Sustainable Agriculture.
Management and Utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.
Take advantage of mycorrhizal fungi for improved soil fertility and plant health.
David Douds - Research Microbiologist, USDA-ARS
David Douds received his Ph.D. from Purdue University in 1984 and began working with the USDA-ARS in 1989. He has worked with arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM] fungi throughout his research career on topics ranging from physiology and host/fungus signaling to applied studies of the impacts of farming practices upon native populations of AM fungi and development of on-farm inoculum production methods. Most of the field research was done in collaboration with the Rodale Institute, including comparisons of organic vs. conventional agriculture’s impacts upon AM fungi.
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Antagonistic and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma asperellum ZJSX5003 a...Anamika Rana
T. asperellum ZJSX5003 had the best antagonistic activity.
Seed coating with chemical fungicides were not effective against CSR due to its non-lasting preventative effects after the seedling stage.
Hydrolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites significantly contributed to antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against FG.
Trichoderma spp., have an active metabolism and produce large amounts of enzymes.
In vivo greenhouse test, confirmed that T. asperellum ZJSX5003 is an effective potential strain against FG.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
David Douds - Research Microbiologist, USDA-ARS
David Douds received his Ph.D. from Purdue University in 1984 and began working with the USDA-ARS in 1989. He has worked with arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM] fungi throughout his research career on topics ranging from physiology and host/fungus signaling to applied studies of the impacts of farming practices upon native populations of AM fungi and development of on-farm inoculum production methods. Most of the field research was done in collaboration with the Rodale Institute, including comparisons of organic vs. conventional agriculture’s impacts upon AM fungi.
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Antagonistic and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma asperellum ZJSX5003 a...Anamika Rana
T. asperellum ZJSX5003 had the best antagonistic activity.
Seed coating with chemical fungicides were not effective against CSR due to its non-lasting preventative effects after the seedling stage.
Hydrolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites significantly contributed to antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against FG.
Trichoderma spp., have an active metabolism and produce large amounts of enzymes.
In vivo greenhouse test, confirmed that T. asperellum ZJSX5003 is an effective potential strain against FG.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
This presentation is to understand the concepts of endophytes that reside within plants & to explore the applications of endophytes for the management of plant diseases.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
This presentation is to understand the concepts of endophytes that reside within plants & to explore the applications of endophytes for the management of plant diseases.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
Liquid biofertilizers are suspensions having agriculturally useful microorganisms, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and solubilize insoluble phosphates and make it available for the plant.
Introduction
Advantages of Micropropagation over the conventional methods
History
Stages of Micropropagation
1. Stage 0; Preparative stage
2. Stage 1; Initiation of aseptic cultures
A) Explant
B) Sterilization
C) Browning of medium
Factors affecting initiation stage
Conclusions
References
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Abstract
Potato is an important food and cash crop in Eastern Ethiopia; however, its productivity is low for a number of constraints. Shortage of quality planting material and poor tuber sprouting due to long dormancy period of improved varieties at planting are two of the factors known to affect production cycle and productivity of the crop in Eastern Ethiopia. Two separate experiments were conducted from November 2013 to June 2014, to assess the effect of Gibberellic acid and storage condition on seed tuber dormancy breakage of two potato varieties. The treatments in the first experiment consisted of two potato varieties (‘Bubu’ and ‘Bate’) and three levels of Gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 10, and 20 ppm) kept under three storage methods: in diffused light store (DLS), in pit, and in farmyard manure (FYM) heap. The experiment was laid out as a randomised complete design with four replications and conducted in the horticulture laboratory of Haramaya University. The second experiment consisted of the same treatments laid out in the field to study the effects of the treatments on the subsequent growth, yield, and yield-related traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications and conducted on a farmer’s field. The results of the experiments showed that genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions, as well as the interaction between them, significantly affected seed tuber dormancy period, sprouting characteristics, and subsequent tuber yield. Dormancy period, sprouting percent, sprout length, length of lateral axillary sprouts, and sprout vigour were significantly affected by the treatments. However, parameters such as days to 50% emergence, days to 50% flowering, and number and weight of very small and small tubers showed highest values for seed tubers, either treated with GA3 or not, and stored under FYM heap and pit storage conditions when compared with tuber treated and stored in DLS. In general, the study indicated that the interaction between genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions resulted in early dormancy termination, early emergence of shoots, and high marketable tuber yield.
