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Development of a mature plant from a zygote (fertilised egg)
follow a precise and highly ordered succession of events
The first step in the process of plant growth is seed germination
Growth can be defined as an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ
or its parts or even of an individual cell. Generally, growth is accompanied by
metabolic processes (both anabolic and catabolic), that occur at the expense of
energy
Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate
Growth in plants is open, i.e., it can be indeterminate or determinate
form of growth wherein new cells are always being added to the plant body by
the activity of the meristem is called the open form of growth
Growth is Measurable
• Growth is, therefore, measured by a variety of
parameters such as increase in….
• Fresh weight
• Dry weight
• Length
• Area
• Volume
• Cell number
• One single maize root apical mersitem can give rise to
more than 17,500 new cells per hour
• Cells in a watermelon may increase in size by upto
3,50,000 times
• Growth of a pollen tube is measured in terms of its
length
• Growth of a leaf is measured in terms of surface area
Phases of Growth
Meristematic phase
• Cells in this region are rich in protoplasm, possess
large conspicuous nuclei. Their cell walls are
primary in nature, thin and cellulosic with
abundant plasmodesmatal connections
Phase of elongation
• Increased vacuolation, cell enlargement and new
cell wall deposition are the characteristics of the
cells in this phase
Phase of maturation
• Cells of this zone, attain their maximal size in
terms of cell wall thickening and protoplasmic
modifications
Growth Rates
Arithmetic growth is exemplified by
a root elongating at a constant rate
The geometric growth
is a characteristic of living organism
growing in a natural environment
Measurement and the comparison of total growth per unit time is
called the absolute growth rate
The growth of the given system per unit time expressed on a
common basis, e.g., per unit initial parameter is called the
relative growth rate
• Water provides the medium for
enzymatic activities & helps in
extension growth of cell
• Oxygen helps in releasing
metabolic energy essential for
growth activities
• Nutrients (macro and micro
essential elements) are required
by plants for the synthesis of
protoplasm and act as source of
energy
DIFFERENTIATION, DEDIFFERENTIATION
AND REDIFFERENTIATION
Plasticity
• Plants follow different pathways in response to environment or phases
of life to form different kinds of structures
• Heterophylly in cotton, coriander and larkspur(leaves of the juvenile
plant are different in shape from those in mature plants)
• Buttercup(Leaves inside water and towards air are different)
PLANT GROWTH
REGULATORS
• Indole compounds (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)
• Adenine derivatives (N6 -furfurylamino
purine, kinetin)
• Derivatives of carotenoids (abscisic acid, ABA)
• Terpenes (gibberellic acid, GA3 )
• Gases (ethylene, C2H4)
PGR with growth promoting activity – Auxin, Gibberlin & Cytokinin
PGR with growth inhibiting activity - ABA
Ethylene has both the activity, but it is largely an inhibitor of growth activities
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS-
Functions
• Cell division
• Xylem differentiation
• Herbicide activity(2,4-D)
• Rooting in stem cutting
• Abscission – prevent - young leaves & fruits
Promote - older leaves & fruits
• Parthenocarpy (Tomato)
• Apical dominance
• Pineapple flowering
AUXIN
Christian Xavier had a RAP Add performance
• Malting process in brewing industry(seed germination)
• Delaying of senescence
• Apple – elongation & shape improvement
• Bolting in rosette plants
• Sugarcane stem elongation(increasing the yield as 20 tonnes per
acre)
• Conifers – fasten maturity period and early seed production
• Lengthening of stalk of grape
GIBBERLIN
Malathi Das applied for BSC L.S
• Gibberellic acid was first isolated from Gibberella fujikuroi
• The ‘bakanae’ (foolish seedling) disease of rice seedlings,
was caused by a fungal pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi
reported by E. Kurosawa
There are more than 100 gibberellins reported from widely different organisms
such as fungi and higher plants
• Chloroplast development in leaves
• Mobilisation of nutrients
• Shoot formation(both lateral & adventitious)
• Tea plantation
• Apical dominance - REVERSAL
• Tissue culture(Both auxin & cytokinin are used in
tissue culture)
High auxin  rooting & High cytokinin  shooting
• Organogenesis(Eg – formation of leaves)
CYTOKININ
CM said to admin, Thanks
• F. Skoog and his co-workers observed that from the internodal
segments of tobacco stems the callus (a mass of undifferentiated
cells) proliferated only if, in addition to auxins the nutrients
medium was supplemented with one of the following: extracts of
vascular tissues, yeast extract, coconut milk or DNA
• Miller later identified and crystallised the cytokinesis promoting
active substance that they termed kinetin
Cytokinin that is naturaly occur in plant is zeatin & isolated from
from corn-kernels and coconut milk
H.H. Cousins confirmed the release
of a volatile ethylene from ripened
oranges that hastened the ripening
of stored unripened bananas
• Antagonistic to GA
• Resistance to environmental stress
• Abscission
• Dormancy of bud & seed
• Stomatal closure
ABSCISIC ACID
Anti raped a BDS student
All growth inhibitors are antagonistic to gibberlic acid
Inhibitor-B, abscission II and dormin were other names for ABA
Growth promoting activity
• Triple response(Horizontal growth of
seedlings, Swelling of the axis and
Apical hook formation)
• Fruit ripening
• Respiratory climactic
• Breaks seed(peanut seeds) and bud
dormancy(sprouting of potato
tubers)
• Promotes rapid internode/petiole
elongation in deep water rice plants
• Root growth and root hair formation
• Initiate flowering and synchronise
fruit-set in pineapples
• Induces flowering in mango
Growth inhibiting activity
• Senescence and abscission
of leaves and flowers
ETHYLENE
Source of ethylene is ethephon.
