The document discusses plant growth regulators and their role in crop improvement. It begins by introducing plant hormones and the five major classes: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. It then examines each hormone in more detail, describing their discovery, functions, effects on growth, and practical applications in agriculture. Specific examples are provided such as how auxins promote cell elongation and apical dominance, gibberellins induce stem elongation and seed germination, and ethylene stimulates fruit ripening and senescence. In conclusion, plant growth regulators are important for plant growth and development and widely used to improve crop yields and quality.

1. Plant Growth Regulators and TheirPlant Growth Regulators and Their
Role in Crop ImprovementRole in Crop Improvement
Submitted to : Dr. K.P. SinghSubmitted to : Dr. K.P. Singh
By: Amaninder Deep Singh
A-2013-40-10
1

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Types of hormones
• Phytohormones
• Case studies
• Conclusion
2

3. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORSPLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
(PLANT HORMONES)(PLANT HORMONES)
 Internal and external signals that regulate plant growth are
mediated, at least in part, by plant growth-regulating
substances, or hormones (from the Greek word hormaein,
meaning "to excite").
 Plant hormones differ from animal hormones in that:
 No evidence that the fundamental actions of plant and
animal hormones are the same.
 Unlike animal hormones, plant hormones are not made in
tissues specialized for hormone production. (e.g., sex
hormones made in the gonads, human growth hormone -
pituitary gland)
 Unlike animal hormones, plant hormones do not have
definite target areas (e.g., auxins can stimulate
adventitious root development in a cut shoot, or shoot
elongation or apical dominance, or differentiation of
vascular tissue, etc.). 3

4. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORSPLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
 PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ARE NECESSARY
FOR, BUT DO NOT CONTROL, MANY ASPECTS OF
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. - BETTER
NAME IS GROWTH REGULATOR.
 THE EFFECT ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGY IS DEPENDENT
ON THE AMOUNT OF HORMONE PRESENT AND
TISSUE SENSITIVITY TO THE PLANT GROWTH
REGULATOR
 substances produced in small quantities by a plant, and
then transported elsewhere for use
have capacity to stimulate and/or inhibit physiological
processes
 at least five major plant hormones or plant growth
regulators:
auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acidauxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid 4

5. General plant hormonesGeneral plant hormones
AuxinsAuxins (cell elongation)
GibberellinsGibberellins (cell elongation + cell division -
translated into growth)
CytokininsCytokinins (cell division + inhibits
senescence)
Abscisic acidAbscisic acid (abscission of leaves and
fruits + dormancy induction of buds and
seeds)
EthyleneEthylene (promotes senescence, epinasty,
and fruit ripening) 5

6. 6

7. Plant hormone class, associated function and practical uses
7

8. Some of plant growth regulators used in agriculture
7
8

9. Source: http://www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/PGRs.htm
9

10. EARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWEDEARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWED
THAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALSTHAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALS
THAT INFLUENCED GROWTHTHAT INFLUENCED GROWTH
Results on growth of coleoptiles of canary grass andResults on growth of coleoptiles of canary grass and
oats suggested that the reception of light in the tip ofoats suggested that the reception of light in the tip of
the shoot stimulated a bending toward light source.the shoot stimulated a bending toward light source. 10

11. AuxinAuxin
• Auxin increases the plasticity of plant cell walls and is involved in
stem elongation.
• Arpad Paál (1919) - Asymmetrical placement of cut tips on
coleoptiles resulted in a bending of the coleoptile away from the side
onto which the tips were placed (response mimicked the response
seen in phototropism).
• Frits Went (1926) determined auxin enhanced cell elongation.
11

12. Demonstration of transported chemicalDemonstration of transported chemical
12

13. AuxinAuxin
Discovered as substance associated
with phototropic response.
Occurs in very low concentrations.
Isolated from human urine, (40mg 33
gals-1
)
In coleoptiles (1g 20,000 tons-1
)
Differential response depending on
dose.
13

