1) The study evaluated the effectiveness of various organic amendments and biological products (Biocompost, Ricinus communis Powder, their combination, and Paecilomyces lilacinus-based bionematicide) against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica affecting banana crops.
2) All the treatments significantly reduced nematode density and gall index, and improved plant growth compared to the control. Ricinus communis powder was the most effective at suppressing the nematode population and enhancing plant growth.
3) The treatments likely reduced nematodes through multiple mechanisms including nematicidal compounds released during decomposition and increased beneficial microorganisms in the soil. Ricinus communis contains toxic
This presentation is to understand the concepts of endophytes that reside within plants & to explore the applications of endophytes for the management of plant diseases.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
Exploitation of endophytic fungi for plant disease management
Introduction
Plant- Endophytic fungi interaction
Diversity of endophytic fungi in plants
Colonization
Endophytic fungi : Mechanism
Case studies
Conclusion
Future aspects
Endophytic fungi in disease resistance (Latz et al., 2018)
Antibiotics produced by fungal endophytes
Plant immune defense system
Lytic enzyme secretion
Endophytic fungi in stress tolerance
PREFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION OF ENDOPHYTIC BRADYRHIZOBIA WITH DIFFERENT RICE CULT...Anamika Rana
All of rice oligotrophic endophytic Bradyrhizobia in this study were obtained except SUT-R74.
6 Bradyrhizobial strains were obtained from 98 bacterial strains.
Bradyrhizobium is found only in rice root, with 10% relative abundance of total Alphaproteobacteria.
Endophytic Bradyrhizobia could not be obtained from the monoculture system.
Thai rice cultivars, the Thai Bradyrhizobial strains could promote rice growth better than Japanese strains.
Three rice cultivars (Pathum Thani 1, Kasalath, and Nipponbare), cultivar Pathum Thani 1 responded only to putative Thai rice endophytic Bradyrhizobia.
This phenomenon was not found in Japanese rice cultivars.
Non-PB strains are also capable of forming a natural endophytic association with rice.
Strains SUT-PR9, WD16, RP5, and RP7 displayed non-PB phenotypes but were genotypically close to PB strains.
This presentation is to understand the concepts of endophytes that reside within plants & to explore the applications of endophytes for the management of plant diseases.
the presentation is about microbial endophytes, discovery of endophytes, their types, isolation methods of different types and identification and the useful impacts of them to the plant ecology.
Exploitation of endophytic fungi for plant disease management
Introduction
Plant- Endophytic fungi interaction
Diversity of endophytic fungi in plants
Colonization
Endophytic fungi : Mechanism
Case studies
Conclusion
Future aspects
Endophytic fungi in disease resistance (Latz et al., 2018)
Antibiotics produced by fungal endophytes
Plant immune defense system
Lytic enzyme secretion
Endophytic fungi in stress tolerance
PREFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION OF ENDOPHYTIC BRADYRHIZOBIA WITH DIFFERENT RICE CULT...Anamika Rana
All of rice oligotrophic endophytic Bradyrhizobia in this study were obtained except SUT-R74.
6 Bradyrhizobial strains were obtained from 98 bacterial strains.
Bradyrhizobium is found only in rice root, with 10% relative abundance of total Alphaproteobacteria.
Endophytic Bradyrhizobia could not be obtained from the monoculture system.
Thai rice cultivars, the Thai Bradyrhizobial strains could promote rice growth better than Japanese strains.
Three rice cultivars (Pathum Thani 1, Kasalath, and Nipponbare), cultivar Pathum Thani 1 responded only to putative Thai rice endophytic Bradyrhizobia.
This phenomenon was not found in Japanese rice cultivars.
Non-PB strains are also capable of forming a natural endophytic association with rice.
Strains SUT-PR9, WD16, RP5, and RP7 displayed non-PB phenotypes but were genotypically close to PB strains.
