoters and plant growth
inhibitors. Ethylene is synthesized by the ripening fruits and ageing
tissues
21

Role of ethylene to plants
1. Fruit ripening
2. Breaking the dormancy of seeds, tubers
and bulbs
3. Root and Shoot growth
4. Leaf growth
5. Flowering
6. Sex expression
22

Abscissic Acid: (ABA)
• It is a growth inhibitor, which was discovered in the 1960s. It was
initially called dormant. Later, another compound abscisin-II was
discovered and is commonly called as abscisic acid. This growth
inhibitor is synthesized within the stem, leaves, fruits, and seeds of
the plant
• Mostly, abscisic acid serves as an antagonist to Gibberellic acid. It
is also known as the stress hormone as it helps by increasing the
plant-tolerance to various types of stress
23

Role of ABA
1. Growth Inhibiters
2. Induces bud dormancy and seed
dormancy
3. Induces tuberisation
4. Induces senescence of leaves, abscission
of leaves, flowers and fruits
5. Stomata closing
24

Method of application
There are various methods of application of PGRs in
plants. The possible effects of PGRs depend on their
method of application due to the difference in their
mode of absorption by the plant, as some chemicals are
absorbed only through root, leaves or stem and some
are absorbed through all mentioned organs
Plant growth regulators are usually applied as sprays or
drenches. Foliar spray applications are the most
common method employed because growers are
already used to applying sprays in the greenhouse
25

1. Sprays
• Sprays are generally applied to achieve a
relatively short-term response and are
appropriate when a small to moderate effect
on plant height is desired
• When applied as foliar sprays, PGRs must be
absorbed and/or transported within the plant
• The active ingredient must move through the
waxy cuticle layer of the leaf or stem and
then into the plant tissue
Spray Equipment
• Spray equipment must be operating properly,
including sprayer pressure and distribution
pattern of the nozzles or spray gun
• Keep a separate sprayer for applying PGRs.
Triple-rinse the sprayer after each application
to prevent unnecessary damage to other crops
from residues of previous PGR applications
26

2. Drench method
 Drenching is the second most common method of applying plant growth
regulators
 Drenches are primarily applied to the top of the media of a growing
plant, with little or moderate contact with the foliage
 The chemical is absorbed by plant roots and translocated to the plants'
growing points where it inhibits subsequent elongation
 Be sure roots are well-developed before drenching with any PGR
 Drenches are often applied to serve one of two purposes: to inhibit stem
extension for a long period of time beginning soon after transplant or to
"stop" stem extension once a plant reaches its final desired height
27

3. Watering-In or Injection method
• The third technique, "watering in," is a type of chemigation in
which the PGR is injected into the irrigation water and applied at
each irrigation at very low rates of active ingredient
• The watering-in method is essentially a drench application that
allows growers to apply PGRs to crops without the high labor costs
associated with traditional pot-to-pot drench applications
• Although the watering-in method may lead to variable application
volumes and results, more consistent height control is generally
obtained when the method is performed correctly
28

4. Seed soaking
• In this technique seeds were treated with various PGRs in
growth chamber for required hrs
• This treatment breaks the seed dormancy and increase
germination percentages
• Enhancing early germination trough early radical
emergence
29

Table: 01 Effects of plant growth regulators on flowering and yield attributes of
cucumber.
Treatments Days taken to
50%
flowering
Days taken to
picking
Fruit set
%
Length of
fruits
No. of fruit/
plant
Fruit yield
(q/ha)
T1 – GA3 (100 ppm) 38.36 54.75 79.60 22.36 9.24 178.67
T2 – GA3 (200 ppm) 37.01 52.55 82.90 21.85 8.01 172.67
T3 – GA3 (250 ppm) 37.99 55.37 79.20 21.08 9.16 178.00
T4 - NAA (50 ppm) 39.18 55.40 78.50 21.64 8.96 174.79
T5- NAA (100 ppm) 42.11 56.51 73.50 21.40 8.70 158.30
T6 - NAA (150 ppm) 40.52 56.18 74.50 20.99 7.93 167.33
T7 - Ethrel (200 ppm) 41.39 55.45 73.30 17.19 8.42 169.07
T8 - Ethrel (300 ppm) 41.20 57.92 76.00 19.55 7.73 169.33
T9 - Control (Water spray) 43.07 59.41 71.00 16.99 7.16 160.00
S.Em± 0.83 0.87 1.59 0.54 0.45 1.00
CD at 5% Level 1.85 1.89 4.78 1.49 1.37 2.02
Kadi et al. (2018)
Indore, Madhya Pradesh 34
Note: PGR will be sprayed 2-4 leave stage