14. AuxinsAuxins
14

15. AuxinAuxin
• Auxin promotes activity of the vascular
cambium and vascular tissues.
– plays key role in fruit development
• Cell Elongation: Acid growth hypothesisCell Elongation: Acid growth hypothesis
– auxin works by causing responsive cells
to actively transport hydrogen ions from
the cytoplasm into the cell wall space
15

16. Loosening of cell wallLoosening of cell wall
16

17. Signal-transduction pathwaysSignal-transduction pathways
in plantsin plants
Auxin interacts with calcium ions which in turn calmodulin, a
protein, which regulates many processes in plants, animals, and
microbes. 17

18. Polar transport of AuxinPolar transport of Auxin
18

19. Auxin
• Synthetic auxins
widely used in agriculture and horticulture
prevent leaf abscission
prevent fruit drop
promote flowering and fruiting
control weeds
Agent Orange - 1:1 ratio of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-
T used to defoliate trees in Vietnam War.
Dioxin usually contaminates 2,4,5-T, which is linked to
miscarriages, birth defects,leukemia, and other types
of cancer. 19

20. Additional responses to auxinAdditional responses to auxin
parthenocarpy
flower initiation
sex determination
fruit development
apical dominance
rooting
20

21. Apical Dominance
Lateral branch
growth are inhibited
near the shoot apex,
but less so farther
from the tip.
Apical dominance is
disrupted in some
plants by removing
the shoot tip, causing
the plant to become
bushy.
21

22. 7-day-old sunflower seedlings treated
with IAA (right). Untreated control (left)
7-day-old sunflower seedlings treated
with IAA (right). Untreated control (left)
Kurepin.2013. Prairie Soils & Crops Journal. 6: 7-23
22

23. GibberellinGibberellin
23

24. Discovered in association with In 1930's, bakanaeDiscovered in association with In 1930's, bakanae
or foolish seedling disease of rice (or foolish seedling disease of rice (GibberellaGibberella
fujikuroi)fujikuroi)
• In 1930's, Ewiti Kurosawa and
colleagues were studying plants
suffering from bakanae, or
"foolish seedling" disease in rice.
• Disease caused by fungus called,
Gibberella fujikuroi, which was
stimulating cell elongation and
division.
• Compound secreted by fungus
could cause bakanae disease in
uninfected plants. Kurosawa
named this compound
gibberellin.
– Gibberella fujikuroi also causes
stalk rot in corn, sorghum and
other plants.
– Secondary metabolites produced
by the fungus include mycotoxins,
like fumonisin, which when
ingested by horses can cause
equine leukoencephalomalacia -
necrotic brain or crazy horse or
hole in the head disease.
– Fumonisin is considered to be a
carcinogen.
24

25. Gibberellins
• Gibberellins are named after the
fungus Gibberella fujikuroi which
causes rice plants to grow abnormally
tall.
– synthesized in apical portions of stems
and roots
– important effects on stem elongation
25

26. Effects of GibberellinsEffects of Gibberellins
• Cell elongation.
• GA induces cellular division and cellular elongation; auxin
induces cellular elongation alone.
• GA-stimulated elongation does not involve the cell wall
acidification characteristic of auxin-induced elongation
• Breaking of dormancy in buds and seeds.
• Seed Germination - Especially in cereal grasses, like
barley. Not necessarily as critical in dicot seeds.
• Promotion of flowering.
• Transport is non-polar, bidirectional producing general
responses.
26

27. Gibberellins and Fruit Size
• Fruit Formation - "Thompson Seedless"
grapes grown in California are treated with
GA to increase size and decrease packing.
27

28. Wild Radish – Rosette & BoltWild Radish – Rosette & Bolt
YEAR ONEYEAR ONE YEAR ONEYEAR ONE
A FLOWERING ANNUALA FLOWERING ANNUAL
28

29. Common Mullen – Rosette & BoltCommon Mullen – Rosette & Bolt
YEAR ONEYEAR ONE
YEAR TWOYEAR TWO
A FLOWERING BIENNIALA FLOWERING BIENNIAL
29