Gemeda Mustefa
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
Assessment of forage corn quality intercropping with green beans under influe...Innspub Net
To assess the quality of forage corn intercropping with green beans under the influence of Rhizobium bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus, make a test in educational-research farm of agriculture faulty of Azna PNU that it was design in factorial to randomized complete block with three replications. The experimental factors include cropping systems such as mono cropping of corn, mono cropping of green beans, intercropping, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus (use and non-use) and Rhizobium bacteria (use and non-use). The results showed that cropping systems on crude protein, wet forage weight, dry forage weight were significant at 1% level as well as leaf to stem ratio was significant at 5% level. Between different levels of bacteria used, acid detergent fiber was impressed and was significant at 5% level. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus was significant at 5% level on water soluble carbohydrate. The results showed that the use of separate and combined of Rhizobium bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus increase the quality of corn in intercropping than mono cropping. Finally with increasing of plant diversity and microorganism in soil increased the quality and quantity of forage. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and...Premier Publishers
Two greenhouse experiments were conducted on eggplant to assess the impact of compost tea derived from plant residues namely rice hull (RHC), rice straw (RSC), tomato (TC), potato (PC), citrus (CC), and guava(GC) as well as city waste (CWC) compost on eggplant biomass and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Screened composts were introduced to plants as drenching application. Results indicated that percentage of increase in total plant fresh weight of eggplant infected with such nematodeswere more pronounced (P<0.05) with compost teas of RSW. Drenching the soil with RHC (Rf=0.7) and PC (Rf=0.9) were also effective in suppressing densities of M. incognita as well as number of galls, and eggs/ root. However, population densities and fecundity of R. reniformis were significantly reduced following the introduction of GC. Only, total phenol showed remarkable increment in plants treated with PC, GC and RSC compared to untreated inoculated plants.
Unit 2 plant tissue culture applications, advantages and limitationsDr. Mafatlal Kher
This presentation is related to the application of plant tissue culture techniques in various sectors, and it also highlights the advantages and limitations of plant tissue culture
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
Similar to Southern sawg mycorrhizal fungi 2014 (20)
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. Mycorrhizal Fungi for Improved Soil
Fertility and Plant Health
(or “Management and Utilization of
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi”)
David Douds
USDA-ARS Eastern Regional Research Center
david.douds@ars.usda.gov
18. Other benefits
To the plant:
Enhanced water relations
Enhanced pest resistance
To the soil:
Stability of soil aggregates (glomalin)
19. How does the AM fungus benefit?
AM fungi are “obligate symbionts”
They must live in symbiosis with plants to
complete their life cycles
Why?
Metabolic division of labor among the
structures of the fungus
Only the fungus within the root can absorb
sugars for energy and make lipids necessary
for storage and growth
Germinating spores can only grow as long as
their stored lipids hold out
20. How can we take advantage of the
AM symbiosis in agriculture?
1. Manage the AM fungi indigenous to the
soil (row crop farms)
2. Inoculate with effective isolates
(horticulture crops, vegetable farms, labor
intensive farms)
21. I. Farm management practices that
influence indigenous AM fungi
Fertilization
Pesticide application
Over wintering cover crops
Crop rotation
Tillage
Farming System
Cooperative research with The Rodale Institute
22. 1. Over wintering cover crops
Used for:
Erosion control
Nutrient management
Organic matter
Weed management
Fringe benefit:
Build populations of AM
fungi
Function as a ‘mini’
crop rotation
23. Over wintering crop of hairy vetch increased the
AM fungus inoculum present in the soil
25. Similar to bare fallows:
Flooded soil syndrome
Stale weed seed bank treatments
26. 2. Crop rotation
Some AM fungi are more
prolific when grown with a
particular host plant
The AM fungi most
prevalent after growth of
one crop may not be the
ones most beneficial to
that crop
AM fungi may play a role in
yield decline characteristic
of continuous monoculture
Implications for a big
switch to continuous corn
for ethanol production?
28. 2. As nutrient absorbing organs of the
symbiosis
Fairchild and Miller, 1990
S h o o t d r y w t (g )
No added P
0.9
Undisturbed
Disturbed
0.8
0.7
a. Corn grown for 4 wks
in inoculated soil
0.6
0.5
b. Harvest shoot only
0.4
0.3
1
2
3
Cycle
S h o o t d r y w t (g )
+ 160 µgP g-1 Soil
0.9
0.8
c. Disturb soil in half of
pots, replant
0.7
0.6
d. Repeat cycle
0.5
0.4
1
2
Cycle
3
32.
Largely due to the
over wintering cover
crops, the organic
farming systems have
live plant cover 70%
of the year vs. 40%
for the conventional
farming system.
