Biological control of plant pathogens using beneficial microorganisms like Trichoderma spp. fungi is an alternative to chemical pesticides. Trichoderma controls pathogens through antibiosis, nutrient competition, and mycoparasitism. Successful biocontrol requires a highly effective strain that can compete, persist, and colonize plants without being pathogenic. The strain must also be producible at large scale and remain viable after formulation. Trichoderma is commonly used as a biocontrol as it is present in soil and able to colonize plant roots, protecting against diseases through mycoparasitism and inducing host resistance.
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
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Plant Disease Identification and Life CycleMark Valen
The chain of events that leads to the development of a disease is called the disease cycle – which may be different to the pathogen's life cycle. The incidence and severity of the majority of plant diseases vary on a distinct cyclic basis.
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
Plant Disease Identification and Life CycleMark Valen
The chain of events that leads to the development of a disease is called the disease cycle – which may be different to the pathogen's life cycle. The incidence and severity of the majority of plant diseases vary on a distinct cyclic basis.
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
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In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
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Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
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In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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2. Overview
• What is biological control, what are the
benefits to its use
• Mechanism of biological control
• Requirements of successful biocontrol
• Working example of biocontrol
3. What is biological
control?
• First coined by Harry Smith in relation to
the biological control of insects
– Suppression of insect populations by native
or introduced enemies
• Generic terms
– A population-leveling process in which the
population of one species lowers the number
of another
4. Why use biological
control?
WHEN :
• Biological control agents are
– Expensive
– Labor intensive
– Host specific
WHILE :
• Chemical pesticides are:
– cost-effective
– easy to apply
– Broad spectrum
5. Why use biological
control?
WILL:
• Chemical pesticides
– Implicated in ecological, environmental, and human health
problems
– Require yearly treatments
– Broad spectrum
• Toxic to both beneficial and pathogenic species
BUT:
• Biological control agents
– Non-toxic to human
– Not a water contaminant concern
– Once colonized may last for years
– Host specific
• Only effect one or few species
6. Mechanisms of biological control
of plant pathogens
• Antibiosis – inhibition of one organism by
another as a result of diffusion of an
antibiotic
– Antibiotic production common in soil-dwelling
bacteria and fungi
– Example: zwittermicin A production by B.
cereus against Phytophthora root rot in alfalfa
7. Mechanisms of biological
control of plant pathogens
• Nutrient competition – competition
between microorganisms for carbon,
nitrogen, O2, iron, and other nutrients
– Most common way organisms limit growth of
others
– Example
• P. fluorescens, VITCUS, prevents bacterial blotch
by competing with P. tolaasii
8. Mechanisms of biological
control of plant pathogens
• Destructive mycoparasitism – the
parasitism of one fungus by another
– Direct contact
– Cell wall degrading enzymes
– Some produce antibiotics
– Example
• Trichoderma harzianum, BioTrek, used as seed
treatment against pathogenic fungus
9. Requirements of
successful biocontrol
1. Highly effective biocontrol strain must be
obtained or produced
a. Be able to compete and persist
b. Be able to colonize and proliferate
c. Be non-pathogenic to host plant and
environment
10. Requirements of
successful biocontrol
1. Inexpensive production and formulation
of agent must be developed
a. Production must result in biomass with
excellent shelf live
b. To be successful as agricultural agent must
be
i. Inexpensive
ii. Able to produce in large quantities
iii. Maintain viability
11. Requirements of
successful biocontrol
1. Delivery and application must permit full
expression of the agent
a. Must ensure agents will grow and achieve
their purpose
Coiling of Trichoderma around a pathogen.
(Plant Biocontrol by Trichoderma spp. Ilan
Chet, Ada Viterbo and Yariv Brotman)
12. Plant pathogen control by
Trichoderma spp.
• Trichoderma spp. are present in nearly all
agricultural soils
• Antifungal abilities have been known
since 1930s
• Mycoparasitism
• Nutrient competition
• Agriculturally used as biocontrol agent
and as a plant growth promoter
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2002/021231.trichoderma.jpg
13. Plant pathogen control by
Trichoderma spp.
Why buy/develop a product that is
readily available in the soil?
14. Plant pathogen control by
Trichoderma spp.
• Genetic Modification
– Wild strains
• Heterokaryotic – contain nuclei of dissimilar
genotypes within a single organism
– Biocontrol strains
• Homokaryotic – contain nuclei which are similar or
identical
• Allows genetic distinction and non-variability
– IMPORTANT FOR QUALITY CONTROL
15. Plant pathogen control by
Trichoderma spp.
• Most strains have innate resistance to
some agricultural chemicals
– Resistance is variable
• Strains available for commercial use are
selected or modified for resistance to
specific chemicals
16. Plant pathogen control by
Trichoderma spp.
How is it applied?
• Favored by presence of high levels of
plant roots
• Some are highly rhizosphere competent
– Capable of colonizing the expanding root
surface
– Can be used as soil or seed treatment
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontro
l/pathogens/images/trichoderma3.jpg
17. Plant pathogen control by
Trichoderma spp.
• Action against pathogenic fungi
1. Attachment to the host
hyphae by coiling
a. Lectin-carbohydrate
interaction
(Hubbard et al., 1983. Phytopathology 73:655-659).
18. Plant pathogen control by
Trichoderma spp.
• Action against pathogenic fungi
2. Penetrate the host cell walls by
secreting lytic enzymes
a. Chitinases
b. Proteases
c. Glucanases
(Ilan Chet, Hebrew University of Jerusalem).
19. Plant pathogen control by
Trichoderma spp.
• Some strains colonize the root with
mycoparasitic properties
– Penetrate the root tissue
– Induce metabolic changes which induce
resistance
• Accumulation of antimicrobial compounds
20. Plant pathogen control
by Trichoderma spp.
• Commercial availability
T-22
• Seed coating, seed pieces, transplant starter
• Protects roots from diseases caused by Pythium,
Rhizoctonia and Fusarium
• Interacts with the Rhizosphere, near the root hairs
and increases the available form of nutrients
needed by plants.
21. Plant pathogen control by
Trichoderma spp.
• Future developments
Transgenes
• Biocontrol microbes contain a large number of
genes which allow biocontrol to occur
• Cloned several genes from Trichoderma as
transgenes
– Produce crops which are resistant to plant diseases
• Currently not commercially available
23. References
• Current Microbiology Vol. 37 (1998), pp.6-11 Target Range of Zwittermicin A, and Aminopolyol antibiotic from
B. cereus
• Trichoderma for Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens: From Basic Research to Commercialized Products Gary E.
Harman Departments of Horticultural Science and of Plant Pathology ,Cornell University
• Plant Biocontrol by Trichoderma spp. Ilan Chet, Ada Viterbo and Yariv Brotman. Department of Biological
Chemistry
• Trichoderma spp., including T. harzianum, T. viride, T. koningii, T. hamatum and other spp.
by G. E. Harman, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
• The Plant Cell, Vol. 8, 1855-1869, October 1996 O 1996 American Society of Plant Physiologists Biocontrol of
Soilborne Plant Pathogens. Jo Handelsman‘ and Eric V. Stabb
• BioWorks products http://www.bioworksbiocontrol.com/productsections/agprod.html
• Trichoderma image http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2002/021231.trichoderma.jpg
• Trichoderma colonization image
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/images/trichoderma3.jpg
• www.weizmann.ac.il/Biological_Chemistry/scientist/Chet/Chet.html