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![ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTICS
COMMON NAME OR
CHEMICAL NAME
TRADE
NAME
DISEASE CONTROLLED
Aureofungin
[Streptoverticillium cinnameum
var terricola]
Aureofungin sol Citrus gummosis, apple scab, powdery
mildew, groundnut tikka leaf spot, brown spot
and blast of rice, coconut tanjore wilt, post
harvest rot of fruits & vegetables
Griseofulvin
[Pencillium griseofulvum]
Fulvicin,
Grisovin
Powdery mildew of beans & roses,and downy
mildew of cucumber
Cycloheximide (By products in
streptomycin manufacture)
Actidione,
Actispray
Powdery mildew of beans, bunt of wheat, &
Post harvest rot of fruit
Blasticidin
[Streptomyces griseochromogenes]
Bla-s Rice blast
Antimycin
[Streptomyces griseus]
- Apple scab, tomato early blight and rice blast
Endomycin
[Streptomyces endus]
- Leaf rust of wheat, fruit rot of strawberry
Bulbiformin [Bacillus subtilis] - Pigeon pea wilt](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/org-181029122906/85/Org-pdm-60-320.jpg)
![ANTIBACTERIAL ANTIBIOTICS
COMMON NAME OR
CHEMICAL NAME
TRADE NAME DISEASE
CONTROLLED
Streptomycin sulphate
[Streptomyces griseus]
Agrimycin- 100,
Agristrep, Embamycin,
paushamycin,
Plantomycin,
Phytomycin,phytostrip
Fire blight of apple, and
pear citrus canker, cotton
bacterial blight, brown rot
of potato wild fire of
tobacco,soft rot of
vegetables and tomato
bacterial leaf spot
Tetracyclines
[Streptomyces sp]
Tetramycin,
Achromycin,
Aureomycin
Oxytetracycline,
Tetracycline,
chlorotetracycline
Seed –borne bacteria ,
Phytoplasma diseases](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/org-181029122906/85/Org-pdm-61-320.jpg)
More Related Content
Org.pdm
- 1. ORGANIC / ECOFRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF PLANT DISEASES CHAIRMAN : Dr. L. DARWIN CHRISTDAS HENRY Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Pathology MEMBERS: Dr. R. SUDHA RAJA KUMAR Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Pathology Presented by, Dr. S.BABU A.SOWMIYA Assistant Professor, II M.Sc. (Agri.,) Department of Agronomy Department of Plant Pathology
- 2. ORGANIC / ECOFRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF PLANT DISEASES
- 3. ORGANIC / ECOFRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF PLANT DISEASES Disease management of crops by biological, biodegradable,eco-friendly and sustainable organic inputs. Harmony with nature……
- 4. Advantages of Organicmethod of Plant Disease Management Organic Inorganic Increases The Microbial Life Blocks The Microbial Activity Soils become fertile Soil becomes unfertile Buffering of soils (Enables neutral pH). Alters the soil pH No chemical residues present in crop More chemical residues present in crops Protects from pests and diseases Crops are highly susceptible to pests and diseases
- 5. The First Lineof Defense: a Healthy, Vigorous Crop • Healthy, fertile soil • Locally adapted varieties • Resistant varieties • Optimum planting dates • Optimum plant spacing • Optimum plant nutrition and irrigation This vigorous eggplant crop has withstood the annual onslaught of pathogens
- 6. METHODS OF ORGANIC/ECOFRIENDLY PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT Cultural methods Physical methods Indigenous methods Plant products Sea weeds Natural products Biological control Antibiotics Induction of resistance Effect of nutrients Biofumigation Organic fungicides
- 7. CULTURAL METHODS • Culturalpractices– Practices pertaining to the cultivation of crops Principles • To destruct infection centre • To break infection chain • Starving of pathogen • Create unfavourable conditions for pathogen Helen Ogle et al.,2000