Table: 02 Influence of plant growth regulators on yield traits of cucumber.
Treatment Number of fruits
per vine
Fruit weight
per vine (kg)
Fruit yield
(tonnes/ha)
T1 Maleic hydrazide @ 100 ppm 9.70 1.96 11.77
T2 Maleic hydrazide @ 200 ppm 6.67 1.24 7.42
T3 Ethephon @ 100 ppm 8.50 1.68 10.05
T4 Ethephon @ 200 ppm 8.58 1.61 9.63
T5 NAA @ 50 ppm 6.33 1.22 7.33
T6 NAA @ 100 ppm 5.58 1.34 8.02
T7 Maleic hydrazide @ 100 ppm + Ethephon @ 100 ppm 11.58 2.19 13.12
T11 Maleic hydrazide @ 100 ppm + NAA @ 50 ppm 5.75 1.23 7.39
T12 Maleic hydrazide @200 ppm + NAA @ 50 ppm 6.25 1.27 7.64
T15 Control (Distilled water spray) 5.75 1.20 7.22
S.Em 0.45 0.12 0.7
CD at 5% 1.30 0.34 2.04
J&K, India Thappa et al. (2011)
35

Table: 03 Interactive effects of NaCl and pre-soaking treatments on various
germination and seedling parameters of cucumber.
Treatment combinations Seedling dry
weight (mg)
Seedling fresh
weight (mg)
Germination
percentage (%)
Seedling length
(mm)
NaCl0 x H2O 35.13 117.20 96.66 136.47
NaCl0 x GA3 100 ppm 39.40 125.40 96.66 145.73
NaCl0 x GA3 200 ppm 38.60 120.40 96.00 134.40
NaCl0 x SA 0.5 ppm 31.86 105.00 90.66 110.07
NaCl0 x SA 1.0 ppm 33.20 105.40 80.00 107.60
NaCl50 x H2O 35.40 102.80 85.32 97.60
NaCl50 x GA3 100 ppm 36.86 111.20 87.99 99.07
NaCl50 x GA3 200 ppm 33.35 111.80 88.66 103.20
NaCl50 x SA 0.5 ppm 34.46 109.60 87.33 132.73
NaCl50 x SA 1.0 ppm 34.93 112.00 80.00 128.53
NaCl100 x H2O 11.26 34.40 63.33 28.34
NaCl100 x GA3 100 ppm 14.00 40.00 78.66 30.73
NaCl100 x GA3 200 ppm 14.66 40.40 76.06 32.73
NaCl100 x SA 0.5 ppm 12.33 39.40 75.99 30.73
NaCl100 x SA 1.0 ppm 14.13 40.40 72.66 29.13
LSD 10.26 11.99 5.11 10.76
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Sahil (2016)
36

Table: 04 Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and yield
traits.
Treatments Vine
length
(m)
Number
of node
per vine
Days to
first
male
flower
Days to
first
female
flower
Day to
first
harvesting
No of
Fruit
per
vine
Yield
Plot-1
(kg)
Ethrel 100 ppm 6.85 46.76 47.25 42.84 54.80 8.66 55.15
Ethrel 200 ppm 6.41 45.20 46.33 40.37 54.00 10.36 70.28
Ethrel 300 ppm 7.04 46.12 48.73 41.37 55.33 9.78 65.39
NAA 50 ppm 7.26 48.00 50.55 43.82 56.78 7.85 49.84
NAA 100 ppm 7.74 48.40 52.35 44.14 57.66 7.58 46.78
NAA 150 ppm 8.05 48.60 54.12 45.43 58.00 7.46 43.04
GA3 50 ppm 8.15 49.18 54.76 47.65 60.66 7.65 48.12
GA3 100 ppm 9.25 49.60 55.33 48.38 61.33 7.42 43.75
GA3 150 ppm 9.85 52.11 55.71 50.38 63.66 7.18 40.77
control 8.02 44.06 53.86 46.13 59.60 6.84 49.51
S.Em. ± 0.894 2.410 2.238 0.526 2.558 0.374 3.140
C.D. at 5% 0.895 NS 5.064 4.702 5.375 0.786 6.597
Bhagalpur, Bihar Kumari et al. (2019)
38

