Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits that are economically and agronomically desirable for human benefit. The main objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, developing resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, altering maturity duration, and improving other agronomic characteristics. As cultivable land decreases, plant breeding is crucial to meet food demands by enhancing crop productivity through developing high-yielding varieties and stabilizing yields under varying environmental conditions. While plant breeding has led to major improvements, it also carries some risks such as reduced genetic diversity, narrow genetic bases of varieties, and increased susceptibility to minor issues.
Crop rotation refers to growing different crops in succession on the same piece of land. It helps maintain soil fertility through legumes that fix nitrogen. Crop rotation provides various benefits like increased yields, reduced costs from weeds and pests, and regular income. Principles of effective crop rotation include adapting to soil and climate, maintaining soil organic matter, and rotating between deep and shallow root crops. Other cropping systems discussed are intercropping, mixed cropping, relay cropping, and monocropping.
Plant breeding aims to improve the genetic makeup of crop plants by developing improved varieties. The objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, and developing resistance to diseases and tolerance to drought and frost. Some important achievements of plant breeding include the development of semi-dwarf wheat and rice varieties. The modern age of plant breeding began after Mendel's work was rediscovered, applying principles of genetics and cytogenetics. Plant breeding techniques help meet the increasing global demand for food.
1. The document discusses banana breeding, including its genetic resources, cultivated species, varieties, floral biology, objectives of breeding, and breeding methods such as introduction, hybridization, mutation breeding, and biotechnology approaches like tissue culture and micropropagation.
2. Key breeding objectives are developing dwarf varieties suitable for high density planting, improving disease and stress resistance, enhancing fruit quality and production, and adapting varieties to wider growing conditions.
3. Breeding methods used include introduction of new varieties, hybridization through controlled pollination, identifying mutants through natural variation or mutation breeding, and the application of tissue culture and genetic engineering techniques.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits like higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance through techniques like selection and hybridization. The objectives of plant breeding include developing varieties with higher yield, improved quality, resistance to diseases and insects, early maturity, and other desirable agronomic traits. Plant breeding techniques depend on the mode of reproduction of the crop - whether it is self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, or asexually propagated. Rice is one of the world's most important crops and a major focus of plant breeding efforts to develop high-yielding varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in Asia.
Roshan Chandurkar Aims & Objectives of Plant BreedingRoshanChandurkar
Plant breeding aims to improve crop characteristics to make them more desirable and economically viable. The objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, and developing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant breeding has achieved significant improvements such as higher yields through hybrid varieties and dwarf genes in crops like wheat and rice, improved nutritional quality in food crops, and resistance to diseases and drought in many major field crops. The future scope of plant breeding includes using biotechnology and genetic engineering to further enhance crop performance and develop resistance to stresses.
India is the second largest producer of fruits globally and fruit breeding research began in India in 1905 with the establishment of agricultural colleges. Several initiatives in the early 20th century helped boost fruit research. Fruit breeding is challenging due to long lifecycles, juvenile periods, heterozygosity, and other genetic factors of fruit crops. The objectives of fruit breeding are to develop varieties with high quality production, biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and marketability. Fruit breeding plays an important role in developing improved varieties and meeting the needs of a growing population.
This document summarizes Kumar Aksh's project on improving food resources. It discusses several topics related to sustainable and organic agriculture including crop seasons, cropping patterns like mixed cropping and intercropping, nutrient management through manure and fertilizers, animal husbandry, poultry, fish, and bee keeping. The document emphasizes utilizing natural resources effectively to meet changing human needs while maintaining environmental quality and conserving resources.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits that are economically and agronomically desirable for human benefit. The main objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, developing resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, altering maturity duration, and improving other agronomic characteristics. As cultivable land decreases, plant breeding is crucial to meet food demands by enhancing crop productivity through developing high-yielding varieties and stabilizing yields under varying environmental conditions. While plant breeding has led to major improvements, it also carries some risks such as reduced genetic diversity, narrow genetic bases of varieties, and increased susceptibility to minor issues.
Crop rotation refers to growing different crops in succession on the same piece of land. It helps maintain soil fertility through legumes that fix nitrogen. Crop rotation provides various benefits like increased yields, reduced costs from weeds and pests, and regular income. Principles of effective crop rotation include adapting to soil and climate, maintaining soil organic matter, and rotating between deep and shallow root crops. Other cropping systems discussed are intercropping, mixed cropping, relay cropping, and monocropping.
Plant breeding aims to improve the genetic makeup of crop plants by developing improved varieties. The objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, and developing resistance to diseases and tolerance to drought and frost. Some important achievements of plant breeding include the development of semi-dwarf wheat and rice varieties. The modern age of plant breeding began after Mendel's work was rediscovered, applying principles of genetics and cytogenetics. Plant breeding techniques help meet the increasing global demand for food.
