Direct Action Against The Pathogen
Genetic Modification Of The Host To Resist
Modification Of The Environment To Make It Unfavorable For Diseases Development.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
Information may be time-sensitive. Subscribers should use the information contained at their own risk. Please check latest information with Dr. A by emailing bugdoctor@auburn.edu.
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,ThrishurAslam Muhammed
This is a small attempt just to introduce diffenrent types of seed treatments as well as special treatments for the better germination ,vigour and survival of the crops under various adverse climatic conditions..
Sustainable Agriculture.
Management and Utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.
Take advantage of mycorrhizal fungi for improved soil fertility and plant health.
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
This presentation was developed for high tunnel crop producers who are regularly plagued by many chewing and sucking insect pests. This presentation ends with a brief discussion of organic insecticides and other pest management methods. For questions, call 251-331-8416 or contact the county Extension office in your state.
Information may be time-sensitive. Subscribers should use the information contained at their own risk. Please check latest information with Dr. A by emailing bugdoctor@auburn.edu.
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,ThrishurAslam Muhammed
This is a small attempt just to introduce diffenrent types of seed treatments as well as special treatments for the better germination ,vigour and survival of the crops under various adverse climatic conditions..
Sustainable Agriculture.
Management and Utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.
Take advantage of mycorrhizal fungi for improved soil fertility and plant health.
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
This presentation was developed for high tunnel crop producers who are regularly plagued by many chewing and sucking insect pests. This presentation ends with a brief discussion of organic insecticides and other pest management methods. For questions, call 251-331-8416 or contact the county Extension office in your state.
The concepts of plant disease management are primarily centered on identifying the disease and reducing damage or loss below the threshold of economic detriment. Whetzel (1919) was the first to define disease control approaches as Exclusion, Eradication, Protection, and Resistance, with two more methods added later: Avoidance and Therapy (National Science Academy, 1968). Thus, management methods refer to steps done to lower the incidence and intensity of the illness, limit the number of inoculums that originate and propagate the disease, and, eventually, minimize the disease's losses.
Plant tissue culture,its methods, advantages,disadvantages and applications.Komal Jalan
Plant tissue culture is the most widely used technique for growing very large number of plant using a very small part of the main plant(explant). Tissue culturing is very common for many popular and demanding crops.Few of them discussed here are Potato,Papaya,Pinepple,Banana,Gerbera,Sunflower,Orchids
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Plant diease control
1. PLANT DISEASE CONTROL
T.HARI MURALI KRISHNAA
19PY21
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi.
Department Of Microbiology.
2. OUTLINE
• The cultivation of crop plants to meet his requirements for food,
clothing, and shelter.
• PRINCIPAL TO DIEASES MANAGEMENT ARE:
• Direct Action Against The Pathogen
• Genetic Modification Of The Host To Resist
• Modification Of The Environment To Make It Unfavorable For Diseases
Development.
3. PLANT QUARATINE
Can be defined as a legal restriction on the movement of agricultural
commodities for the purpose of exclusion, prevention or delay in the
establish of plant pest and disease in areas where they are not
known to occur.
the first plant quarantine regulation was perhaps promulgated
France in 1660 to suppress and prevent the spread of barberry plant.
• 1912-U.S.A- destructive insect and pest control.
• 1990 – Europe – late blight
• 1940- Netherland – bunchy top
• 1914- India – pest and insect
4. SEED TREATMENT
• Making improvements in managing pests and diseases
like brown rust, and increasing the productivity,
improving sprouting and emergence of buds that are
carried out through seed coating, seed treatment with
solution of sea water and lime, and seed priming
methods respectively.
• Pre-Soaking hydration:
• Treatments of water absorbing type include uncontrolled and controlled
systems.
• Three different techniques are used for controlled absorption of water:
priming with solutions, solid matrix, and manual controlled water.
5. • Seed Coating technologies: (Using polymeric seed coating technique increases the percentage of germination
through direct fertilizing of the soil )
• Applying a film coating on the surface of seeds. (special material covers the surface of
seed ).
• Seeds coating technologies include two methods : pelleting and coating.
• Pre-germination: it takes several weeks or months for knots to be formed by rhizobia
bacteria. However, through seed coating technology the bacteria are close enough to
budding area that lead to an early knot forming.