- 8. • Selection andpreparation of planting materials Resistant cultivars Certified seed Vegetatively propagated material Planting operations
- 9. DESTRUCTION OF CROPRESIDUES Burying of stubble- Sclerotium rolfsii (stem rot of Groundnut) Burning of stubble- Rice stubble is burned in the feilds to reduce the inoculum of Sclerotium oryzae (stem rot)
- 10. • Removing diseasedplants or plant parts Strawberry leaves infected by various leaf- spotting fungi are removed early in the season • Elimination of living plants that carry pathogens Collateral hosts Alternate hosts Weeds
- 11. Crop rotation Effect ofcrop rotation in reduction/ elimination of plant pathogens Sl.no Beneficial crop Pathogen eliminated /reduced Preceeding crop 1 Sugarcane Colletotrichum fulcatum Rice 2 Pulses Macrophomina phaseoli Cereals
- 12. Tillage practices Sowing andharvesting time Depth of sowing Direction of sowing Crop density
- 13. Intercropping • Cassava +Maize (Xanthomonas campestris pv.manihotis) Decoy crop • Sudan grass before sorghum (striga asiatica) Trap crop • Fodder sorghum with sorghum (Downy mildew)
- 14. Flooding Many soil bornepathogens can be eliminated or managed • Fusarium wilt of banana - 6 months • Black shank of tobacco - 3-4 months
- 15. PHYSICAL METHODS • Hotwater treatment – Jensen,1887 • Hot air treatment – Kunkal • Steam and Aerated Steam treatment • Solar heat treatment Luthra and sattar • Moist Hot Air Treatment • Soil solarisation
- 16. HOT WATER TREATMENT DiseaseCausal organism Treatment Cluster bean Blight X. campestris pv. cyamopsidis 500C for 10 min Downy mildew of pearl millet Sclerospora graminicola 550C for 10 min Grassy shoot of sugarcane phytoplasma 540C for 2hrs Ratoon stunting Clavibacter xyli 500C for 3 hrs Red rot of sugarcane Physalospora tucumanensis 540C for 8 hrs Chabue et al.,1990
- 17. HOT AIR TREATMENT •540C for 8hrs against • Red rot of sugarcane and • Grassy shoot of sugarcane -Singh,1973 • Ratoon stunting -Luden,1953
- 18. AERATED STEAM THERAPY •Against sugarcane diseases and citrus greening -Cheema et al., 1982 500C for 1 hour –Sugarcane grassy shoot
- 19. MOIST HOT AIRTREATMENT Exposed to moist hot air at 540C for 2 hours Then exposed to aerated steam at 500C for 1 hour The setts are exposed to hot air at 540C for 8 hours Sugarcane against grassy shoot disease
- 20. SOLAR HEAT TREATMENT Seedsare again treated with Carboxin at 2g/kg and stored Drying the seeds in hot sun for 4 hours in the afternoon Seeds are soaked in cold water for 4 hours in the forenoon on a bright summer day J.C.Luthra.,1953
- 21. Soil Solarisation • Reductivesoil disinfestation • Fungal diseases such as damping-off, root rots, stem rots, fruit rots, wilts and blights caused by Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp., S. rolfsii, R. solani, Sclerotinia sclerotoirum, T. basicola and Verticillium spp. have been successfully managed. • Bacterial canker of tomato (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis) is successfully managed by Soil solarization for 1-2 months - Akhta et al.,2008
- 22. Indigenous methods ofPDM Traditional farming system and their indigenous methods of disease management are ecologically based systems developed by ancient farmers through generations of their interaction with nature. In recent years there is a resurgence of interest in reviving the age old farming system through scientific approach
- 24. Traditional seed treatmentmethods. •Seeds treated with 10% lime water were protected against Smut and Bunt (Smith and Secoy, 1976). •Cow urine + water (1:3) helps in protecting seedlings against Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani. •Seeds were treated with ash and cow dung slurry and dried in shade before sowing. (Ashlesha et al., 2011).