1. The document discusses banana breeding, including its genetic resources, cultivated species, varieties, floral biology, objectives of breeding, and breeding methods such as introduction, hybridization, mutation breeding, and biotechnology approaches like tissue culture and micropropagation.
2. Key breeding objectives are developing dwarf varieties suitable for high density planting, improving disease and stress resistance, enhancing fruit quality and production, and adapting varieties to wider growing conditions.
3. Breeding methods used include introduction of new varieties, hybridization through controlled pollination, identifying mutants through natural variation or mutation breeding, and the application of tissue culture and genetic engineering techniques.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits like higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance through techniques like selection and hybridization. The objectives of plant breeding include developing varieties with higher yield, improved quality, resistance to diseases and insects, early maturity, and other desirable agronomic traits. Plant breeding techniques depend on the mode of reproduction of the crop - whether it is self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, or asexually propagated. Rice is one of the world's most important crops and a major focus of plant breeding efforts to develop high-yielding varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in Asia.
Roshan Chandurkar Aims & Objectives of Plant BreedingRoshanChandurkar
Plant breeding aims to improve crop characteristics to make them more desirable and economically viable. The objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, and developing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant breeding has achieved significant improvements such as higher yields through hybrid varieties and dwarf genes in crops like wheat and rice, improved nutritional quality in food crops, and resistance to diseases and drought in many major field crops. The future scope of plant breeding includes using biotechnology and genetic engineering to further enhance crop performance and develop resistance to stresses.
India is the second largest producer of fruits globally and fruit breeding research began in India in 1905 with the establishment of agricultural colleges. Several initiatives in the early 20th century helped boost fruit research. Fruit breeding is challenging due to long lifecycles, juvenile periods, heterozygosity, and other genetic factors of fruit crops. The objectives of fruit breeding are to develop varieties with high quality production, biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and marketability. Fruit breeding plays an important role in developing improved varieties and meeting the needs of a growing population.
This document summarizes Kumar Aksh's project on improving food resources. It discusses several topics related to sustainable and organic agriculture including crop seasons, cropping patterns like mixed cropping and intercropping, nutrient management through manure and fertilizers, animal husbandry, poultry, fish, and bee keeping. The document emphasizes utilizing natural resources effectively to meet changing human needs while maintaining environmental quality and conserving resources.
This document outlines the key topics covered in an agronomy course on crop production, including:
(1) An introduction to the course, objectives, grading criteria, and strategies for lectures and field work.
(2) A weekly course outline covering various field crops and their production.
(3) The basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. Traditional and modern methods are discussed for several of these practices.
This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.
Objectives of plant breeding || Plant Breeding and Genetics || Chethan Emmadi...RB PG College ,Agra.
The document outlines the objectives of plant breeding, which include:
1. Developing varieties with higher yields, improved quality, and resistance to diseases and insects. This will make crops more profitable.
2. Adapting crops to different environments by modifying characteristics like maturity duration, photosynthetic responses, and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
3. Breeding desirable agronomic traits like plant height, tillering, and growth habit to suit various growing conditions and agricultural systems. The overall goal is to breed well-balanced, high-yielding varieties suited to local growing conditions and farmer needs.
This lecture discusses legumes, including their importance as a source of protein and nitrogen fixation. Key points covered include:
- Legumes are an important family of plants that includes beans, peas, lentils and soybeans. They are significant as they fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules containing bacteria.
- Legumes enrich soil fertility as they do not require nitrogen fertilizer. They are rotated with other crops or used as green manure.
- Specific legumes discussed that are important in Egypt include broad beans, lentils, chickpeas, and lupines. Several varieties for each crop developed by the Agricultural Research Center in Egypt are also outlined.
- Cultural practices for growing legumes
This document discusses improvements in food resources through crop variety improvement, crop production management, and crop protection management. It describes how crop yields have increased in India through adopting scientific approaches like using improved crop varieties, nutrient management, irrigation, and controlling weeds, pests, and diseases. It also discusses improvements in animal husbandry through practices like cattle farming, poultry farming, fish production, and apiculture. Overall it outlines various scientific methods that have led to increases in food production from agriculture and animal sources.
It focuses on the breeding objectives in blackgram (Vigna mungo) to enhance its genetic potential for improved yield and quality. The presentation covers key objectives such as increasing yield through traits like pod number and length, developing resistance against diseases and abiotic stresses, enhancing nutritional quality, and improving agronomic traits. By incorporating advanced breeding techniques and genetic markers, breeders aim to develop high-yielding blackgram varieties that are resilient, disease-resistant, and nutritionally rich, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture and improved food security.
