The document discusses plant disease resistance and the gene-for-gene hypothesis. It states that a plant's inherent ability to resist or withstand pathogens is called resistance. The gene-for-gene hypothesis proposes that for each resistance gene in the plant, there is a corresponding gene in the pathogen that determines if the pathogen can infect the plant. Resistance can be vertical, involving major genes, or horizontal, involving polygenes that provide broader resistance to multiple pathogen races.

1. Diseases resistance
The inherent ability of crop plants to resist
or withstand the pathogen is called
resistance.

2. Gene-for-Gene Hypothesis
Proposed by Flor (1956)-study on flax rust
“For each resistance gene in the plant there is
a gene in the pathogen that determines if the
pathogen will be able to injure the plant.”

3. gene-for-gene hypothesis- H.H.Flor (1956)
for every gene for resistance in the host, there is a corresponding
gene for pathogenicity in the pathogen.
It means that there are at least two alleles at a locus controlling
resistance/susceptibility in the host (R-r) and two alleles at a
corresponding locus in the pathogen (V-v) controlling virulence /
aggressiveness.
Out of the four possible interactions between these alleles, only
one combination leads to the expression of resistance.

5. Virulence or
avirulence
genes in
pathogen
R (resistant,
dominant)
R
(susceptible,
recessive)
A dominant AR (-) Ar (+)
a recessive aR (+) Ar (+)
Gene combinations and Disease Reaction
Types in the Gene for Gene concept

6. Resistance R or susceptibility r
genes in the plant
R1R2 R1r2 r1R2 r1r2
A1A2 - - - +
A1a2 - - + +
a1A2 - + - +
a1a2 + + + +
Virulence
a or
Avirulence
A genes
In the
pathogen
Complementary Interaction of Two Host Genes
For Resistance and the Corresponding Two
Pathogen Genes for Virulence

7. Resistance- Van der Plank (1960)
Vertical Resistance :
If plants are resistance to some races of a pathogen is more than to other
races.
Horizontal Resistance:
Resistance to more than one race of the pathogen or to many or all races
of the pathogen.

8. Vertical resistance
It is also called Perpendicular resistance, Physiological resistance,
seedling resistance, hypersensitivity, race specific resistance or
qualitative resistance.
As it is conditioned by one or a few genes, it is called major gene
or monogenic of oligogenic resistance.
 Controlled by major genes (one or two)
 Genes are readily transferred from one genotype to another
 Presence of genes can be determined by exposing plants to
particular races
 Leaf Rust Resistance in Wheat

9. Qualitative Resistance
Advantages
Easier screenings
Easier transfer of genes “all or nothing”
Disadvantages
Vulnerability to new races
Continuous use of particular cultivar may lead to development of
new race or shift in pest population (shift from race 1 to race 2)

10. Horizontal resistance
It is non-specific resistance governed by polygenes. It is
severally termed as non-specific, general, polygenic, minor
gene, mature plant, adult, quantitative resistance, partial or
field resistance or tolerance.
Fusarium head blight in wheat.

11. Quantitative Resistance
Controlled by many genes each with minor effects
Advantages
 Can control a broad range of races due to the fact that many loci are
involved
Disadvantages
 Difficult to transfer resistance from one genotype to another
 Individual genes harder to identify

12. Vertical vs Horizontal Resistance
30
80
30 30
80 80
1 2 3 4 5 6
Races
Resistance
Susceptibility
Vertical Resistance to Races 2, 5, and 6

13. Vertical vs Horizontal Resistance
25 25 25 25 25 25
1 2 3 4 5 6
Races
Resistance
Susceptibility
Horizontal Resistance to all Races

14. Hypersensitive Response
Stem Rust of Wheat
Programmed cell death
A lot of black boxes
Pathogen recognition,
signaling proteins,
transcription factors,

17. Sources of Resistance
Primary Gene Pool
Other breeding programs
Landraces
Germplasm collections (GRIN)
Wild Relatives
Tomato: Lycopersicon genus
Wheat: Agropyron genus
Aegilops tauschii, Triticum monococum
Mutant Transformations: powdery mildew in Barley

18. Breeding methods for diseases resistance variety
1. Introduction
2. Selection
3. Hybridization followed by selection,
4. Back cross method,
5. Induced mutagenesis,
6. Development of multilines ,
7. Tissue culture techniques