- 25. • Seeds keptmixed with powder of bitter gourd or drumstick seeds are cured of seed borne pathogens. (Batabyal et al., 2009) • Seeds were treated with citronella leaf oil, cotton seed oil, soybean oil, or castor seed oil; 500 ml of oil was used for 100 kg of seed- controls Alternaria and Fusarium (Nguefack et al., 2008)
- 26. MANAGEMENT OF FUNGALDISEASES THROUGH INDIGENOUS METHODS • 2-3% Sodium carbonate (Baking soda) controls Mildew and rust. • Soil Application of Panchagavya manages Fusarium wilt of banana. • Application of Wood ash stops Button shedding in coconut. • Mixing neem oil with irrigation water controls Root rot of groundnut Venkateswarlu et al.,2008.
- 27. VIRAL DISEASES • Neemoil – repels aphids and sucking insects (viral vectors). • Butter milk – is a cure for blights, mildews, mosaic and other fungal and viral diseases. • Butter milk (10%) + Cow urine (10%) + Cow dung slurry (10%) + Vilvam leaf extract (5%)- Yellow mosaic in Redgram. Ramakrishnan et al., 2004.
- 28. RICE • Ficus leavesextract + Castor oil (Banana leaf) • Castor seed extract + Cow’s milk - Yellow Dwarf of Rice (phytoplasma) • Fresh cow dung + Water - BLB (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)
- 29. COCONUT • STEM BLEEDING: -Lime paste - Tieing of paddy thread prepared out of hay near the crown region of coconut and placement of 1kg of salt on it to over come the problem of stem bleeding - Covering the affected portion with dry leaves and burning them with kerosene • BUD ROT: - Ash + Salt - Bleaching powder - Fermented starch solution - Thurston, 1992.
- 30. AMRIT PANI 1. Quarterkilo of ghee 2. Half kilo of honey 3. 10 kilo of fresh dung 4. 200 litres of water Enhancing crop growth and manage several foliar diseases.
- 31. FRIJOL TAPADA Bean seeds(Phaseolus vulgaris) are broadcast among wild herbs or shrubs, which are later cut and left as a mulch until harvest. • Provides nutrition recycle • Moisture conservation • Effective and superior to chemical treatments for the control of web blight of (WB) beans • (Thanatephorus cucumeris)
- 32. CHINAMPAS or FLOATINGGARDEN Manages Damping off caused by Pythium, Phytophthora and other soil borne Pathogens by raised nurseries.
- 33. JHUM CULTIVATION • Controlssoil borne pathogens by (slash & burn cultivation)
- 34. GINGER + cowurine • Half kilogram of ginger paste + 5 litres of cow urine • Keep it for 5-10 mins • Spray in tomatoes to prevents spread of mosaic. Bacterial and Viral diseases
- 35. PLANT PRODUCTS • BOTANICALScan be defined as any drug or medicinal preparation or similar substance obtained from a plant or its oil containing parts. • They are usually volatile substance 350 plant products – Fungicidal 102 plant products – Bactericidal >100 plant products – Antiviral
- 36. Sl.no Common name Scientific namePlant parts Active principle 1 Neem Azadiracta indica Leaf, Seed Azadiractin, Nimbicidine Salanin, Nimbin 2 Mazhi vembu Melia dubia Leaf Azadiractin 3 Pungam Milletia pinnata Leaf Karanjin 4 Notchi Vitex negundo Leaf Caryophylene 5 Thulasi Ocimum sanctum Leaf Carracol, Rosemarine 6 Turmeric Curcuma longa Rhizome Cucumin, Turmeron 7 Ginger Zingiber officinale Rhizome Gingerol 8 Adathoda Justicia adhatoda Leaves Vasicine 9 Calotropis Calotropis giganta Seeds, Leaves, Flowers, Roots Calotoxin, Calotropin 10 Datura Datura metal Seed, Leaf Atrazin Certain plant products and their active principles