13 isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from 13 ijtas 93-2018-hu...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The choice of host plant is of critical importance when working with endophytic fungi. The exploration of endophytic fungi is still an emerging field and all plants seem to harbour fungi with some bioactive content and activities. However, there are certain metabolites that are characteristic of certain biotopes. Thus, a rationale for selecting promising plant sources should be established. Of particular interest are the plants that are used as medicinal plants or plants that populate a unique environment. Artemisia is a widely used medicinal plant. In this research work, the endophytic mycota of Artemisia scoparia was studied. In order to isolate endophytic fungi, 155 plant segments from 20 samples of Artemisia scoparia were collected from its natural habitat in Dachigam National. This habitat is a unique environment and a protected area. Six different fungal isolates were obtained from root, leaf and stem plant parts. Among the identified isolates, the most abundant genera were Gliocladium solani followed by Penicillium melinii with a colonization frequency of 62 and 37.5% respectively. The objective of this study was to report new data regarding the endophytic fungi found in medicinal plant Artemisia scoparia. This systematic investigation revealed that traditional medicinal plants are a rich and reliable source of novel endophytic fungi.
Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Kashmir, Medicinal plant
Plant growth-promoting mechanisms of endophytesThe Tiny Domain
The global changes in climate and increasing population have unfortunate effects in food production and will become insufficient to feed the world. The green revolution could alleviate poor crop production by using high yielding varieties and use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals has resulted in the deterioration of soil fertility. Hence, agronomic practices are moving toward sustainable and environment friendly approach.
Titulo Ponencia: Endophytes Identification: morphological methods
Autor: Dr. Gary Strobel
Evento TF Innova:
Workshop Biotechnology "Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from vascular plants"
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Isolation of endophytes from potato and their antagonist effect against Fusar...Innspub Net
Plant endophytes may be intercellular or intracellular depending upon their location in the plant tissue because they are present inside the cells or in the intracellular space, respectively. Isolation of endophytic bacteria has been reported from both monocot and dicot plants, ranging from woody trees, such as teak and pear, to herbaceous crop plants such as mustard and maize. The aim of this study was the isolation of endophytes from potato and their antagonist effect against Fusarium oxysporum. Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves, stems and roots of healthy Potato plant derived from Chak No.359/E.B Village, Tehsil Burewala. Isolation of endophytic fungi from plant parts was done according to the method described by Petrini. The media used in the present study was the Potatodextrose agar (PDA) for fungus and nutrient agar medium for maintaining bacterial stains. F.oxysporum was taken from the Plant pathology lab of UAF sub-campus Burewala-Vehari . The results of the experiment clearly revealed that the stems, root and leaf of the potato plants under present investigation had the maximum colonization frequency for fungal endophytes. Fusarium oxysporum showed rapid growth 5-7cm in5 days. Fusarium oxysporum was white and growing rapidly that later produced dark violet pigments in PDA. Erwinia showed light green, circular, shining, slimy, smooth characteristics. The isolate strain of Bacillus showed rodshaped, fuzzy white or slightly yellow circular and irregular characteristics.
Sustainable Agriculture.
Management and Utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.
Take advantage of mycorrhizal fungi for improved soil fertility and plant health.
Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial productsPrograma TF Innova
Ponencia: Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial products
Autor: Dr. Gary Strobel
Evento TF Innova: Workshop Biotechnology "Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from vascular plants"
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
13 isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from 13 ijtas 93-2018-hu...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The choice of host plant is of critical importance when working with endophytic fungi. The exploration of endophytic fungi is still an emerging field and all plants seem to harbour fungi with some bioactive content and activities. However, there are certain metabolites that are characteristic of certain biotopes. Thus, a rationale for selecting promising plant sources should be established. Of particular interest are the plants that are used as medicinal plants or plants that populate a unique environment. Artemisia is a widely used medicinal plant. In this research work, the endophytic mycota of Artemisia scoparia was studied. In order to isolate endophytic fungi, 155 plant segments from 20 samples of Artemisia scoparia were collected from its natural habitat in Dachigam National. This habitat is a unique environment and a protected area. Six different fungal isolates were obtained from root, leaf and stem plant parts. Among the identified isolates, the most abundant genera were Gliocladium solani followed by Penicillium melinii with a colonization frequency of 62 and 37.5% respectively. The objective of this study was to report new data regarding the endophytic fungi found in medicinal plant Artemisia scoparia. This systematic investigation revealed that traditional medicinal plants are a rich and reliable source of novel endophytic fungi.
Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Kashmir, Medicinal plant
Plant growth-promoting mechanisms of endophytesThe Tiny Domain
The global changes in climate and increasing population have unfortunate effects in food production and will become insufficient to feed the world. The green revolution could alleviate poor crop production by using high yielding varieties and use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals has resulted in the deterioration of soil fertility. Hence, agronomic practices are moving toward sustainable and environment friendly approach.