Ethephon is readily absorbed
and transported within the plant
and releases ethylene slowly
Ethephon hastens fruit ripening
in tomatoes and apples and
accelerates abscission in flowers
and fruits (thinning of cotton,
cherry, walnut)
It promotes female flowers in
cucumbers thereby increasing
the yield
• Auxin was 1st identified by F W Went, from coleoptiles
of oat seedling
• It was first isolated from human urine
• In is developing from indole ring od tryptophan
• Natural auxins - Indole acetic acid(IAA)
Indole buteric acid(IBA)
• Synthetic auxins - Naphthalene acetic acid(NAA)
2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic(2,4D)
Avinna curvature test on Canary grass
explained by Charles Darwin & Francis
Darwin shows that auxin is
responsible for phototropism
PHOTOPERIODISM
Phytochrome is the protein responsible for
photoperiodism
Based on plant response towards photoperiod, they
are of three types
1. Long day plants(Short night plants)
2. Short day plants(Long night plants)
3. Day-neutral plants
The site of perception of light/dark duration are the leaves
There is a hypothetical hormonal substance(s) that is responsible
for flowering. This hormonal substance migrates from leaves to
shoot apices for inducing flowering
VERNALISATION
• Some important food plants, wheat, barley, rye
have two kinds of varieties: winter and spring
varieties
• The ‘spring’ variety are normally planted in the
spring and come to flower and produce grain
before the end of the growing season
• Winter varieties, however, if planted in spring
would normally fail to flower or produce mature
grain within a span of a flowering season
SEED DORMANCY
Physical reason: Impermeable and hard seed coat
Chemical reason: Abscissic acids, phenolic acids, para-ascorbic acid
Biological reason: Immature embryos
How to overcome seed dormancy ?
Mechanical method: Using knives, sandpaper or vigorous shaking
Chemical methods: Chemicals like gibberellic acid and nitrates
Physical method: Changing light and temperature
PLANT GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTyxz.pdf
PLANT GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTyxz.pdf
PLANT GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTyxz.pdf
PLANT GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTyxz.pdf
PLANT GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTyxz.pdf
PLANT GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTyxz.pdf

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PLANT GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTyxz.pdf

  • 1.
  • 2. Development of a mature plant from a zygote (fertilised egg) follow a precise and highly ordered succession of events The first step in the process of plant growth is seed germination Growth can be defined as an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts or even of an individual cell. Generally, growth is accompanied by metabolic processes (both anabolic and catabolic), that occur at the expense of energy Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate Growth in plants is open, i.e., it can be indeterminate or determinate form of growth wherein new cells are always being added to the plant body by the activity of the meristem is called the open form of growth
  • 3. Growth is Measurable • Growth is, therefore, measured by a variety of parameters such as increase in…. • Fresh weight • Dry weight • Length • Area • Volume • Cell number • One single maize root apical mersitem can give rise to more than 17,500 new cells per hour • Cells in a watermelon may increase in size by upto 3,50,000 times • Growth of a pollen tube is measured in terms of its length • Growth of a leaf is measured in terms of surface area
  • 4. Phases of Growth Meristematic phase • Cells in this region are rich in protoplasm, possess large conspicuous nuclei. Their cell walls are primary in nature, thin and cellulosic with abundant plasmodesmatal connections Phase of elongation • Increased vacuolation, cell enlargement and new cell wall deposition are the characteristics of the cells in this phase Phase of maturation • Cells of this zone, attain their maximal size in terms of cell wall thickening and protoplasmic modifications
  • 5. Growth Rates Arithmetic growth is exemplified by a root elongating at a constant rate The geometric growth is a characteristic of living organism growing in a natural environment
  • 6. Measurement and the comparison of total growth per unit time is called the absolute growth rate The growth of the given system per unit time expressed on a common basis, e.g., per unit initial parameter is called the relative growth rate • Water provides the medium for enzymatic activities & helps in extension growth of cell • Oxygen helps in releasing metabolic energy essential for growth activities • Nutrients (macro and micro essential elements) are required by plants for the synthesis of protoplasm and act as source of energy
  • 7. DIFFERENTIATION, DEDIFFERENTIATION AND REDIFFERENTIATION Plasticity • Plants follow different pathways in response to environment or phases of life to form different kinds of structures • Heterophylly in cotton, coriander and larkspur(leaves of the juvenile plant are different in shape from those in mature plants) • Buttercup(Leaves inside water and towards air are different)