- 37. Sl.no Common nameScientific name Plant parts Active principles 11 Nerium Nerium oleander Seeds & leaves Oleandrol Oleandrin 12 Onion Allium cepa Bulb Zindic acid Oleic acid 13 Aloe Aloe vera Leaves Aloesin Aloin 14 Henna Lawsonia inermis Leaves Lawsone 15 Periwinkle Cathranthus roseus Leaves Rosinidin 16 Jatropa Jatropa curcus Leaves & Seeds & Roots Cotenone 17 Citrus Citrus reticulata Leaves Citral Citric acid 18 Prosophis Prosophis juliflora Leaves Tryptamin Contd.,
- 38. In vitro assayof inhibiting effects of leaf extracts from various plant species on growth of Bipolaris oryzae Sl.No Leaf extracts (10%) Mycelial growth (cm) Growth inhibition (%) Spore germination (%) Germination inhibition (%) 1 Aloe vera 5.6 36.4 55.7 37.6 2 Acalypha indica 4.6 47.7 39.2 56.1 3 Curcuma longa 3.7 57.9 27.9 68.8 4 Nerium oleander 2.0 77.4 17.6 80.3 5 Ocimum basilicum 6.2 29.6 62.8 29.6 6 Tamarindus indica 4.4 50.0 36.9 58.7 7 Vinca rosea 3.0 65.8 23.6 73.7 8 Mimosa pudica 6.1 31.1 60.2 32.5 9 Mancozeb (0.2%) 0.6 93.2 7.1 92.0 10 Control 8.9 0.0 89.3 0.0 Sankarasubramanian et al., 2007
- 39. ESSENTIAL OILS • Manyplant essential oils and their volatile constituents have been reported to possess potent antifungal activities. Advantages • Bioactivity in the vapour phase, which makes them attractive as possible fumigants for the postharvest control of decay fungi in fruits and grains -Tripathi et al., 2008
- 40. Effect of essentialoils on the mycelial growth of B. cinerea N/M=minimal growth observed I=Total inhibition Sirirat et al., 2009
- 41. OIL CAKES Oil cakesmade into powder and soaked in water for overnight (1g in 1.25ml) Ground using Pestle & mortar Filter through a muslin cloth Centrifuge @10000 rpm for 15 mins -Dubey and Patel,2000
- 42. Efficacy of differentoil cake against Fusarium oxysproum f.sp.cepae Sl.no Treatment Mycelial growth (cm) Percent reduction over control 1 Castor oil(10%) 8.26 8.22 2 Coconut cake(10%) 8.42 6.44 3 Gingelly cake(10%) 7.84 12.88 4 Mahua cake(10%) 3.51 61.00 5 Pungam cake(10%) 5.54 38.44 6 Neem cake (10%) 3.74 58.44 7 Groundnut cake(10%) 8.32 7.55 8 Control 9.00 - (S.Malathi et al., 2015)
- 43. SEAWEEDS • Seaweed ormacroalgae refers to several species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae • Red, Brown and Green
- 44. Effects of seaweedextracts on mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina Treatment Mycelial growth (mm) % inhibition over control 48 hrs 72 hrs 96 hrs mean Gracilaria edulis(10%) 67 80 87 78 4.8 Gracilaria edulis(20%) 64 76 84 74 9.7 Caulerpa racemosa(10%) 64 75 80 73 10.97 Caulerpa racemosa(20%) 60 70 77 69 15.85 Sargassum myricocystum(10%) 51 65 74 63 23.17 Sargassum myricocystum(20%) 41 58 67 55 32.92 control 73 85 90 82 - Sujatha et al., 2014
- 45. BIOFUMIGATION Biofumigation is definedas the use of biologically active plant substances to control soil-borne pests and diseases in agriculture.
- 46.