Table: 05 Effect of PGRs on different characters of bottle gourd.
Treatment Main
vine
length
(cm)
No. of
nodes
Vine-1
Inter
nodal
length
on main
vine
(cm)
No. of
male
flower
vine-1
No. of
female
flower
vine-1
Sex
ratio
(M/F
)
Days to
fruit
maturity
No. of
fruit
Vine-1
Yield
ha-1
(q)
GA50 222.67 26.90 8.19 29.53 6.13 4.85 83.83 3.47 156.28
GA100 274.84 32.50 8.48 31.17 7.27 4.30 82.17 3.90 192.38
MH50 167.50 22.57 7.83 24.03 5.97 4.09 86.33 3.40 139.88
MH100 150.84 22.80 7.43 23.67 5.67 4.26 83.83 3.30 154.85
Ethrel50 177.34 24.50 7.24 21.13 6.60 3.22 82.67 3.57 175.43
Ethrel100 157.00 24.23 6.50 19.67 7.10 2.79 79.67 3.70 195.09
Control 187.67 24.90 7.53 26.53 5.57 5.32 88.17 2.80 111.87
CD (0.05) 18.50 2.66 0.54 2.27 0.66 0.46 NS 0.30 22.78
Ranchi, Jharkhand Ansari and Chowdhary (2018)
39

Table: 06 Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and quality
attributing parameters in watermelon cv. Shine Beauty
Treatments No. of
fruits
Plant-1
Fruit yield
(kg plant-1)
Fruit yield
(kg ha-1)
Pulp weight
fruit-1 (gm)
Rag weight
fruit-1 (gm)
TSS
(̊Brix)
Control 2.31 7.33 27388.50 1905.00 808.33 7.71
GA3 10 ppm 2.70 8.95 32380.25 2206.67 844.67 8.63
GA3 15 ppm 2.93 9.27 34433.50 2405.00 856.00 9.15
Ethrel 250 ppm 2.63 8.57 29129.75 2105.00 823.67 8.37
Ethrel 500 ppm 2.77 8.83 27978.75 2228.33 836.33 8.53
MH 100 ppm 2.96 9.84 34296.00 2171.00 828.00 8.97
MH 200 ppm 3.07 10.24 34901.75 2235.00 841.00 9.62
CCC 250 ppm 2.88 8.85 28248.00 2155.00 826.00 8.92
CCC 500 ppm 2.91 9.34 28630.50 2226.67 839.00 9.34
SEm 0.10 0.2506 1260.7807 76.70 20.64 0.35
CD at 5% 0.29 0.7513 3680.1392 229.96 NS NS
CV % 6.19 4.81 8.18 6.09 4.29 7.01
KVK, AAU, Gujarat Sinojiya et al. (2015)
41