30. 5-day-old seedlings of sunflower treated with
GA3 (left). Untreated controls (right)
5-day-old seedlings of sunflower treated with
GA3 (left). Untreated controls (right)
Kurepin.2013. Prairie Soils & Crops Journal. 6: 7-23
30

31. Mobilization of reservesMobilization of reserves
31

32. 32

33. 33

34. 34

35. 35

36. 36

37. 37

38. 38

39. 39

40. 40

41. 41

42. Abscisic acidAbscisic acid
In 1940s, scientists started searching for hormones that would inhibit growth
and development, what Hemberg called dormins.
In the early 1960s, Philip Wareing confirmed that application of a dormin to a
bud would induce dormancy.
F.T. Addicott discovered that this substance stimulated abscission of cotton
fruit. he named this substance abscisin. (Subsequent research showed that
ethylene and not abscisin controls abscission).
Abscisin is made from carotenoids and moves nonpolarly through plant
tissue.
42

43. Functions of abscisic acidFunctions of abscisic acid
General growth inhibitor.
Causes stomatal closure.
Produced in response to stress.
43

44. Abscisic Acid
• Abscisic acid is produced chiefly in
mature green leaves and in fruits.
– suppresses bud growth and promotes
leaf senescence
– also plays important role in controlling
stomatal opening and closing
44

45. EthyleneEthylene
H H
/
C = C
/
H H
45

46. Discovery of ethyleneDiscovery of ethylene
In the 1800s, it was recognized that street lights that
burned gas, could cause neighboring plants to
develop short, thick stems and cause the leaves to
fall off. In 1901, Dimitry Neljubow identified that a
byproduct of gas combustion was ethylene gas and
that this gas could affect plant growth.
In R. Gane showed that this same gas was naturally
produced by plants and that it caused faster ripening
of many fruits.
Synthesis of ethylene is inhibited by carbon dioxide
and requires oxygen.
46

47. Functions of ethyleneFunctions of ethylene
Gaseous in form and rapidly diffusing.
Gas produced by one plant will affect nearby plants.
Fruit ripening.
Epinasty – downward curvature of leaves.
Encourages senescence and abscission.
Initiation of stem elongation and bud development.
Flowering - Ethylene inhibits flowering in most
species, but promotes it in a few plants such as
pineapple, bromeliads, and mango.
Sex Expression - Cucumber buds treated with ethylene become carpellate
(female) flowers, whereas those treated with gibberellins become staminate
(male) flowers.
47

48. Source: http://www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/PGRs.htm
48

49. Source: http://www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/PGRs.htm
49

50. Actions of BRs in Regulating Plant Development and Traits of
Agronomic Importance in Model Plant Species and Crops
Vriet et al. 2012 The Plant Cell, Vol. 24: 842–857
50

51. 51

52. Effect of plant growthEffect of plant growth
regulators in Variousregulators in Various
CropsCrops
52

53. Influence of growth promoters on yield
and yield attributes of mungbean
Treatments Plant
Height
(cm)
No. of
Flower
s per
plant
No. of
pods
per
plant
No. of
seeds
per
Pod
Seed
index
(g)
Seed
yield
(kg ha-
1
)
Putrecine @20 ppm 55.8 64.8 47.6 11.8 4.11 1176
Spermine @20 ppm 55.2 64.3 47.1 11.9 4.12 1154
Spermidine@ 20
ppm
50.4 55.8 38.3 11.7 4.12 986
Cadavarine @20
ppm
50.9 56.0 35.1 11.7 4.12 1001
Salicylic acid @400
ppm
50.9 56.6 35.9 11.7 4.12 993
Water spray 42.3 49.8 27.0 10.9 4.12 859
Control 42.1 49.5 27.0 10.8 4.11 830
Thavaprakash et al. (2006), Tamilnadu Legume Res 29: 18-24
53