Titulo Ponencia: Endophytes Identification: morphological methods
Autor: Dr. Gary Strobel
Evento TF Innova:
Workshop Biotechnology "Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from vascular plants"
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Isolation of endophytes from potato and their antagonist effect against Fusar...Innspub Net
Plant endophytes may be intercellular or intracellular depending upon their location in the plant tissue because they are present inside the cells or in the intracellular space, respectively. Isolation of endophytic bacteria has been reported from both monocot and dicot plants, ranging from woody trees, such as teak and pear, to herbaceous crop plants such as mustard and maize. The aim of this study was the isolation of endophytes from potato and their antagonist effect against Fusarium oxysporum. Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves, stems and roots of healthy Potato plant derived from Chak No.359/E.B Village, Tehsil Burewala. Isolation of endophytic fungi from plant parts was done according to the method described by Petrini. The media used in the present study was the Potatodextrose agar (PDA) for fungus and nutrient agar medium for maintaining bacterial stains. F.oxysporum was taken from the Plant pathology lab of UAF sub-campus Burewala-Vehari . The results of the experiment clearly revealed that the stems, root and leaf of the potato plants under present investigation had the maximum colonization frequency for fungal endophytes. Fusarium oxysporum showed rapid growth 5-7cm in5 days. Fusarium oxysporum was white and growing rapidly that later produced dark violet pigments in PDA. Erwinia showed light green, circular, shining, slimy, smooth characteristics. The isolate strain of Bacillus showed rodshaped, fuzzy white or slightly yellow circular and irregular characteristics.
Sustainable Agriculture.
Management and Utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.
Take advantage of mycorrhizal fungi for improved soil fertility and plant health.
Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial productsPrograma TF Innova
Ponencia: Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial products
Autor: Dr. Gary Strobel
Evento TF Innova: Workshop Biotechnology "Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from vascular plants"
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
Assessing three biopesticides effectiveness on the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera ...Open Access Research Paper
In Burkina Faso, current pest control relies on synthetic chemical pesticides, which could negatively impact the environment and develop some resistances when used excessively. This study used three biopesticides (Neem oil, Bio k16 and Biopoder) to examine their effectiveness on fall armyworm (FAW) control in maize crop. The study was conducted in the central region of Burkina Faso using a randomized Fisher block design with 5 treatments in 4 replicates. The applied treatments were: T0 (control), T1 (Neem oil), T2 (Bio K16), T3 (Biopoder) and T4 (Emacot 019EC). The efficiency of these biopesticides in controlling FAW was compared with that of the Emacot 019EC in maize crop. The results showed that the biopesticides significantly reduced the infestation rate, the live larvae density and the number of corncob damaged. However, Emacot 019C was the most effective pesticide. Among the three biopesticides, neem oil was the most effective followed by Bio K 16 and Biopoder respectively. This study needs to be deepened in other sites and in taking into account the economic aspect.
Control of pollution by genetically engineered microorganismsSamar Biswas
Pollution refers to the presence of a substance or substances in the environment that are harmful or toxic. The substances or pollutants may be harmful to human health, other animals, and plants. When something harmful enters the environment at a faster rate that it can be dispersed, there is pollution.
Evaluation of Salinity Stress on Marigold’s Growth with Bacteria InoculationIJEAB
This study was performed to Evaluation of salinity stress on marigold’s growth with Bacteria inoculation with afactorial experimental design and 3 replications. First factor was bacteria (inoculated and no inoculated) and second factor was salinity stress (control, 2, 4 and 8dS/m). After the experiment, some morphological characters and morphological of marigold were evaluated such as height, yield of fresh and dried flowers, number of flowers per plant, grain yield, petals, seed weight. Totally, it was founded that with increased stress levels from 0 to 8dS, the height, fresh yield of flowers, yield of flower dry weight, number of flowers per plant, grain yield, petals and seed weight, showed 43, 60, 56, 17, 64, 15 and 30percent of reduction, respectively. Also, it was determined that the using of bacteria can reduce the effects of stress on marigold.