Table: 07 Effect of GA3, NAA and TIBA on growth, flowering and yield attributes
of watermelon cv. ‘Durgapura Lal (RW-177-3)
Treatments Length
of main
creeper
(cm)
Chlorophyll
content
No.
of
female
flower
vine-1
No.
of
Male
flower
Vine-1
Sex ratio
(female:
male)
Days taken
from fruit
set to
edible
maturity
No. of
fruit
Vine-1
Fruit
yield ha-1
(q)
T1(Control) 265.68 26.66 11.15 124.85 1:11.19 33.10 2.02 351.13
T2 (GA3 10 ppm) 292.13 30.23 16.25 153.33 1:9.43 32.35 2.45 468.75
T3(GA3 20 ppm) 299.45 31.07 16.43 165.18 1:10.06 32.65 2.50 478.50
T4(GA3 30 ppm) 309.23 36.85 18.50 165.75 1:8.96 32.55 2.45 484.50
T5 (NAA 25 ppm) 272.43 32.18 13.95 128.90 1:9.24 33.55 2.18 413.63
T6 (NAA 50 ppm) 273.28 34.54 14.50 123.15 1:8.49 32.25 2.20 426.75
T7 (NAA 75 ppm) 269.05 29.03 13.70 117.38 1:8.57 33.20 2.10 407.00
T8 (TIBA 10 ppm) 271.60 29.29 18.33 133.25 1:7.27 31.60 2.55 508.25
T9 (TIBA 15 ppm) 270.80 29.56 18.58 133.78 1:7.20 30.68 2.70 577.25
T10 (TIBA 20 ppm) 268.78 31.34 19.35 137.95 1:7.13 30.18 3.00 619.50
S.Em. ± 9.86 1.43 0.99 6.38 0.51 1.20 0.14 29.67
C.D. at 5 % 28.61 4.15 2.88 18.53 1.49 NS 0.41 86.11
Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat Chaudhary et al. (2016)
42

Table: 08 Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and quality of muskmelon
Treatments No. of fruits
plant-1
Fruit yield
plant-1 (kg)
Fruit yield
(t ha-1)
TSS
(̊Brix)
Total sugar
(%)
T0 : Control 1.70d 1.12e 11.06e 8.47d 9.58c
T1: GA3 @ 30 ppm 2.43c 1.99cd 19.62cd 9.37c 10.37bc
T2: GA3 @ 60 ppm 2.60c 2.43c 23.98c 10.10bc 10.45b
T3: GA3 @ 90 ppm 2.50c 2.20cd 21.77cd 9.73bc 10.25bc
T4: NAA @ 50 ppm 2.47c 1.90d 18.80d 9.50c 10.64ab
T5: NAA @ 100 ppm 2.56c 2.21cd 21.79cd 10.20bc 10.77ab
T6: NAA @ 150 ppm 2.35c 2.00cd 19.74cd 10.37b 10.87ab
T7: Ethrel @ 100 ppm 3.60b 2.97b 29.32b 11.17a 11.17ab
T8: Ethrel @ 150 ppm 4.52a 3.55a 35.09a 11.20a 11.28ab
T9: Ethrel @ 200 ppm 4.25a 2.94b 29.06b 11.30a 11.35a
SE ± m 0.12 0.16 1.62 0.24 0.28
CD at 5% 0.35 0.49 4.83 0.70 0.83
Bhagalpur, Bihar Chaurasiya et al. (2016)
44

Table: 09 Effect of plant growth regulators on yield of muskmelon
Treatments No. of
fruits per
vine
Fruits
weight
(kg)
Fruit
yield per
plant (kg)
Fruits
yield
(t ha-1)
T1 3.39 0.159 0.53 1.30
T2 8.63 0.433 3.22 7.01
T3 10.63 0.679 7.01 16.4
T4 9.40 0.527 4.73 10.50
T5 6.45 0.412 2.42 5.09
T6 8.47 0.509 4.18 9.41
T7 9.68 0.603 5.76 13.15
T8 7.47 0.336 2.24 5.49
T9 5.43 0.310 1.53 3.51
T10 4.42 0.234 1.42 2.84
Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu Devi and Madhanakumari (2015)
45

Table: 09 Effect of plant growth regulators on yield of muskmelon
T1 :Absolute control T6 : GA3 10 ppm + Ethrel 250 ppm
T2 : NAA 50 ppm + Ethrel 250 ppm T7 : GA3 20 ppm + Ethrel 250 ppm
T3 : NAA 150 ppm + Ethrel 250 ppm T8 : Kinetin 10 ppm + Ethrel 250 ppm
T4 : SADH 500 ppm + Ethrel 250 ppm T9 : Kinetin 20 ppm + Ethrel 250 ppm
T5 : SADH 1000 ppm + Ethrel 250 ppm T10 : Ethrel 250 ppm
Treatment details