54. Effect of GA3 on yield and yield
parameters of mungbean
Treatments
No. of
Pods per
plant
No. of
seeds
Per pod
1000
seed
wt. (g)
Seed
yield
(kg ha-1
)
Harvest
index
(%)
Control
18.28a
6.47ab 29.10b 476.16c 35.73c
50 ppm 12.78b 6.90ab 31.46a 612.07a 39.43b
100 ppm 18.39a 7.11a 29.69b 574.27b 42.79a
200 ppm 14.33b 5.89b 26.93c 582.37b 36.80c
Hoque and Haque (2002), Pakistan Pak J Bio Sci 5: 281-83
54

55. Effect of IAA on yield of mungbean
Treatments
No. of
seeds per
pod
Seed yield
per plant
(g)
1000 seed
weight (g)
Pod length
(cm)
Seed
yield
(t ha-1
)
Control 9.01c 5.99ab 26.98 5.48 1.10b
300 ppm 10.40b 6.39ab 28.39 5.53 1.19a
600 ppm 12.45a 6.67a 29.23 5.61 1.20a
900 ppm 7.82d 5.89b 26.16 5.18 1.04b
Newaj et al (2002) Mymensingh, Bangladesh Pak J Biol Sci 5:
897-99 55

56. Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and
yield attributes on soybean
Treatments No. of
flowers
per plant
No. of
pods per
plant
No. of
seeds per
pod
100-seed
weight
(g)
Seed
yield (t
ha-1
)
Control 52.44a 35.09c 1.86b 14.68b 1.68c
MH @100
ppm
54.33a 41.83b 2.11a 15.13b 2.07a
MH @200
ppm
52.66a 37.41c 2.15a 15.00b 1.94b
GA3 @100
ppm
55.65a 44.38a 2.19a 15.92a 2.25a
GA3 @200
ppm
55.38a 43.16ab 2.13a 15.19b 2.16a
Rahman et al (2004), Bangladesh
Asian J Pl Sci 3: 602-09
56
MH= Maleic hydrazide
GA3 = Gibberellic acid

57. Effect of bioregulators on yield components of
soybean (average for three years)
Treatments
Pods per
plant
Seeds per
pod
100 seed
weight (g)
Seed yield
(t ha-1
)
Control 24
2.13 10.43 1.07
SA@50 ppm 52 2.45 11.73 1.51
Ethrel@200
ppm
57 2.52 12.44 1.75
Cycocel@50
0 ppm
35 2.53 11.28 1.23
Devi et al (2011), Manipur J Agric Sci 3: 134-39
57

58. Effect of growth regulators on yield and yield attributes of cowpea
Treatments Number of
pods per plant
Seeds per pod 1000 seed
weight (g)
Seed yield (kg
ha-1
)
Harvest index
(%)
Control 9.62 10.24 114 1216 27.03
KNap@750 ppm 9.71 10.45 115 1232 28.08
KNap@1000
ppm
10.29 10.61 117 1349 30.74
KNap@1250
ppm
11.98 10.61 122 1630 37.32
KNap@1500
ppm
11.11 10.11 119 1395 32.17
KNap@1750
ppm
10.52 10.01 113 1238 28.64
KNap@2000
ppm
10.01 9.92 113 1173 27.00
NAA@10 ppm 9.92 10.24 114 1223 27.87
NAA@30 ppm 10.02 10.35 117 1277 29.20
NAA@50 ppm 11.95 10.60 119 1600 36.28
NAA@70 ppm 8.57 10.21 114 1050 24.01
NAA@90 ppm 5.47 9.50 100 548 12.51
NAA@110 ppm 3.62 7.36 90 250 5.77
Ullah et al (2007), Bangladesh
J Bot 36: 27-32
58
KNap = potassium naththenate app.