- 47. MODE OF ACTION •Cruciferous species produce significant levels of Glucosinolates (GSLs) in cells. • Separately from the enzyme Myrosinase. • When plant cells are ruptured the GSLs and Myrosinase come into contact • Myrosinase hydrolyses GSLs to ITC • ITC acutely toxic to a variety of pests and pathogens. 47
- 48. • Various reportsof soil borne plant disease suppression through the use of bio-fumigant including Aphanomyces, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia and Verticillium as well as species of endoparasitic and semi-endoparasitic nematodes such as Globodera, Meloidogne, Pratylenchus and Tylenchus. 48
- 49. NATURAL PRODUCTS • Applicationof cow urine prevents Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) in tomato, potato and chilles. • Cow urine + water (1:2)-soak seeds and seedlings (1/2 hr) manage Damping off & Collar rot. • Milk spray-induce SAR against Chilli leaf curl and powdery mildew (proline) • Smell of fresh cow dung repels viruses & bacteria. • Tree paste of cow dung cures Gummosis & Die-back. Garg et al., 2003
- 50. Efficacy of cowurine against Colletotrichum capsici Sl.no Concentration Colony diameter (cm) Inhibition (%) 1 5 1.50 56.5 2 10 0.85 75.4 3 15 0.70 79.7 4 Control 3.45 0.0 Yashoda et al., 2015
- 51. BIO-CONTROL Biological control involvesthe use of one living organism to control another, and this management technology has received much attention in recent times. Fungal antagonist Trichoderma spp. Bacterial antagonist Pseudomonas spp. Bacillus spp.,
- 52. COMMERCIALLY MARKETED BIO-CONTROLAGENTS Antagonist Targetpathogen Host Product name Agrobacterium radiobacter Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ornamental and other crops Galltrol –A, Nogall, Dygall Bacillus subtilis Pythium spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, verticillium spp. Various vegetables and field crops Cillus ,Green –all G, Kodiak HB, Quantum 4000 Trichoderma harzianum Numerous pathogens Numerous crops Eco-T, Supresivit Corniothyrium minitans CON/M/91- 08 Sclerotina sclerotiorum Protected vegetables and field crops Contans WG, Intercept WG Ampelomyces quisqualis M10 Powdery mildew Apples, cucurbits, grapes etc., AQ10 biofungicide,M10 Darluca filum Rust Various vegetables and field crops ----
- 53. In vitro assayof antagonistic organisms against Bipolaris oryzae Sl. No Antagonistic organisms Mycelial growth (cm) Growth inhibition (%) 1 Trichoderma viride (Tv2) 3.30 62.92 2 Trichoderma harzianum (Th5) 3.50 60.67 3 Trichoderma reesei (Tr3) 4.07 54.26 4 Chaetomium globosum (Cg3) 4.17 53.14 5 Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf5) 4.35 51.12 6 Gliocladium virens (Gv2) 4.67 47.52 7 Trichodema longibrachiatum (Tl1) 4.77 46.40 8 Bacillus subtilis (Bs3) 5.60 37.07 9 Mancozeb 3.10 61.08 10 Control 8.90 0.00 Sankarasubramanian et al., 2007
- 54. MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM (mimic tonatural environment) • Cocktail formulation with compatible isolates will improve disease control • Advantages Broad spectrum of action Enhanced efficacy Reliability (Janiseiweiz, 1996)
- 55. Effect of Pseudomonasfluorescens consortia on Sheath blight disease incidence, severity & grain yield during Rabi 2009-2010 (RRS, Moncompu) Sl.no Treatment Disease incidence (%) Percent reduction over control Mean grain yield (t/ha) Percent increase over control 1 PF 43 20.60 44.38 5.42 30.0 2 PF 46 21.85 41.00 5.65 35.5 3 PF 47 22.01 40.57 5.59 34.0 4 PF 43+46 15.95 56.93 5.83 39.8 5 PF 43+47 17.87 51.75 5.57 33.6 6 PF 46+47 20.36 45.03 5.61 34.5 7 PF 43+46+47 6.31 82.96 6.34 52.0 8 PF 1(std) 16.03 56.72 6.30 51.1 9 Hexaconazole(0.2%) 17.18 53.80 6.13 47.0 10 Control 37.05 - 4.17 - Surendran et al., 2010