Table: 10 Effect of plant growth regulators on flowering and yield
in Bitter gourd
Treatments No. of days
to first
female
flower
No. of days
to first
male
flower
Sex ratio Friut yield
(kg vine-1)
T1 NAA 50 mg L-1 34.18 46.23 6.48 2.03
T2 NAA 75 mg L-1 32.12 37.81 3.71 2.25
T3 Ethereal 50 mg L-1 37.13 43.84 5.96 1.94
T4 Ethereal 100 mg L-1 39.49 44.39 6.25 1.81
T5 Spermine 5 mg L-1 35.34 45.27 7.75 1.92
T6 Spermine 10 mg L-1 33.66 39.88 4.64 2.18
T7 Putrescine 20 mg L-1 34.70 42.64 7.29 1.73
T8 Putrescine 40 mg L-1 38.00 41.72 6.53 2.12
T9 Control 40.73 51.63 10.97 1.69
CD (P = 0.05) 5.23 7.65 - 0.26
Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Mangave et al. (2017)
47

Table: 11 Influence of plant growth regulators on certain yield and quality
attributes of bitter gourd
Treatments No. of
fruits
plant-1
Fruit
weight
(gm)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
dia.
(cm)
Fruit
volume
(cm3)
Fruit
yield
plant-1
(kg )
Ascorbic
acid
(mg/gm)
TSS
( ̊ Brix)
GA3 @ 25 ppm 40.95 35.07 4.01 2.91 6.62 1.35 1.62 3.57
GA3 @ 50 ppm 41.88 36.39 4.25 3.03 7.08 1.44 1.58 3.53
Ethrel @ 250 ppm 45.37 41.02 4.97 3.31 8.53 1.77 1.82 3.78
Ethrel @ 500 ppm 43.75 38.89 4.64 3.19 7.92 1.62 1.69 3.65
NAA @ 50 ppm 41.61 36.18 4.17 2.96 6.93 1.42 1.76 3.71
NAA @ 100 ppm 42.57 37.34 4.43 3.09 7.39 1.49 1.64 3.59
Triacontanol @ 5 ppm 42.75 37.51 4.46 3.10 7.52 1.51 1.79 3.75
Triacontanol @ 10 ppm 44.04 39.13 4.67 3.20 8.01 1.63 1.75 3.70
Brassinosteroid@ 0.5pmm 43.07 37.97 4.48 3.13 7.65 1.54 1.68 3.63
Brassinosteroid @1.0 ppm 44.69 40.08 4.82 3.25 8.27 1.70 1.71 3.66
Control 39.86 33.36 3.83 2.85 6.39 1.24 1.55 3.49
SED 0.32 0.46 0.07 0.03 0.12 0.02 0.01 0.01
CD (p = 0.05) 0.65 0.92 0.14 0.05 0.24 0.05 0.03 0.03
Annamalai, Tamilnadu. Sureshkumar et al. (2016)
48

Table: 12 Effect of plant growth stages and plant growth regulators on seed yield
and seed quality parameters of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula L. Roxb).
Treatments fruit weight
(gm)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
diameter
(cm)
100 seed
weight
(gm)
Matured
fruit
yield plant-1
(gm)
Seed
yield
plant-1
(gm)
S1 = 25 ppm GA3 22.11 20.89 5.15 13.25 40.22 9.22
S2 = 50 ppm GA3 22.82 20.60 4.06 13.08 38.73 8.46
S3 = 250 ppm Ethrel 22.73 19.62 4.36 13.14 39.60 10.13
S4 = 500 ppm Ethrel 32.76 19.56 3.95 13.41 65.84 12.79
S5 = 50 ppm NAA 29.80 18.80 3.93 12.86 50.30 8.63
S6 = 100 ppm NAA 26.87 19.29 3.99 12.86 38.20 10.09
S7 = 100ppm Cycocel 22.53 18.22 4.15 12.87 32.80 9.67
S8 = 100ppm Cycocel 25.13 18.49 3.99 12.56 35.62 9.36
S9 = Water Spray 19.00 18.73 4.26 12.58 36.78 10.33
S10 = Control (No Spray) 19.31 20.27 4.42 12.57 26.42 8.63
Mean 24.13 19.45 4.23 12.92 40.45 9.73
S.Em. ± 1.65 0.96 0.33 0.85 2.03 0.87
C.D. 6.45 3.75 1.29 NS 7.94 3.40
C.V.% 11.72 8.51 13.50 11.36 8.70 15.48
JAU, Junagadh Jyoti et al. (2016)
50