59. Effect of ethrel on yield and yield parameters of chickpea
Treatments Total
biomass
(g m-2
)
100 seed
weight
(g)
Seed
yield
(g m-2
)
Harvest
index
(%)
Control 702 12.46 214 30.51
Ethrel @ 250
ppm
732 12.43 217 29.78
Ethrel @ 500
ppm
669 13.21 187 26.49
Ethrel @ 1000
ppm
612 13.56 154 24.24
Applied at 65
DAS
726 11.62 223.5 30.85
Applied at 94
DAS
724 13.36 215.75 29.74
Applied at 125
DAS
586 13.76 139.5 22.67
Saxsena et al (2007), New Delhi Indian J Pl Physiol 12: 162-67 59

60. Interaction effect of ethrel on yield
and yield parameters of chickpea
Treatments
Total biomass (g m-2
) Seed yield (g m-2
)
Applied
at 65
DAS
Applied
at 94
DAS
Applied
at 125
DAS
Applied
at 65
DAS
Applied
at 94
DAS
Applied
at 125
DAS
Control 695 707 703 212 214 215
Ethrel @
250 ppm
795 745 657 235 245 171
Ethrel @
500 ppm
765 743 500 243 218 101
Ethrel @
1000 ppm
650 700 486 204 186 71
Saxsena et al (2007), New Delhi Indian J Pl Physiol 12: 162-67
60

61. Effect of GA3 on yield and yield contributing
characters of soybean
Treatments
Number
of
flowers
per plant
Number
of pods
per plant
Percentag
e of fruit
set
Number
of seeds
per pod
100 seed
weight (g)
Seed
yield (t
ha-1
)
Control 16.78c 12.67b 64.06c 26.56c 6.41b 0.67c
100 ppm 35.44a 26.00a 77.64a 54.22a 10.76a 2.34a
200 ppm 29.78b 22.00a 71.33b 46.78a 9.68a 1.83b
Sarkar et al (2002), Bangladesh Pak J Agron 4: 119-22 61

62. Effect of IAA on yield and yield contributing
characters of soybean
Treatmen
ts
Number
of
flowers
per plant
Number
of pods
per
plant
Percenta
ge of fruit
set
Numb
er of
seeds
per
pod
100
seed
weight
(g)
Seed
yield (t
ha-1
)
Control 16.78b 12.67b 64.06b 26.56b 6.41b 0.67b
100 ppm 24.67a 19.11a 71.97a 39.67a 8.82a 1.42a
200 ppm 22.00a 16.78ab 69.50a 36.44a 8.94a 1.32a
Sarkar et al (2002), Bangladesh Pak j Agron 4: 119-22
62

63. Effect of gibberellic acid on growth and yield attributes
of pea
Treatments
No. of
flowers per
plant
No. of pods
per plant
Seed yield
(q ha-1
)
Seed
index (g)
0 ppm 17.25 17.20 11.77 21.64
10 ppm 17.38 17.33 12.32 21.76
100 ppm 19.41 19.37 13.29 22.51
250 ppm 21.83 21.73 13.79 23.05
500 ppm 17.96 17.92 11.97 22.29
1000 ppm 16.70 16.65 11.78 20.79
Bora and Sarma (2006), Assam Asian J Pl Sci 5:324-30
63

64. Effect of cycocel on growth and yield
attributes of pea
Treatments No. of flowers
per plant
No. of pods
per plant
Seed yield
(q ha-1
)
Seed index
(g)
0 ppm 17.25 17.20 11.76 21.85
10 ppm 17.33 17.27 12.31 22.06
100 ppm 19.32 19.26 13.19 23.01
250 ppm 22.07 22.02 14.15 23.41
500 ppm 20.94 20.88 12.56 23.14
1000 ppm 17.23 17.11 11.47 22.68
Bora and Sarma (2006), Assam Asian J Pl Sci 5:324-30 64

65. Yield and yield parameters of blackgram as
influenced by PGRs
Treatments Plant
heigh
t
(cm)
No. of
branch
es
DMA
(g plant-
1
)
No.
of
Pod
s
per
plan
t
No.
of
Seed
s per
plant
Seed
yield
(kg ha-
1
)
NAA @40 ppm 30.1 2.3 23.9 15.9 7.94 871
Salicylic acid @125
ppm
27.3 2.1 21.6 15.1 7.50 855
Mepiquat chloride @125
ppm
25.4 2.3 19.6 15.7 7.82 869
Brassinolide @0.1 ppm 29.5 2.2 27.9 16.8 8.25 883
Triacontanol @100 ppm 26.8 2.1 22.0 15.0 7.54 859
Water spray 26.2 1.8 18.7 13.7 6.75 833
Control 26.0 1.8 18.0 13.4 6.74 793
Jeyakumar et al (2008), Tamilnadu Legume Res 31: 110-13
65