- 56. PHYLLOPLANE MICROFLORA 1 mlsuspension was pipetted out into each sterilized petriplate using a sterile pipette then media is added Leaf bits were suspended in 10 ml of sterile water & shaken thoroughly for 5mins then allowed to stand for 5mins Fresh actively growing leaves were collected from 75 days old plants and cut into small bits Yesu Raja et al., 2016
- 57. Some of phylloplanemicroflora isolated for different Hosts Sl.no Phylloplane microflora Host Pathogen Reported by 1 Cephalosporium sp Trichoderma viridae Mustard Alternaria brassica Singh (1990) 2 Aspergillus sp Fusarium sp Tomato Alternaria solani Babu (1994) 3 Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger Trichoderma sp Penicillium sp Pitchi Alternaria alternata Kamalalakshmi (1996)
- 58. Efficacy of phylloplanemicroflora in Aloe vera against Alternaria alternata in vitro Sl.no Phylloplane organism Mycelial growth (cm) Percent reduction control 1 Aspergillus flavus 4.93 43.72 2 Aspergillus niger 3.65 58.33 3 Trichoderma sp 4.10 53.20 4 Penicillium sp 2.16 75.34 5 Fusarium sp 5.10 41.78 6 Yeast 4.83 44.86 7 control 8.76 0.00 Kannan et al., 2013
- 59. • Chemical substances producedby one micro organism that inhibits (or) kill other micro organisms. • Very low concentration ANTIBIOTICS
- 60. ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTICS COMMON NAMEOR CHEMICAL NAME TRADE NAME DISEASE CONTROLLED Aureofungin [Streptoverticillium cinnameum var terricola] Aureofungin sol Citrus gummosis, apple scab, powdery mildew, groundnut tikka leaf spot, brown spot and blast of rice, coconut tanjore wilt, post harvest rot of fruits & vegetables Griseofulvin [Pencillium griseofulvum] Fulvicin, Grisovin Powdery mildew of beans & roses,and downy mildew of cucumber Cycloheximide (By products in streptomycin manufacture) Actidione, Actispray Powdery mildew of beans, bunt of wheat, & Post harvest rot of fruit Blasticidin [Streptomyces griseochromogenes] Bla-s Rice blast Antimycin [Streptomyces griseus] - Apple scab, tomato early blight and rice blast Endomycin [Streptomyces endus] - Leaf rust of wheat, fruit rot of strawberry Bulbiformin [Bacillus subtilis] - Pigeon pea wilt
- 61. ANTIBACTERIAL ANTIBIOTICS COMMON NAMEOR CHEMICAL NAME TRADE NAME DISEASE CONTROLLED Streptomycin sulphate [Streptomyces griseus] Agrimycin- 100, Agristrep, Embamycin, paushamycin, Plantomycin, Phytomycin,phytostrip Fire blight of apple, and pear citrus canker, cotton bacterial blight, brown rot of potato wild fire of tobacco,soft rot of vegetables and tomato bacterial leaf spot Tetracyclines [Streptomyces sp] Tetramycin, Achromycin, Aureomycin Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, chlorotetracycline Seed –borne bacteria , Phytoplasma diseases
- 62. INDUCTION OF RESISTANCE SYSTEMICACQUIRED RESISTANCE INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE
- 63. SA-Salicylic acid,NA-Nicotinic acid, JA-Jasmonicacid,BA-Benzoic acid Jaiganesh et al.,2011
- 64. Application of HydrophobicParticle films against plant diseases • Hydrophobic particle films are based on the inert mineral, kaolin, which is treated with a water- repelling agent. • By dusting fruit trees with hydrophobic kaolin particles, Glenn et al., (1999) obtained control of fungal and bacterial pathogens. The disease control was achieved because plants were enveloped in a hydrophobic particle film barrier that prevented pathogen propagules or water from directly contacting the leaf surface.