The document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including plant breeding techniques, steps in breeding new crop varieties, development of semi-dwarf high-yielding varieties through the Green Revolution, plant breeding for disease and pest resistance, improving food quality through biofortification, production of single cell proteins from microbes, and plant tissue culture techniques like micropropagation and somatic hybridization.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
vegetable cultivation under open and protected environmentamritpal singh
Vegetables are classified into root, stem, tuber, leafy, and seed vegetables. They are good sources of vitamins, minerals, fibers, and have antioxidant properties. Protected cultivation involves partially or fully controlling the microclimate around plants. Greenhouse technology is well-suited for vegetables, flowers, and nursery crops due to their small lifespans. Factors like light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and ventilation must be controlled in greenhouses.
Plant breeding is the science of improving plant varieties to benefit humans. It has developed improved crops that yield more food and fiber to feed a growing global population. Plant breeders have also created varieties that are better adapted to different environments and production systems. Looking ahead, plant breeding continues to be important for developing new crops with desired traits, such as drought tolerance or enhanced nutrition, to further address global challenges.
The document discusses cultivation and propagation of crude drugs. It describes the advantages of cultivating medicinal plants which include ensuring quality, purity and regular supply. Cultivation also allows application of modern technologies and leads to industrialization. The document also mentions the disadvantages of high costs and losses due to ecological factors. It then covers methods of propagation including asexual vegetative methods like cutting, layering and grafting, and sexual propagation through seeds. Pretreatments to improve seed germination are also outlined.
This document discusses breeding procedures for forage crops. It notes that forage breeding presents difficulties due to the diversity in pollination methods across species, irregularities in fertilization and seed setting, the perennial nature of most forage crops, and challenges in evaluating and maintaining new strains. It then provides examples of these difficulties for various forage species. The document goes on to describe varieties that have been released for different forage crops in India. It discusses the main characteristics important for grass breeding and objectives of forage crop improvement. Finally, it outlines breeding procedures and methods for different types of forage crops based on their mode of pollination.
Scope Of Vegetable Seed Production Under Protected Cultivation.pptxAnusha K R
Protected cultivation provides many-fold advantages over open field seed production of vegetables. The beauty of vegetable hybrid seed production under protected conditions is that it could be implemented at a micro or macro level depending upon the need, space, and seed crop requirements. This technology is highly productive, amenable to automation, conserves water, fertilizer, and land, and provides the required environment to overcome the biotic and abiotic stress and enhance yield as well as the quality of seeds. Protected cultivation offers a very congenial environment for producing healthy, virus-free, and genetically pure hybrid seed with higher seed yield per unit area.
This document provides information on the history, breeding methods, and genetic resources of banana. It discusses how banana breeding was started in Trinidad and Jamaica in the 1920s to develop Fusarium wilt resistant varieties. Important breeding programs and achievements are highlighted from India, including the development of hybrid varieties BRS-1 and BRS-2 at Kerala Agricultural University. Mutation breeding has also led to new varieties. The objectives of banana breeding include developing dwarf, disease resistant varieties with good quality fruit suited for different agro-ecological zones.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It aims to maximize food production through understanding the relationships between soils, plants and their environment. Some key milestones in agronomy include the establishment of the Department of Agriculture in India in 1880 and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1903. The Green Revolution of the 1960s greatly increased food production in India through the use of high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides. Major crops are classified based on factors like life cycle, economic use, season and climate. Key soil types in India include alluvial, black, red, laterite and desert soils. Alluvial soils cover around 48 million hectares and are found in river basins.
1. The document summarizes the activities carried out by students as part of their Commercial Horticulture course experimental learning program, including preparing polybags and cuttings of fruit plants, harvesting strawberries, and refilling polybags.
2. As part of the vegetable experimental learning program, the students raised seedlings of solanaceous and cucurbitaceous crops and cultivated watermelons, applying various cultivation practices.
3. Under the floriculture experimental learning program, the students prepared holi colors from plant materials, propagated snake plants through division, and propagated spider grass from plantlets.
The document discusses India's large population and the need to increase agricultural production to feed everyone. It led to several "revolutions" like the Green Revolution that made India self-reliant in food production. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy changing human needs while preserving the environment. Organic farming uses manures and biopesticides instead of chemicals. India grows crops in two seasons - Kharif crops in the rainy season and Rabi crops in the winter. Different scientific approaches like crop management and protection are used to increase yields.
Study in respect to origin distribution of species –wild relatives- and forms of breeding objectives –major breeding procedure for development of hybrids varieties in wheat
This document outlines the key topics covered in an agronomy course on crop production, including:
(1) An introduction to the course, objectives, grading criteria, and strategies for lectures and field work.
(2) A weekly course outline covering various field crops and their production.