66. Effect of PGRs on growth and yield
parameters of chickpea
Treatments Plant
height
(cm)
No. of
Branc
hes
No. of
Pods
per
plant
Pod
weigh
t per
plant
(g)
Seeds
per
pod
100-
Seed
weight
(g)
Seed
yield
(q ha-
1
)
NAA @ 50
ppm
47.47 26.13 46.76 19.19 1.56 24.48 29.91
Triacontan
ol
@ 1 ml L-1
45.46 24.64 43.34 17.84 1.54 23.57 27.80
Panchagav
ya (3%)
41.54 22.97 40.29 16.85 1.46 22.14 26.14
Water
spray
(control)
38.50 21.36 35.26 15.84 1.38 21.32 24.68
Gnyandev (2009), Karnataka Ph D thesis 66

67. Effect of growth regulators on seed production of persian clover
(Trifolium resupinatum L.)
Growth
regulators
Number of heads feet-2
Seed yield (q
ha-1
)
Volume weight of seed
(g)
1996-97 1997-98 1996-97 1997-98 1996-97 1997-98
MH@ 100 ppm 255 250 5.91 5.86 214 219
MH @ 150 ppm 253 251 5.83 5.88 218 220
MH@ 200 ppm 257 253 5.91 5.89 219 221
GA @20ppm 250 252 5.82 5.39 216 218
GA @30 ppm 263 259 5.96 5.52 223 223
GA @ 40 ppm 273 270 5.97 5.91 226 230
SA @ 200 ppm 259 261 5.93 6.09 220 221
SA @ 400 ppm 265 263 5.96 6.34 222 226
SA @ 600 ppm 278 274 6.28 6.44 228 231
Water spray 237 241 5.23 5.37 211 214
Control 234 237 5.10 5.24 207 211
Kang (1999), Punjab Ph D Thesis 67

68. Effect of different bioregulators on forage
cowpea average over two years
Bioregulators Biological
yield (q ha-
1
)
Pod yield (q
ha-1
)
Grain yield
(q ha-1
)
Control 83.1d 15.7d 11.6d
Sodium benzoate @ 100
μg ml-1
96.5c 17.3c 13.1c
Sodium benzoate @ 150
μg ml-1
100.3bc 18.1bc 13.8bc
Salicylic acid @ 50 μg
ml-1
112.0a 20.8a 15.5a
Salicylic acid @ 100 μg
ml-1
105.9ab 19.0b 14.2b
CaCl2 (0.5%) 104.2b 18.5c 13.9bc
CaCl2 (1.0%) 106.0ab 19.4ab 14.7abc
KNO3(1.0%) 103.6bc 19.0b 13.9b
KNO3(2.0%) 107.3 19.6ab 14.8ab
Kumar et al. (2014), Punjab Int J Agric Biol 16: 759-65
68

69. Effect of Succinic acid application on seed yield
of Egyptian clover
Treatments Number of
effective
heads per
m2
Number of
seeds per
head
Volume
weight of
seeds (g)
Seed
yield (q
ha-1
)
Straw
yield (q
ha-1
)
500 ppm 400.3 63.9 193.3 7.00 42.3
600 ppm 444.0 68.3 198.0 7.41 43.6
700 ppm 424.4 67.0 195.4 7.05 42.8
Gulati (2005), Punjab M Sc thesis 69