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the growth, nutrient uptake, root in...Innspub Net
The effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi on growth, nutrient uptake and root infectivity was determined in Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedlings raised under four phosphorus regimes in sand culture and also in sand/nitrosol sterile and unsterile conditions. Inoculation with AM fungi increased the plant height, leaf number and stem girth in relation to un-inoculated seedlings grown under equivalent P concentrations. An increase in plant height, leaf number and stem girth also occurred in both inoculated sterile and un-sterile sand/nitrosol media in relation to un-inoculated sterile and unsterile media. Arbuscular mycorrhiza also increased the leaf area and the root, leaf and stem fresh and dry weights and also caused an increase in the uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the leaf tissues. It also favoured mycorrhizal infectivity of roots and increased the root absorptive surface area. This study indicates that AM fungi improves the capacity of tropical fruit to absorb and utilize plant nutrients possibly by increasing the effective root surface area from which available form of nutrients are absorbed and also by increasing access of roots by bridging the depletion zones. Inoculating seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi helps to alleviate the adverse effects of global warming and climate change. As a low-cost technology, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended as part of the regular practice for incorporating into nursery media used for tropical fruit seedling propagation.
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
Plant-parasitic nematode cause economic loss to crops throughout the world. Biofumigation is the environmental friendly control option for the suppression of plant-parasitic as well as other pathogenic soil microbes. Glucosinolates are the main active compound present in some plants which are responsible for biofumigation process. To increase the efficiency of biofumigation selection of varieties containing more glucosinolates is highly desirable. Plant growth stage, soil temperature, soil texture, moisture, soil depth and soil microbes play important role in efficient biofumigation.
Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and...Premier Publishers
Two greenhouse experiments were conducted on eggplant to assess the impact of compost tea derived from plant residues namely rice hull (RHC), rice straw (RSC), tomato (TC), potato (PC), citrus (CC), and guava(GC) as well as city waste (CWC) compost on eggplant biomass and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Screened composts were introduced to plants as drenching application. Results indicated that percentage of increase in total plant fresh weight of eggplant infected with such nematodeswere more pronounced (P<0.05) with compost teas of RSW. Drenching the soil with RHC (Rf=0.7) and PC (Rf=0.9) were also effective in suppressing densities of M. incognita as well as number of galls, and eggs/ root. However, population densities and fecundity of R. reniformis were significantly reduced following the introduction of GC. Only, total phenol showed remarkable increment in plants treated with PC, GC and RSC compared to untreated inoculated plants.
Consequence upon the geometrically rising world population and the increasing pressure on food items, it has become increasingly necessary to increase food production from the present level. The possibility of achieving this is not only to increase production but also to protect the crops cultivated. Crop protection can be achieved through several means. One of such is the use of pesticides. This paper therefore reviews the use of neem extracts as bio-pesticides among other plant species with inherent pesticidal activities. It is no doubt that the chemical pesticides or insecticides possess inherent toxic substances that endangers the ecological environment, operators of application equipment and consumers of the agricultural products. It is therefore important that we encourage the use of biological pesticides as they affect only target pest, are easily biodegradable, increase farm land fertility, environmentally friendly, cost effective and ease of availability. It is also important that because of the low cost of production of biopesticides it should be encouraged as an option in African countries especially Nigeria in agricultural practices.
Problems Causing due to Chemical Pesticides and its Effect on Environmentijsrd.com
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Management of root knot nematode affecting banana crop by using organic amendment and biological products
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
Management of Root Knot Nematode Affecting Banana Crop by
Using Organic Amendment And Biological Products
1.
2.
Zahra Ferji1, El Hassan Mayad1,2 , Mohamed Alfalah1
Plant Protection Department / Nematology, Horticultural Complex of Agadir, Hassan II Institute of
Agronomy & Veterinary Medicine - Agadir, Morocco.
Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn-Zohr University, B.P. 28/S, Agadir,
Morocco.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: elhassan.mayad@gmail.com
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major obstacle to sustainable banana production in Morocco. With rarefaction of
efficient nematicide, safe and alternative methods need to be developed. This research aims at evaluating the
efficiency of some bioproducts: Biocompost (B), Ricinus communis Powder (RP), combined Biocompost with R.
communis Powder (RP + B) and a bionematicide based on Paecilomyces lilacinus commercialised as Nemacont
(N) against Meloidogyne javanica. All the mentioned treatments not only reduced root knot nematode density
and roots gall index significantly, but also improved plant growth. The R. communis powder is the most efficient
biological product on M. javanica population suppression and on banana plant growth enhancing.
Keywords: Ricinus communis, Nemacont, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Biocompost, Meloidogyne javanica, banana.
