The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Molecular basis of plant resistance and defense responses to pathogensSenthil Natesan
In response to pathogen attack, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to delay or arrest pathogen growth.Unlike animals, plants lack a circulating immune system recognizing microbial pathogens. Plant cells are more autonomous in their defense mechanisms and rely on the innate immune capacity of each cell and systemic signals that disseminate from infection sites (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Plant innate immunity consists of preformed physical and chemical barriers (such as leaf hairs, rigid cell walls, pre-existing antimicrobial compounds) and induced defenses. Should an invading microbe successfully breach the pre-formed barriers, it may be recognized by the plant, resulting in the activation of cellular defense responses that stop or restrict further development of the invader.
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Molecular basis of plant resistance and defense responses to pathogensSenthil Natesan
In response to pathogen attack, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to delay or arrest pathogen growth.Unlike animals, plants lack a circulating immune system recognizing microbial pathogens. Plant cells are more autonomous in their defense mechanisms and rely on the innate immune capacity of each cell and systemic signals that disseminate from infection sites (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Plant innate immunity consists of preformed physical and chemical barriers (such as leaf hairs, rigid cell walls, pre-existing antimicrobial compounds) and induced defenses. Should an invading microbe successfully breach the pre-formed barriers, it may be recognized by the plant, resulting in the activation of cellular defense responses that stop or restrict further development of the invader.
The power point presentation includes information regarding various methods and concepts involved in fungi bacteria and virus with some suitable examples
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
Plant disease resistance genes: current status and future directions.RonikaThakur
Agriculture plays a key role to ensure the food security. But plant diseases hinder the crop production by reducing yield to much extent. To overcome this problem it is crucial to understand plant disease resistance genes which prevent growth of plant pathogens thereby reducing the yield loss.
Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interactionVinod Upadhyay
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE FOR GENE SYSTEMS IN PLANT- FUNGUS INTERACTION AND THE APPLICATIONS OF AVIRULENCE GENES IN CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS
The power point presentation includes information regarding various methods and concepts involved in fungi bacteria and virus with some suitable examples
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
Plant disease resistance genes: current status and future directions.RonikaThakur
Agriculture plays a key role to ensure the food security. But plant diseases hinder the crop production by reducing yield to much extent. To overcome this problem it is crucial to understand plant disease resistance genes which prevent growth of plant pathogens thereby reducing the yield loss.
Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interactionVinod Upadhyay
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE FOR GENE SYSTEMS IN PLANT- FUNGUS INTERACTION AND THE APPLICATIONS OF AVIRULENCE GENES IN CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS
The gene for gene hypothesis was actually proposed by Henry Harold Flor in the year 1945 while working with the host-pathogen interaction between of Linum usitatissimum and Melampsora lini inciting linseed/flax rust
By this hypothesis for each gene controlling resistance in the plants there is a corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity (avirulence) in the pathogen
The resistance of the host is governed by the dominant genes(D)
The virulence of the pathogen is governed by recessive genes(d)
Handling of pipette ,buret,separatory funnnel, graduated cylinderRAMALINGAM K
this chapter clearly explain the Handling of pipette ,buret,separatory funnnel, graduated cylinder during the experiment in the laboratory ..this are the common practices in the science lab...
in this chapter covers the symptoms modulation and diseases severity increases and decreases. and role of SiRNA in diseases severity reduction. and also covers the types of SRNA..
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Gene-for-Gene Hypothesis
Proposed by Flor (1956)-study on flax rust
“For each resistance gene in the plant there is
a gene in the pathogen that determines if the
pathogen will be able to injure the plant.”
3. gene-for-gene hypothesis- H.H.Flor (1956)
for every gene for resistance in the host, there is a corresponding
gene for pathogenicity in the pathogen.
It means that there are at least two alleles at a locus controlling
resistance/susceptibility in the host (R-r) and two alleles at a
corresponding locus in the pathogen (V-v) controlling virulence /
aggressiveness.
Out of the four possible interactions between these alleles, only
one combination leads to the expression of resistance.
4.
5. Virulence or
avirulence
genes in
pathogen
R (resistant,
dominant)
R
(susceptible,
recessive)
A dominant AR (-) Ar (+)
a recessive aR (+) Ar (+)
Gene combinations and Disease Reaction
Types in the Gene for Gene concept
6. Resistance R or susceptibility r
genes in the plant
R1R2 R1r2 r1R2 r1r2
A1A2 - - - +
A1a2 - - + +
a1A2 - + - +
a1a2 + + + +
Virulence
a or
Avirulence
A genes
In the
pathogen
Complementary Interaction of Two Host Genes
For Resistance and the Corresponding Two
Pathogen Genes for Virulence
7. Resistance- Van der Plank (1960)
Vertical Resistance :
If plants are resistance to some races of a pathogen is more than to other
races.
Horizontal Resistance:
Resistance to more than one race of the pathogen or to many or all races
of the pathogen.
8. Vertical resistance
It is also called Perpendicular resistance, Physiological resistance,
seedling resistance, hypersensitivity, race specific resistance or
qualitative resistance.
As it is conditioned by one or a few genes, it is called major gene
or monogenic of oligogenic resistance.
Controlled by major genes (one or two)
Genes are readily transferred from one genotype to another
Presence of genes can be determined by exposing plants to
particular races
Leaf Rust Resistance in Wheat
9. Qualitative Resistance
Advantages
Easier screenings
Easier transfer of genes “all or nothing”
Disadvantages
Vulnerability to new races
Continuous use of particular cultivar may lead to development of
new race or shift in pest population (shift from race 1 to race 2)
10. Horizontal resistance
It is non-specific resistance governed by polygenes. It is
severally termed as non-specific, general, polygenic, minor
gene, mature plant, adult, quantitative resistance, partial or
field resistance or tolerance.
Fusarium head blight in wheat.
11. Quantitative Resistance
Controlled by many genes each with minor effects
Advantages
Can control a broad range of races due to the fact that many loci are
involved
Disadvantages
Difficult to transfer resistance from one genotype to another
Individual genes harder to identify
12. Vertical vs Horizontal Resistance
30
80
30 30
80 80
1 2 3 4 5 6
Races
Resistance
Susceptibility
Vertical Resistance to Races 2, 5, and 6
13. Vertical vs Horizontal Resistance
25 25 25 25 25 25
1 2 3 4 5 6
Races
Resistance
Susceptibility
Horizontal Resistance to all Races
14. Hypersensitive Response
Stem Rust of Wheat
Programmed cell death
A lot of black boxes
Pathogen recognition,
signaling proteins,
transcription factors,
15.
16.
17. Sources of Resistance
Primary Gene Pool
Other breeding programs
Landraces
Germplasm collections (GRIN)
Wild Relatives
Tomato: Lycopersicon genus
Wheat: Agropyron genus
Aegilops tauschii, Triticum monococum
Mutant Transformations: powdery mildew in Barley
18. Breeding methods for diseases resistance variety
1. Introduction
2. Selection
3. Hybridization followed by selection,
4. Back cross method,
5. Induced mutagenesis,
6. Development of multilines ,
7. Tissue culture techniques