70. Effect of PGRs on yield and yield parameters of Egyptian
clover
Treatments Green
fodder yield
(t ha-1
)
Tillers per
plant
Heads
per m2
Seeds
per head
1000 seed
weight (g)
Seed
yield (Kg
ha-1
)
Harvest
index
(%)
Control 70.9 6.61 318.5 40.6 2.29 643 16.9
Sodium benzoate @
100 mg L-1
70.7 7.12 334.1 45.8 2.47 729 17.3
Sodium benzoate @
150 mg L-1
71.4 7.04 346.3 49.7 2.56 761 18.1
SA @ 50 mg L-1
71.0 7.54 370.3 53.1 2.76 852 18.4
SA @ 100 mg L-1
71.5 7.19 354.6 47.2 2.42 777 18.4
CaCl2 (0.5%) 70.8 6.97 350.5 47.7 2.40 768 18.2
CaCl2 (1.0%) 71.7 7.12 355.4 48.4 2.55 798 18.6
KNO3(1.0%) 70.4 7.01 358.1 48.1 2.47 784 18.3
KNO3(2.0%) 72.0 7.12 364.1 49.7 2.60 819 19.3
NAA @ 25 mg L-1
71.4 7.02 352.6 46.9 2.53 763 18.0
Kumar et al (2014), Punjab Field crop Res 146: 25-30
70

71. Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments of chemical and plant
growth regulators on shelf life, days taken to ripening and fruit firmness of
sapota fruits cv. Kalipatti
Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments of chemical and plant
growth regulators on shelf life, days taken to ripening and fruit firmness of
sapota fruits cv. Kalipatti
Tsomu and Patel 2014 J Food Process Technol 5: 1-3
71

72. Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments
of chemical and growth regulators on spoilage of
sapota fruits cv. Kalipatti
Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments
of chemical and growth regulators on spoilage of
sapota fruits cv. Kalipatti
Tsomu and Patel 2014 J Food Process Technol 5: 1-3
72

73. Effect of plant growth regulators and natural supplements on in vitro morphogenesis of
Pogostemon cablin Benth. (A) Initiation of shoots on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA. (B) Callus
formation on MS + 0.1 mg L-1 BA. (C) Shoot multiplication on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA
and 0.5 mg L-1 KN. (D) Shoot multiplication on MS + 10% coconut water. € Rooting
of shoots on MS (½) + activated charcoal (100 mg L-1). (F) Directly acclimatized
plantlet in the soil. (G) In vitro-grown plant in the field.
Effect of plant growth regulators and natural supplements on in vitro morphogenesis of
Pogostemon cablin Benth. (A) Initiation of shoots on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA. (B) Callus
formation on MS + 0.1 mg L-1 BA. (C) Shoot multiplication on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA
and 0.5 mg L-1 KN. (D) Shoot multiplication on MS + 10% coconut water. € Rooting
of shoots on MS (½) + activated charcoal (100 mg L-1). (F) Directly acclimatized
plantlet in the soil. (G) In vitro-grown plant in the field.
Swamy et al. 2014 J. Crop Sci. Biotech. 17 (2) : 1-7
73

74. Effect of different cytokinins on shoot proliferation from nodal
segments of patchouli grown on MS medium after 30 days of
culture
Effect of different cytokinins on shoot proliferation from nodal
segments of patchouli grown on MS medium after 30 days of
culture
Swamy et al. 2014 J. Crop Sci. Biotech. 17 (2) : 1-7
74

75. Effect of 2, 4-D (1mg/L) on anther culture responseEffect of 2, 4-D (1mg/L) on anther culture response
Kaushal 2015 Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 8 :15-26
75

76. 76
Effect of picloram(1mg/L) on anther culture responseEffect of picloram(1mg/L) on anther culture response

77. EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON PLANT HEIGHT
IN FLORICUTURE CROPS
EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON PLANT HEIGHT
IN FLORICUTURE CROPS
Anonymous 2012
77

78. EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH IN THE PRODUCTION OF FLORICUTURE CROPS
Anonymous 2012
78

79. Influence of plant growth regulators on earliness, sex expression, fruit
and seed yield in bitter gourd at different growth stages
Ghani et al. 2013 Pak. j. life soc. Sci.,11(3): 218-224 79

80. Interactive effect of plant growth regulators and growth stages on
male to female flower ratio in bitter gourd
Ghani et al. 2013 Pak. j. life soc. Sci.,11(3): 218-224 80