Table: 13 Effect of plant growth regulators on fruit and yield characters of sponge
gourd
Treatments fruit length
(cm)
Volume of
fruit (cc)
number of
fruit per vine
weight of
fruit (gm)
Yield
Vine-1
(kg)
Yield
ha-1
(t)
MH 100 ppm 19.50 122.25 19.00 118.75 2.29 13.53
MH 200 ppm 20.50 167.50 15.50 129.75 2.68 13.18
MH 400 ppm 22.25 198.00 14.75 134.00 2.24 11.55
Ethrel 125 ppm 21.50 180.00 20.50 151.50 2.30 15.55
Ethrel 250 ppm 23.00 207.50 25.75 157.50 3.97 17.68
Ethrel 500 ppm 26.50 229.75 20.25 168.75 3.37 16.50
NAA 50 ppm 20.50 172.25 13.50 148.25 2.98 11.35
NAA 100 ppm 20.50 171.50 16.50 142.25 1.77 11.35
NAA 200 ppm 24.50 187.00 21.25 149.75 2.70 15.85
Control 16.75 113.75 12.00 108.75 1.70 9.05
S.E.± 0.74 8.56 0.88 5.45 0.14 0.28
C.D. (P=0.05) 2.17 24.84 2.55 15.83 0.41 0.82
C.V. (%) 6.95 9.97 9.85 7.74 10.84 4.22
Vadodara, Gujarat Mahida et al. (2015)
52

Table: 14 Effect of GA3, Ethrel and NAA on growth, flowering and yield
parameters of round melon cv. ‘Arka Tinda’
Treatments Length
of main
vine
(cm)
No. of
leaves
plant-1
Total
leaf area
(cm2)
No. of
female
flower
Plant-1
No. of
male
flower
plant-1
Fruit
weight
(gm)
Fruit
yield
Ha-1
(q)
T1 (Control) 218.33 227.97 71.22 33.56 148.33 47.22 108.23
T2 (GA3 10 ppm) 245.17 282.13 71.95 39.00 182.11 47.67 109.99
T3 (GA3 20 ppm) 256.68 314.87 73.52 40.22 196.00 55.33 110.94
T4 (GA3 30 ppm) 268.21 332.17 74.33 41.78 228.56 60.11 115.00
T5 (Ethrel 50 ppm) 235.41 278.67 79.49 41.78 179.22 52.67 118.33
T6 (Ethrel 100 ppm) 237.50 290.57 88.85 45.44 176.11 66.56 124.67
T7 (Ethrel 150 ppm) 243.78 272.13 92.39 45.78 183.78 68.00 129.33
T8 (NAA 25 ppm) 223.67 281.87 74.70 33.56 172.33 53.22 108.64
T9 (NAA 50 ppm) 232.07 286.40 73.81 37.44 181.11 58.44 102.67
T10 (NAA 100 ppm) 230.98 282.03 74.29 36.00 186.44 56.11 103.33
S.Em. ± 9.46 11.56 1.87 2.50 9.02 4.42 5.52
C.D. at 5 % 28.11 34.34 5.56 7.43 26.81 13.14 16.42
Jagudan, Gujarat Chaudhary et al. (2017)
54

Table: 15 Effect of GA3 and ethereal levels on growth, yield and fruit chemical
quality of squash plants under plastic house (combined data of two
seasons).
Treatments Plant
length
(cm)
No. of
branches
Weight
of
fruits
plant-1
(gm)
Total
fruits
yield
m-2
(kg)
Protein
%
TSS
(̊Brix)
Vitamin C
(mg/100 g
FW)
GA 15 Mg/L 32.64 2.35 361.24 1.445 3.61 3.12 11.83
GA 30 Mg/L 36.17 2.67 390.54 1.562 3.68 3.19 12.00
GA 45 Mg/L 40.24 2.86 394.69 1.579 3.76 3.20 12.22
GA 60 Mg/L 45.30 2.95 408.94 1.636 3.83 3.15 12.96
Ethereal 150 mg/L 32.22 2.12 429.72 1.719 3.82 3.17 11.96
Ethereal 200 mg/L 37.54 2.19 445.23 1.781 3.86 3.19 12.90
Ethereal 250 mg/L 39.30 2.24 470.67 1.883 3.89 3.22 12.93
Control 28.17 1.46 308.36 1.233 3.61 3.11 11.54
LSD at 5% level 0.30 0.07 25.38 0.55 NS NS NS
Cairo, Egypt Shafeek et al. (2016)
56