• Nutrients: in seed coating process seeds are provided with a healthy environment in
which the growing energy during the initial stages will be increased.
• Protection against stress, animals, birds, and fertilizers.
• Smart Seed Coating techniques: (Maize planters know for sure that every minute is
critical during the planting period)
• The coating takes the form of a rigid shell around the seed. When the seeds are put
into the cold soil, no water can penetrates into this shell. So, there will be no budding
unless the temperature reaches to 55 degrees Fahrenheit when the shell loses its
shape and allows penetration of water. This process is reversible and repeatable, thus
will be able to protect the seed against cold weather.
6. • Seed Pelleting or rounding:
• The pelleting process is mostly performed by clay or organic-based
fillers.
• using polymers in pelleting process increases the potassium content in
crops, and also their anti-fungus characteristics minimize any potential
damage to plant.
• germination process accomplishes in three phases:
• 1) Water absorption by seed,
• 2) Delaying phase,
• 3) Radicle growing through emergence of test.
• Found that seed treatment by GA3 with content of 50 ppm carried out prior to planting, can
improve root length, budding proportion, vigor of plant, particularly for fennel seeds of low
quality. (The most common adjusters are Cycocel, Ethephon, Gibberellic, Cytokinin, and Indol
Acetic Acid (IAA).
• Treatment by osmotic solutions:
• Treating maize seeds by polyethylene glycol or potassium salts like KNO3 and
K2HPO4 on speeding the germination process in cold temperatures like 10
degrees Celsius.
7. • Biophysical Methods:
• Applying electricity, magnet, unicolor lights, beams, and ultrasound waves can
widely stimulate the plants growing. This technique is called electroplanting.
8. CULTURAL PRACTICES:
• The term cultural control describes the activities of humans
aimed at controlling disease through the cultural manipulation of
plants.
Selection and preparation of planting materials:
• Destruction of crop residues
• Elimination of living plants that carry pathogens
• Crop rotation
• Tillage practices
• Sowing and harvesting practices
• Intercropping
• Mulching and soil amendments
• Flooding
• Irrigation
• Fertiliser applications and crop nutrition
• Strip farming
• Trap and decoy crops
• MisceIIaneou s practices
9. Destruction of crop residues:
Burying, burning and removal of postharvest crop
residues are important cultural control practices performed during
intercrop periods. If crop residues are buried, some potential
pathogens may be either killed or inhibited in their development.
Fungal pathogens such as Sclerotinia and
CLautcepsw hich produce sclerotia can be controlled to some
extent by burying surface soil.
• Sclerottum oryzae (stem rot)
• Curuul.ariaLunata (black mould)
• Corticium sasaki (sheath blight)
• flag smut (Urocystis agropgri) on wheat
• Septori"a auenae on oats
• Rhyncosporium secalis on barley
• Pgrenophora teres
10. Elimination of living plants that carry pathogens:
• For example- grasses such as Hordeum Leportnum are hosts of the wheat
take-all fungus GaeumannomAces graminis.
Crop rotation:
• Rotations are most likely to be effective in controlling pathogens such as
GaeumannomAces graminis, Pgrenophoratritici-repentis, various
CoLLetotri"chumand Phoma spp. and some pathogenic bacteria which
only survive in the presence of a specific host.
• controlling damping-off and root-rot fungi such as Pythium and
Aphanomgces, Fusartum spp.
Tillage practices:
• Tillage may also influence nutrient release mechanisms and the total effect is often
expressed as increased crop vigor.
• Tillage incorporates various types of organic matter including crop residues, manure,
green manure, volunteer crop plants and weeds into the soil.
11. Sowing and harvesting practices:
• Many crop plants tend to be more susceptible to attacks by various
parasites at certain stages of their development.
Intercropping:
• Intercropping, the growing of a crop or crops between the rows of another
crop, is more common on smaller farms and is very popular in China.
• Bacterial blight (Xanttnmonas carrLpestns pv. manihotis) is decreased.
Mulching and soil amendments:
• Mulching, the application of a covering layer of material to the soil surface,
is a commonly used cultural practice, especially in horticulture. Natural
materials used for mulching include cereal straw and stalks, crop debris,
sawdust, leaves, grass, manure, weeds, reeds, Spanish moss and various
aquatic plants.