81. Plant height, area of the leaves, tiller no and herb yield of C. martinii as
affected by foliar spray of GA3
Effect of GA3 on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, geraniol and geranyl
acetate percentage and oil biosynthesis of C. martinii
Effect of GA3 on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, geraniol and geranyl
acetate percentage and oil biosynthesis of C. martinii
Khan et al. 2015 Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 8 : 373-376
81

82. Analysis of growth and development (plant height, area of the leaves,
tiller no and herb yield) of C. martinii in pot by foliar spraying method of
IAA
Analysis of growth and development (plant height, area of the leaves,
tiller no and herb yield) of C. martinii in pot by foliar spraying method of
IAA
Effect of IAA on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, geraniol, and
geranyl percentage and oil biosynthesis of C. martinii
Effect of IAA on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, geraniol, and
geranyl percentage and oil biosynthesis of C. martinii
Khan et al. 2015 Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 8 : 373-376
82

83. Effect of kinetin on plant height, area of the leaves, tiller no and herb yield
of C. martinii after
Effect of kinetin on plant height, area of the leaves, tiller no and herb yield
of C. martinii after
Effect of kinetin on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, oil content
and its major constituents in intact plant of C. martinii
Effect of kinetin on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, oil content
and its major constituents in intact plant of C. martinii
Khan et al. 2015 Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 8 : 373-376
83

84. Means comparison for grain weight, SGR, EFP and yield in
different concentrations of BAP
Means comparison for grain weight, SGR, EFP and yield in
different concentrations of BAP
Alizadeh et al. 2010. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5: 2893-2898
84

85. Bridgemohan. 2014, j. cereals oilseed, 5: 12-16
85

86. Effect of paclobutrazol, gibberellic acid and P. fluorescens on total
chlorophyll contents (mg/g FW) of Catharanthus roseus on different
growth stages
Effect of paclobutrazol, gibberellic acid and P. fluorescens on total
chlorophyll contents (mg/g FW) of Catharanthus roseus on different
growth stages
Effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ), gibberellic acid (GA) and P. fluorescens (PF) on (a)
carotenoid (b) anthocyanin and (c) xanthophyll contents of Catharanthus roseus
different growth stages. Bar values are representing the percentage increase or
decrease from control values
Effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ), gibberellic acid (GA) and P. fluorescens (PF) on (a)
carotenoid (b) anthocyanin and (c) xanthophyll contents of Catharanthus roseus
different growth stages. Bar values are representing the percentage increase or
decrease from control values
Jaleel et al. 2009, Plant Omics Journal, 2: 169-174
86

87. Effect of growth regulators and macronutrient application on
growth parameters of jamun seedlings
Effect of growth regulators and macronutrient application on
growth parameters of jamun seedlings
Surakshitha et al. 2014, INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH, 4:3-5
87

88. Effect of plant growth regulators on seedlings growth of
different tree species
Chaplot. 2013, International Journal of Farm Sciences 3 :77-80
88

89. EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON YIELD AND
YIELD COMPONENT IN COWPEA
Ganiger et al. 2002, Karnatka J. Agric. Science. 15: 701-704
89

90. EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH
PROMOTERS ON YIELD OF MULBERRY
Dorigol et al. 1996, Karnatka J. Agric. Science. 10: 332-338
90

91. EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTERS ON CRUDE
PROTEIN CONTENT IN MULBERRY LEAVES
EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTERS ON CRUDE
PROTEIN CONTENT IN MULBERRY LEAVES
Dorigol et al. 1996, Karnatka J. Agric. Science. 10: 332-338
91

92. The effect of various triacontanol concentrations on the chlorophyll
content of leaves in the root-inducing phase of balm
micropropagation
The effect of various triacontanol concentrations on the chlorophyll
content of leaves in the root-inducing phase of balm
micropropagation
Tantos et al. 1999, Plant Cell Reports. 19 : 88–91
92

93. 93

94. 94

95. THANK YOUTHANK YOU
95