Precaution in Growth Regulator Application
 Growth substances should be sprayed preferably in the
afternoon.
 Avoid spraying in windy hours.
 Spray should be uniform and wet both the surface of leaves.
 Add surfactant or adhesive material like Teepol, Tween- 20 is
Gum with growth substances @ 0.5 - 1.0 ml solution.
 Use growth substances at an appropriate stage of plant growth
are of great importance.
 Chemical should be completely dissolved before use over plant.
 Use always fresh solution of chemicals.
57

 Solution should always be prepared in distilled water only.
 Fine spray can be ensured by hand atomizer. It is most
economical and effective method of spray.
 Wash the machine pump after each spraying.
 Repeat the spray within eight hours if chemical is wash out
due to rain
Conti..
58

Constraints in the use of growth regulators
The difference in sensitivity of each plant species or
even cultivars to a given chemical treatment prevents
easy predication of the biological effects.
The cost of developing new plants growth regulator is
very high due to which they are very much costly.
Screening for plant growth regulatory activities
entails high costs and is very much difficult.
Some synthetic plant growth regulators causes human
health hazards e.g. dominozide.
59

Lack of basic knowledge of toxicity and mechanism
of action.
Inadequate market potential.
Lack of support from agricultural researchers in
public and private sectors.
Difficulty in identification of proper stage of crop at
which the growth regulators should be applied
Conti..
60

Conclusion
61
Cucumber  Application of 100 ppm GA3 exhibited maximum growth, flowering and yield
 Application 100 ppm malic hydrazide + 100 ppm ethephon for increases the growth
 Application of 100 ppm NaCl0 + GA3 increased the seed germination and seedling
growth parameters
Bottle gourd  Application of 100 ppm ethrel and GA3 @ 100 ppm exhibited maximum growth and
yield character
Watermelon  Fruit yield and quality attributing parameters was obtained by applying 200 ppm MH
 Increase in growth, flowering and yield attributes by foliar application 20 ppm TIBA
Muskmelon  Application of 150 ppm ethrel and 150 ppm NAA + 250 ppm ethrel was applied, highest
values for yield parameters
Bitter gourd  foliar application of 75 mg l-1 increases the vegetative growth and yield characters
Ridge gourd  Application of 25 ppm GA3 showed significant effect on fruit length, fruit diameter and
weight of 100 seed
Sponge gourd  Yield and quality parameters showed significant increase with application of 250 ppm
ethrel
 foliar application of 250 ppm ethrel was found superior to enhance yield characters
Round melon  Application of 150 ppm ethrel showed significant increase in growth, flowering and
yield
Summer squash  Application of 250 ppm ethrel increases the yield

Conti..
 Plant growth regulators have an immense potential in
vegetable production to increase the yield and quality.
 They play pivotal role in synchronization of
flowering, earliness, cold and high temperature fruit
setting, sex modification, increase post-harvest life and
resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of vegetables to
better meet the requirements of food supply in general.
62

Future thrust
Most of the biological processes associated are polygenic, so gene transfer may
be difficult and hence the use of PGR's may be beneficial for short imperatives
PGRs provide an immediate impact on crop improvement programmes and are
less time consuming
Applications of PGR's must lead to quantifiable advantages for the user
Industries involved in development of PGR's should be well informed about the
latest scientific development in production of PGR's
PGRs must be specific in their action and toxicologically and environmentally
safe
Plant growth regulators should be recognized as more than academic curiosities.
They are not only interesting but profitable to use to grower, distributor and
manufacturer
More research is needed to develop simple, economical and technical viable
production systems of PGR's
63

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