12. CHEMICAL CONTROL
SULPHUR:
Is the earliest known fungicide. It is particularly useful
against powdery mildews, used either as dust or as a spray.
COPPER:
Used for fungicide, used in plant protection , mixed with
Bordeaux.
TERRAZOLE:
Effective against certain seedling diseases of maize,
tomato, potato and cucumber.
13. THIABENDAZOLE:
Is effective against post – harvest diseases of sweet orange. It
is also effective against sugar beet leaf spot caused by Cercospora
beticola.
NEMATICIDES:
carbon disulphide is perhaps the earliest chemical used as a
soil fumigant for checking the growth of nematodes. Choropicrin has
been in use in a limited scale in greenhouse and nursery beds for
nearly three decades.
Methyl Bromide
Dichloropropene (DD)
Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)
DD and EDB mixture was intro in after world war
14. OILS:
Banana wilt caused by Mycospharella musicola is controlled by
oils. In light viscosity.
mainly mineral oils from petroleum and to limited extent,
Glyceride oil (from plants)
synthetic oil
SAFENER, SPREADER, and STICKER:
Safener is a chemical which reduce the phytotoxicity of another
chemical. E.g., Copper Sulphate is reduced by lime. Glyceride oils
also good safeners.
which improve the contact between the fungicide and the
sprayed surface. E.g., Glyceride oils , Mineral oils, and Soaps.
sticker is a substance added to spray or dust which improves its
adherence to plant surfaces. E.g., Arabic, Oils, Dextrin are commonly
used as stickers.
15. DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE
RESISTANT VARIETIES
• In many cases, growing resistant crop varieties is the only method to control diseases,
and perhaps is the ideal one.
HISTORY
• With the rediscovery of Gregor Mendal’s findings by de Vries in Holland, Correns in
Germany and Tschermark in Austria almost simultaneously in 1900, the science of
genetics had a rebirth. Though there are earlier reports on the possibilities of obtaining
varieties resistant to diseases, systematic studies to select varieties for disease
resistance started only during 1900, and the credit for this goes of W.A Orton of the united
states department of agriculture, who for resistant varieties against bunt and smut of
wheat.
16. • Term disease tolerance.
Disease outcome is determined by the three-way interaction of
the pathogen,
plant
environmental conditions.
Defense-activating compounds can move cell-to-cell and
systematically through the plant's vascular system. However, plants don't
have circulating immune cells, so most cell types exhibit a broad suite
of antimicrobial defenses. Although obvious qualitative differences in
disease resistance can be observed when multiple specimens are
compared (allowing classification as “resistant” or “susceptible” after
infection by the same pathogen strain at similar inoculum levels in similar
environments), a gradation of quantitative differences in disease resistance
is more typically observed between plant strains or genotypes. Plants
consistently resist certain pathogens but succumb to others; resistance is
usually specific to certain pathogen species or pathogen strains.
17.
18. Common disease resistance mechanisms:
• Pre-formed structures and compounds
Plant cuticle/surface
Plant cell walls
Antimicrobial chemicals (for
example: glucosides, saponins)
Antimicrobial proteins
Enzyme inhibitors
Detoxifying enzymes that break down pathogen-
derived toxins
Receptors that perceive pathogen presence and activate
inducible plant defences
19. • Inducible post-infection plant defenses
Cell wall reinforcement (cellulose, lignin, suberin, cell wall proteins
Antimicrobial chemicals, including reactive oxygen species such
as hydrogen peroxide or peroxynitrite, or more
complex phytoalexins such as genistein or camalexin.
Antimicrobial proteins such as defensins, thionins, or PR-1
Antimicrobial enzymes such as chitinases, beta-glucanases,
or peroxidases.
Hypersensitive response - a rapid host cell death response
associated with defence mediated by "Resistance genes."
20.
21. BIOLOGYCAL CONTROL
MYCOVIRUSES:
a few viruses present in fungi successfully attack fungi and destroy
them. For example, culture filtrate of Penicillium stoloniferum destroys
Agaricus bisporus.
MYCOPARASITE:
Pseudomononas flurescens when sprayed on rice seedlings effectively
reduce infection by Pyricularia oryzae.