- 65. Effect of filmforming polymers on spore germination , appressorium and Haustorium formation of powdery mildew on Barley Sutherland et al., 2002
- 66. Effect of Siliconon Rice Blast Disease The concentration of silicon in rice husks and straw had a linear relationship and both were inversely proportional with blast severity. • Sources of silicon - silica gel, potassium silicate, calcium silicate and compost. • Potassium silicate application at 12 g per nursery bed was effective in controlling the occurrence of blast. • Calcium silicate application caused an increase in the Si to N ratio, and resulted in the control of blast. 66
- 67. Effect of potashagainst plant diseases • Decreases the incidence of fungal diseases by 70% Bacteria by 69% and Virus by 41%. • Potassium restricts the movement and multiplication of pathogen by strengthening the cell wall - Charles , 1962.
- 68. Effects of compostextracts/teas on plant disease The production of aerated and non-aerated compost are fermented in water for a specific time period and the extracts are added with additives or adjuvants prior to application. Compost extracts or teas have been found to suppress a wide range of foliar diseases viz., Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), powdery mildews (Sphaerotheca and Uncinula spp), downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), fungal and bacterial blights/leaf spots (caused by a range of pathogens).
- 69. ORGANIC FUNGICIDES • Healthyand non-toxic effective treatment that can be applied to plants at the first signs of disease. • OMRI- Organic Material Review Institute
- 70. Partial list oforganic fungicides approved by OMRI TRADE NAME ACTIVE INGREDIENT DISEASES Safer garden,Cosavet-D Edge Microthiol Disperss®, micronized sulfur ,Sulfur 6L® Sulfur 90W®,Bonide Liquid Sulfur® Sulfur Powdery mildew, Rose black spot, Rusts, and other diseases. Polysul®,Lime Sulfur Spray® Lime sulfur Many foliar diseases Liqui-Cop® Concern Copper Soap® Liquid Copper 4E® ,Copper Dust Bordeaux Mixture Copper Copper sulphate Act as fungicidal and bactericidal GreenCure®, Kaligreen® Bi-Carb®,Remedy Potassium bicarbonate Powdery mildew
- 71. • Some ofthe technologies standardized for different crops in the State through research by ICAR, Sikkim are: • Use of pheromone traps for control of fruit flies in Sikkim Mandarin and Vegetables. • Home-made biopesticides for control of blast disease in rice. • Use of biodynamics for nutrients, pests and disease management in different crops. • Use of botanicals for combating ginger diseases in the state. • Enrichment of compost with biofertilizers and biopesticides. • Use of biopesticides such as Trichoderma sp., Pseudomonas, Metarrhizium, Beauveria etc. in different crops. • Introduction of different cultivars of cereals, pulses and horticultural crops suitable for the organic farming system. • Short term research on developing package of practices of all crops in collaboration with ATMA is being initiated.
- 72. Organic treatment for gingerRhizome rot Technologies applied in the field were treatment of quality seed with Bordeaux mixture (1:1:10), seed solarization (covering seed with plastic sheet for 5 to 6 hrs and keeping them under direct sunlight to kill seed-borne diseases), application of Effective Microorganisms Fermented Plant Extract (EMFPE). EMFPE of garlic + onion leaves +Canabis sp. leaves + wild poisonous plant leaves in mixture of cow urine + EM solution + extract after washing polished rice + alcohol + water in a ratio of 1:1:1:1:1:15. This treatment not only successfully controlled all types of rots but also eradicated disease inoculum from the fields.