  • 8. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS • Indole compounds (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) • Adenine derivatives (N6 -furfurylamino purine, kinetin) • Derivatives of carotenoids (abscisic acid, ABA) • Terpenes (gibberellic acid, GA3 ) • Gases (ethylene, C2H4) PGR with growth promoting activity – Auxin, Gibberlin & Cytokinin PGR with growth inhibiting activity - ABA Ethylene has both the activity, but it is largely an inhibitor of growth activities
  • 9. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS- Functions • Cell division • Xylem differentiation • Herbicide activity(2,4-D) • Rooting in stem cutting • Abscission – prevent - young leaves & fruits Promote - older leaves & fruits • Parthenocarpy (Tomato) • Apical dominance • Pineapple flowering AUXIN Christian Xavier had a RAP Add performance
  • 10. • Malting process in brewing industry(seed germination) • Delaying of senescence • Apple – elongation & shape improvement • Bolting in rosette plants • Sugarcane stem elongation(increasing the yield as 20 tonnes per acre) • Conifers – fasten maturity period and early seed production • Lengthening of stalk of grape GIBBERLIN Malathi Das applied for BSC L.S • Gibberellic acid was first isolated from Gibberella fujikuroi • The ‘bakanae’ (foolish seedling) disease of rice seedlings, was caused by a fungal pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi reported by E. Kurosawa There are more than 100 gibberellins reported from widely different organisms such as fungi and higher plants
  • 11. • Chloroplast development in leaves • Mobilisation of nutrients • Shoot formation(both lateral & adventitious) • Tea plantation • Apical dominance - REVERSAL • Tissue culture(Both auxin & cytokinin are used in tissue culture) High auxin  rooting & High cytokinin  shooting • Organogenesis(Eg – formation of leaves) CYTOKININ CM said to admin, Thanks
  • 12. • F. Skoog and his co-workers observed that from the internodal segments of tobacco stems the callus (a mass of undifferentiated cells) proliferated only if, in addition to auxins the nutrients medium was supplemented with one of the following: extracts of vascular tissues, yeast extract, coconut milk or DNA • Miller later identified and crystallised the cytokinesis promoting active substance that they termed kinetin Cytokinin that is naturaly occur in plant is zeatin & isolated from from corn-kernels and coconut milk H.H. Cousins confirmed the release of a volatile ethylene from ripened oranges that hastened the ripening of stored unripened bananas
  • 13. • Antagonistic to GA • Resistance to environmental stress • Abscission • Dormancy of bud & seed • Stomatal closure ABSCISIC ACID Anti raped a BDS student All growth inhibitors are antagonistic to gibberlic acid Inhibitor-B, abscission II and dormin were other names for ABA
  • 14. Growth promoting activity • Triple response(Horizontal growth of seedlings, Swelling of the axis and Apical hook formation) • Fruit ripening • Respiratory climactic • Breaks seed(peanut seeds) and bud dormancy(sprouting of potato tubers) • Promotes rapid internode/petiole elongation in deep water rice plants • Root growth and root hair formation • Initiate flowering and synchronise fruit-set in pineapples • Induces flowering in mango Growth inhibiting activity • Senescence and abscission of leaves and flowers ETHYLENE Source of ethylene is ethephon. Ethephon is readily absorbed and transported within the plant and releases ethylene slowly Ethephon hastens fruit ripening in tomatoes and apples and accelerates abscission in flowers and fruits (thinning of cotton, cherry, walnut) It promotes female flowers in cucumbers thereby increasing the yield
  • 15. • Auxin was 1st identified by F W Went, from coleoptiles of oat seedling • It was first isolated from human urine • In is developing from indole ring od tryptophan • Natural auxins - Indole acetic acid(IAA) Indole buteric acid(IBA) • Synthetic auxins - Naphthalene acetic acid(NAA) 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic(2,4D) Avinna curvature test on Canary grass explained by Charles Darwin & Francis Darwin shows that auxin is responsible for phototropism
  • 16. PHOTOPERIODISM Phytochrome is the protein responsible for photoperiodism Based on plant response towards photoperiod, they are of three types 1. Long day plants(Short night plants) 2. Short day plants(Long night plants) 3. Day-neutral plants The site of perception of light/dark duration are the leaves There is a hypothetical hormonal substance(s) that is responsible for flowering. This hormonal substance migrates from leaves to shoot apices for inducing flowering
  • 17. VERNALISATION • Some important food plants, wheat, barley, rye have two kinds of varieties: winter and spring varieties • The ‘spring’ variety are normally planted in the spring and come to flower and produce grain before the end of the growing season • Winter varieties, however, if planted in spring would normally fail to flower or produce mature grain within a span of a flowering season
  • 18. SEED DORMANCY Physical reason: Impermeable and hard seed coat Chemical reason: Abscissic acids, phenolic acids, para-ascorbic acid Biological reason: Immature embryos How to overcome seed dormancy ? Mechanical method: Using knives, sandpaper or vigorous shaking Chemical methods: Chemicals like gibberellic acid and nitrates Physical method: Changing light and temperature