This document provides an overview of plant classification into four main groups: mosses and liverworts, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. It then discusses some key details about each group: mosses rely on surrounding moisture and help other plants grow; ferns have vascular systems but reproduce via spores; conifers reproduce via seeds in cones and have needle-like or scale-like leaves; and flowering plants are further divided into families based on shared flower structures. The document serves to introduce the basic classification of major plant kingdoms.

1. PlantsClassification 1
Name:
Muhammad BinNaseem
RollNumber:
F16-0358
Section:
A
Department:
Department ofAgricultural Sciences
University:
UniversityofHaripur
Email:

2. PlantsClassification 2
muhammadbinnaseem@gmail.com
Submitted To:-
RasheedAkber
Plant Classification
Introduction to Plants
 Plants are classified into four main group:
Mosses and Liverwort
Ferns
Conifers
Flowering Plants
 All are distinctly different in appearance, structure and behaviour.

3. PlantsClassification 3
Mosses - 1
Mosses are non-vascular plants -- they cannot transport fluids through their
bodies.
Instead, they must rely on surrounding moisture to do this job for them.
Though small in stature, mosses are very important members of our
ecosystem.
They lay the foundations for other plant growth, prevent erosion, and
contribute to the lush green appearance of many forested areas.
Mosses – 2
The 24,000 bryophyte species, sometimes grouped into a single phylum are
now grouped in three phyla:
Mosses,
Liverworts and
Hornworts.
They reproduce by spores, never have flowers, and can be found growing on
the ground, on rocks, and on other plants.

4. PlantsClassification 4
The Fern
Ferns have a vascular system to transport fluids through their bodies but like
the mosses, they reproduce from spores rather than seeds.
The main phylum, the Ferns includes around 12,000 species.
Three other phyla are included as fern allies: the Horsetails, Club Mosses and
Whisk Ferns
Ferns also have a gametophyte and sporophyte stage, but the gametophyte
stage is much reduced
Conifers - Gymnosperms
The gymnosperms add the next level of complexity to plant evolution: they
reproduce from seeds instead of spores.
The seeds, however, are "naked" (Greek: gammons) -- not covered by an
ovary.
Usually, the seed is produced inside a cone-like structure such as a pine cone
hence the name "conifer."
Some conifers, such as the Yew and Ginko, produce their seeds inside a
berry-like structure.
Conifers are fairly easy to identify: In addition to the aforementioned cones,
these trees and shrubs typically have needle-like, scale-like or awl-like
leaves.
And they never have flowers
Conifers - 2
Approximately 600 species are counted as conifers including the pines, firs,
spruces, cedars, junipers, and yew.
Species within the conifer ranks give us pine nuts -- pesto's magic ingredient
-- as well as juniper berries for gin.

5. PlantsClassification 5
Conifer allies include three small phyla containing fewer than 200 species all
together:
Ginko
Cycads;
And herb-like cone-bearing plants such as Ephedra.
Angiosperms: Families
Seed bearing plants of the Order Angiosperm are further classified into plant
families.
Plants belonging to the same family share a common trait, usually based on
flower structure.