1. Introduction
Banana is an important popular and widely known crop fruit that provides carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and
minerals to more than 400 million people worldwide (INIBAP, 1987). Yet, beside the constraints of banana
market requirements and demands, there are other limiting factors; as banana yields are adversely affected by a
number of crop pests (Bridge, 1988; Ganry, 1990) such as nematodes that infest banana roots and cause toppling
result in significant yield losses (Bridge, 1988; Quénéhervé, 1993). These phytoparasites reduce bunch weight
and plant longevity, and increase the crop cycle duration (Quénéhervé 1991). Globally, banana yield losses due
to nematodes average US$178 million annually (Razak, 1994). In Agadir plantations (Araya et al. 1995, 2002)
usually only polyspecific communities occur, consisting of a mixture of Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus
multicinctus, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, and Pratylenchus spp. Soil fumigation with methyl bromide
was the frequently method used by growers to manage root knot nematode in Agadir area for many years. This
makes Morocco one of the greatest consumers of this harmful product to the environment. The amount of methyl
bromide used in this field increased from 333t in 1992 to 2003t in 2003 despite Montreal protocol (UNEP IE,
1998). Actually, because of the phase-out of Methyl Bromide by international treaty and the re-examination of
many chemicals nematicides or their remove from the market, biological products remain the alternative and
sustainable means for management of plant parasitic nematodes associated to banana crop. For this reason, the
aim of this work tends to study the effectiveness of some biological products separately and in combination in
the control of root-knot nematodes of banana crop.
2. Results & Discussion
2.1. Effect on nematological parameters
The effect of treatments on root knot nematodes density, gall index and reproduction rate under Banana crops is
indicated in Table 1. All the tested products reduced significantly the number of J2 and root damages. The
density of Meloidogyne javanica juvenile in the treatment was 34,33%; 39,00%; 173,83% and 141,83%
respectively in potted plant treated with R. commuis Powder (RP), Combined Biocompost with R. communis
Powder (B+RP), Biocompost (B) and Nemacont (N). The lowest nematode population density was observed in
treated plant with R. communis products. But no significative difference was recorded when it was applied alone
or when in mixture with the biocompost. Treated plant with the Nemacont showed the highest level of nematode
population within the biological tested products. Concerning the root damage, all the biological products tested
caused similar result with a significant reduction in the gall index compared to the positif control. The greatest
nematode reproduction rate was observed in the positive control and treated plants with Nemacont, while in the
treated plant with RP and RP + B, this parameter was similar and was significantly lower, compared to the others
treatments.
82
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 1. Efficiency of treatments, Nemacont, Biocompost, R. communis Powder, Combined Biocompost with R.
communis Powder against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica.
Treatment
J2 Number
Gall index
Reproduction rate
141,83b*
2,08a
1,69b
Biocompost
173,83c
2,42a
2,10c
Nemacont
39,00a
1,92a
0,40a
Combined Biocompost with R. communis
34,33a
1,83a
0,49a
R. communis Powder
205,50d
3,58b
2,19c
Control
* Within columns, means followed by a common letter do not differ significantly according to Newman
and Keuls test at 5%.
2.2. Effect on plant growth
All the biological products enhance the plant growth and length parameters except for root length. Significant
difference with positive control was observed among the treatments in case of root weight, circumference, Bouch
weight, and plant height (at P<0.05). Maximum root weight was obtained by RP (100,2) followed by RP+P. The
plant used as control and the treated ones with the Biocompost and Nemacont showed the lowest root weight. In
root length, no significative difference was recorded. But, the tested products enhanced significantly plant height.
The higher value was recorded when R. communis was applied. Concerning the circumference, the higher
measure (17,42cm) was observed in castor treated plant while the lowest circumference occurred in treated plant
with Nemcont and Biocompost (Table 2).
In the present study, Nemacont seems to be the less efficient against Meloidogyne javanica among the tested
products. This lowest effect of Nemacont was probably referred to bad adaptation of Paecilomyces lilacinus
fungi with ecological conditions in soil.
R. communis powder alone was found to be an effective nematicide. No improvement of its nematicidal potential
was recorded when it is combined with Biocompost. However, the efficiency of that product could be increased
if it is mixed with synthetic nematicide as reported by Jothi (Jothi, 2004).