MYCONEMATICIDE:
A few fungi feed on nematodes. Genera of fungi such as Arthrobotrys,
Harposporium are predacious on nematodes and kill them.
22. PGPR
• Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a group
of bacteria that enhances plant growth and yield via
various plant growth promoting substances as well as
biofertilizers.
• PGPR as biofertilizers are well recognized as efficient soil
microbes for sustainable agriculture and hold great
promise in the improvement of agriculture yields.
• PGPR genera exhibiting plant growth promoting activity are:
Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus,
Burkholdaria, Enterobacter, Rhizobium, Erwinia,
Mycobacterium, Mesorhizobium, Flavobacterium, etc. This
article presents perspectives on the role of PGPR in agriculture
sustainability.
23. PGPR as Biofertilizers:
Increased yield, solubilization of P (phosphorus) or K
(potassium), uptake of N (nitrogen) and some other elements
through inoculation with PGPR.
Phytohormones PGPR
• Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) - Acetobacter diazotrophicus
andHerbaspirillum
seropedicae
• Zeatin and ethylene - Azospirillumsp.
• Gibberellic acid (GA3) - Azospirillumlipoferum
• Abscisic acid (ABA) - Azospirillum brasilense
24. PGPR Crop parameters
• Rhizobiumleguminosarum - Direct growth promotion of canola and lettuce
• Pseudomonas putida - Early developments of canola seedlings, growth
stimulation of tomato plant
• Azospirillum brasilense and A. irakense - Growth of wheat and maize plants
• P. flurescens - Growth of pearl millet, increase in growth, leaf nutrient
contents and yield of banana (Musa)
• Azotobacter and Azospirillumspp. - Growth and productivity of canola
• P. alcaligenes, Bacillus polymyxa, - Enhances uptake of N, P and K bymaize crop and
Mycobacterium phlei
• Pseudomonas, Azotobacter - and Stumulates growth and yield of chick pea (Cicer
• Azospirillumspp. arietinum)R. leguminismarum - and Improves the yield and phosphorus uptake in wheat
Pseudomonas spp.
• P. putida, P. flurescens, A. brasilense - Improves seed germination, seedling growth and
• A. lipoferum - yield of maize
• P. putida, P. fluorescens, P. fluorescens, - Improves seed germination, growth parameters of
• P. putida, A. lipoferum, A. brasilense - maize seedling in greenhouse and also grain yield
of field grown maize
25. • Siderophore Production:
• PGPR are reported to secrete some extracellular metabolites called
siderophores.
• The presence of siderophore-producing PGPR in rhizosphere
increases the rate of Fe3+ supply to plants and therefore enhance the
plant growth and productivity of crop. Further, this compound after
chelating Fe3+ makes the soil Fe3+ deficient for other soil microbes and
consequently inhibits the activity of competitive microbes.
• The ability to produce siderophores (as discussed above) that chelate iron, making it
unavailable to pathogens. The capacity to synthesize anti-fungal metabolites such as
antibiotics, fungal cell wall-lysing enzymes, or hydrogen cyanide, which suppress the
growth of fungal pathogens. The ability to successfully compete with pathogens for
nutrients or specific niches on the root; and the ability to induce systemic resistance.
26. PGPR Disease resistance
• Bacillus pumilus, Kluyvera cryocrescens, Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV) of tomato
• B. amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilus (Lycopersicon esculentum)
• B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis and Tomatomottle virus
B. pumilus
• B. pumilus Bacterial wilt disease in cucumber (Cucumis
• sativus), Blue mold disease of tobacco (Nicotiana)
• Pseudomonas fluorescens Sheath blight disease and leaf folder insect in rice
• (Oryza sativa), Reduce the Banana Bunchy Top
• Virus (BBTV) incidence, Saline resistance in
groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
• B . subtilis and B. pumilus Downymildew in pearl millet (Pennisetum
glaucum)
• B. subtilis CMV in cucumber
• B. cereus Foliar diseases of tomato
• Bacillus spp. Blight of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), Blight
of squash
• Burkholderia Maize (Zea mays) rot
• B. subtilis Soil borne pathogen of cucumber and pepper (Piper)
• Bacillus sp. and Azospirillum Rice blast
• Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Rice sheath rot (Sarocladium oryzae)