33. II. Inoculation with AM fungi
Options:
commercially available inocula
produce it yourself
Target farmers:
vegetable producers who grow their own
seedlings
labor intensive farms
34. On-farm inoculum production
Materials
compost
vermiculite
grow bags
Transplant:
Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) seedlings
precolonized by AM fungi
Weed and water for one growing season (remove flowers in
mild climates)
Inoculum is ready for use the following spring
Details in the web article on the handout
37. Inoculum of AM fungi
Spores
Infective hyphae
Colonized roots
38. Production of propagules of AM fungi in 1:4 [v/v]
mixtures of yard clippings compost and
vermiculite. Results of MPN bioassays.
Inoculated
AM fungus
Propagules
cm-3
bag (x106)
Glomus
mosseae
Glomus
etunicatum
Glomus
geosporum
Glomus
claroideum
120
2.4
750
15.0
120
2.4
365
7.3
41. Modifications to on-farm inoculum
production system
Propagate indigenous isolates of AM fungi
Add field soil to compost+ vermiculite mix
Pre-inoculate bahiagrass with field soil
Use of alternate “inert” diluents
Horticultural potting media
Perlite
43. Where to collect the soil- top 2-4 inches
Means of 3 years
100
-3
Conv
P r o p a g u le s c m
80
Legume
Manure
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Soil Depth
Rodale Farming Systems Trial
44. Utilization of inoculum in the
greenhouse
Goal: produce a
well-colonized
seedling via
organic practices,
of comparable size
to a conv.-grown
seedling.
Manipulation of
media, N P
availability
45. R o o t le n g th c o lo n iz e d (% )
Response of colonization to P level for
tomato, pepper, and bahiagrass
70
Tomato (Crista)
Pepper (Lafayette)
Bahiagrass
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
P concentration (ppm)
60
70
46. How does this happen?
Roots growing in high P exude less of the
hyphal branching signal
Roots release less sugar to the fungus
already within the root
This leads to less spread of colonization
Less carbohydrate supplied to the fungus
This leads to less new colonization
This leads to decreased spore production
An important factor for the utilization of
AM fungi in the greenhouse
47. Organic media experiment
1. Conventional (Premier pro mix +
Hoag (0.31 ppm P) 3X /wk)
Rodale potting mix (20% compost)
2. No N addition
3. + Blood Meal (add all at once, 9 g/flat)
4. + Fish (added 3X /wk)
Sunshine Mix #1 (SunGro Horticulture)
5. No N addition
6. + Blood Meal (add all at once)
7. + Fish (added 3X /wk)
48. Results with leek cv. Musselburgh
Conv
Rodale
0N
BM
Fish
Sunshine
0N
BM
Fish
Shoot wt (g) Shoot %P Colon %
0.09 c
0.15 c
27.7 ab
0.08 c
0.25 a
0.16 abc
0.35 ab
0.40 ab
0.42 a
27.8 ab
3.2 c
16.6 bc
0.12 bc
0.19 ab
0.19 ab
0.36 ab
0.29 b
0.33 ab
34.2 a
5.7 c
16.2 bc
49. C o lo n iz a tio n (% r o o t le n g t h )
C o lo n iz e d r o o t le n g t h (c m )
Follow-up experiment
30
Blood Meal 3x/wk
Blood Meal To
A
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
4
36
30
B
24
18
12
6
0
0
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
In fe c tio n U n its
35
30
C
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
Weeks
Leek cv.
Musselburgh in the
growth chamber
Single addition of
blood meal did not
inhibit early
colonization, but
inhibited
subsequent spread
of colonization.
Hoag -P
56. Using the inoculum in the field
General
considerations:
Responsiveness of
the plant
Health of the
background
population of AM
fungi
Available
Phosphorus level in
the soil
Mustards, spinach
are not mycorrhizal
Generally inversely
proportional to the
fineness of the
roots
Hard to measure
Critical level >50
ppm, but varies
59. Potatoes 2002
Y ie ld (g p e r p la n t)
700
600
Conventional
Compost
500
400
300
200
100
0
Control
MYKE
On-farm
cv. Superior
60. Total yield of potatoes- 2003
Y ie ld (g p e r 3 p la n ts )
1400
Compost
Conventional
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Control
MYKE
OF-YCC
Treatment
OF-DMLC
66. Inoculation of sweet potatoes with AM
fungus inoculum produced on-farm
Inoculation method
Inoculum into
planting hole
2009, 2010
Inoculate potting
media and grow in
GH for 2 wks
2012, 2013