The efficiency of soil amendment with R. communis powder in reducing Meloidogyne javanica infestation in
banana plants was shown. The results support earlier reports of decreased infestations of root knot nematode
following Ricinus communis products application in diffrents crops (Zaki F. et al., 1999; Ferji et al., 2004a,
2004b; Laghdaf & Ferji, 2005, Mayad et al., 2006a, Mayad, 2011) and direct effect of chemical compounds of R.
communis on J2 larvae of Meloidogyne spp. (Mayad et al., 2006b).
Table 2. Efficiency of treatments, Nemacont (N), Biocompost (B), R. communis Powder (RP), Combined
Biocompost with R. communis Powder (RP + B), Negative Control (C-) and Positive control (C+) on growth
parameters of banana crops.
Treatment
Root
Root Weight
Lenght
(g)
(cm)
Circumference
(cm)
Aerial part
Bounch
Weight (g)
B
42,25c*
38,42a
13,00c
61,75b
N
32,08c
44,83a
11,33c
36,58c
RP + B
77,58b
44,00a
15,50b
101,08a
RP
100,20a
46,75a
17,42a
110,83a
C37,08c
52,33a
12,92c
39,92c
C+
26,42c
37,92a
9,75d
30,33c
*Within columns, means followed by a common letter do not differ significantly (P<0.05).
Height
(cm)
39,50c
32,00d
48,08b
56,42a
26,75e
25,50e
R. communis derivatives have been shown to be effective against nematodes attacking other crops and against
several species of parasitic nematodes (Jothi, 2004; Panvinder, 1989; Pandey, 1994; Nandal & bhatti, 1990). The
bioactive molecules in R. communis are lectins named Ricin (Ameenah, 2006). These compounds of R.
communis also have been reported to inhibit the penetration, hatchability and development of nematodes
(Adegbite, 2005, Rich et al., 1989).
Improvement of banana plants growth by the application of these biological products appear to undergo
physiological changes that render them unsuitable for nematode penetration and development, thus inducing a
certain degree of resistance in plants against nematode infestation soil (Alam, 1993). The beneficial effects of
organic amendments for improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil are well recognized
83
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
(Abawi and Thurston, 1994, Mayad et al., 2013). It has been suggested that the depressive effect of some
amendments on fungi and nematodes may be due to highly specific fungistatic and nematicidal substances
released during their decomposition or due to nitrogen starvation resulting from greater capacity of saprophytes
to multiply or greater sensitiveness of parasitic fungi to liberation of CO2 during decomposition. Use of organic
amendments also leads to the increase of natural enemies’ level in soil (Chavarria-Carvajal & Rodriguez-Kabana,
1998). The volatile fatty acids like formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids, ammonia, formaldehyde,
hydrogen sulphide, phenols and amino acids that are released during the decomposition of amendment, have
been reported to be toxic to nematodes (Reddy et al., 1975; Alam et al., 1979). The suppression of root knot
nematodes by organic amendments used in this study is probably based on a complex mode of action involving
multiple mechanisms. Changes in soil enzyme activities cause a shift in specific groups of microorganisms after
the application of organic amendments.
In conclusion, Ricinus communis powder is the most effective among the tested treatment. This finding could
have practical applications in the integrated management of banana nematodes.
3. Material & Methods
Experiments were conducted at experimental research greenhouse in agronomic and veterinary medicine
institute of Agadir. One-month-old, banana vitroplants var. “Grande Naine”, were planted in 11 litres capacity
pots, containing Meloidogyne javanica-infested soil mixed with turf (1/3:2/3).
All the treatments were applied by manuring one week before transplantation. Those treatments are Nemacont
(Paecilomyces lilacinus as actif agent) at 10mg/plant (N), Biocompost at 100g/plant (B), Powder of R.
communis aerial part (RP) applied twice at 100g/plant with 45 days of interval, Combined biocompost at 100g
and Powder of R. communis aerial part at 100g/ plant (B+RP). Plants not treated with any product, served as the
positif control (C+). The plants potted in a sterilised soil were considered as negative control (C-). Potted plants
were placed in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated four times and each tow potted
plant constituted a replicate. The experiment was terminated 90 days after planting. The plants were uprooted
and growth was observed in terms of plant height, dry weight, circumference, root weight, root length of plant,
and extent of galling. Nematodes were extracted from soil using modified Baermann’s funnel method and the
population density of Meloidogyne javanica in 100g of soil and multiplication rate was also assessed. The root
gall index was estimated according to the scale proposed by Murray et al. (1986). Data obtained were subjected
to the analysis of variance and mean separation using the Newman and Keuls Test (P<0.05).
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