(3) The basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. Traditional and modern methods are discussed for several of these practices.
This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.
Objectives of plant breeding || Plant Breeding and Genetics || Chethan Emmadi...RB PG College ,Agra.
The document outlines the objectives of plant breeding, which include:
1. Developing varieties with higher yields, improved quality, and resistance to diseases and insects. This will make crops more profitable.
2. Adapting crops to different environments by modifying characteristics like maturity duration, photosynthetic responses, and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
3. Breeding desirable agronomic traits like plant height, tillering, and growth habit to suit various growing conditions and agricultural systems. The overall goal is to breed well-balanced, high-yielding varieties suited to local growing conditions and farmer needs.
This lecture discusses legumes, including their importance as a source of protein and nitrogen fixation. Key points covered include:
- Legumes are an important family of plants that includes beans, peas, lentils and soybeans. They are significant as they fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules containing bacteria.
- Legumes enrich soil fertility as they do not require nitrogen fertilizer. They are rotated with other crops or used as green manure.
- Specific legumes discussed that are important in Egypt include broad beans, lentils, chickpeas, and lupines. Several varieties for each crop developed by the Agricultural Research Center in Egypt are also outlined.
- Cultural practices for growing legumes
This document discusses improvements in food resources through crop variety improvement, crop production management, and crop protection management. It describes how crop yields have increased in India through adopting scientific approaches like using improved crop varieties, nutrient management, irrigation, and controlling weeds, pests, and diseases. It also discusses improvements in animal husbandry through practices like cattle farming, poultry farming, fish production, and apiculture. Overall it outlines various scientific methods that have led to increases in food production from agriculture and animal sources.
It focuses on the breeding objectives in blackgram (Vigna mungo) to enhance its genetic potential for improved yield and quality. The presentation covers key objectives such as increasing yield through traits like pod number and length, developing resistance against diseases and abiotic stresses, enhancing nutritional quality, and improving agronomic traits. By incorporating advanced breeding techniques and genetic markers, breeders aim to develop high-yielding blackgram varieties that are resilient, disease-resistant, and nutritionally rich, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture and improved food security.
The document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including plant breeding techniques, steps in breeding new crop varieties, development of semi-dwarf high-yielding varieties through the Green Revolution, plant breeding for disease and pest resistance, improving food quality through biofortification, production of single cell proteins from microbes, and plant tissue culture techniques like micropropagation and somatic hybridization.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
vegetable cultivation under open and protected environmentamritpal singh
Vegetables are classified into root, stem, tuber, leafy, and seed vegetables. They are good sources of vitamins, minerals, fibers, and have antioxidant properties. Protected cultivation involves partially or fully controlling the microclimate around plants. Greenhouse technology is well-suited for vegetables, flowers, and nursery crops due to their small lifespans. Factors like light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and ventilation must be controlled in greenhouses.
Plant breeding is the science of improving plant varieties to benefit humans. It has developed improved crops that yield more food and fiber to feed a growing global population. Plant breeders have also created varieties that are better adapted to different environments and production systems. Looking ahead, plant breeding continues to be important for developing new crops with desired traits, such as drought tolerance or enhanced nutrition, to further address global challenges.
The document discusses cultivation and propagation of crude drugs. It describes the advantages of cultivating medicinal plants which include ensuring quality, purity and regular supply. Cultivation also allows application of modern technologies and leads to industrialization. The document also mentions the disadvantages of high costs and losses due to ecological factors. It then covers methods of propagation including asexual vegetative methods like cutting, layering and grafting, and sexual propagation through seeds. Pretreatments to improve seed germination are also outlined.
This document discusses breeding procedures for forage crops. It notes that forage breeding presents difficulties due to the diversity in pollination methods across species, irregularities in fertilization and seed setting, the perennial nature of most forage crops, and challenges in evaluating and maintaining new strains. It then provides examples of these difficulties for various forage species. The document goes on to describe varieties that have been released for different forage crops in India. It discusses the main characteristics important for grass breeding and objectives of forage crop improvement. Finally, it outlines breeding procedures and methods for different types of forage crops based on their mode of pollination.
Scope Of Vegetable Seed Production Under Protected Cultivation.pptxAnusha K R
Protected cultivation provides many-fold advantages over open field seed production of vegetables. The beauty of vegetable hybrid seed production under protected conditions is that it could be implemented at a micro or macro level depending upon the need, space, and seed crop requirements. This technology is highly productive, amenable to automation, conserves water, fertilizer, and land, and provides the required environment to overcome the biotic and abiotic stress and enhance yield as well as the quality of seeds. Protected cultivation offers a very congenial environment for producing healthy, virus-free, and genetically pure hybrid seed with higher seed yield per unit area.
This document provides information on the history, breeding methods, and genetic resources of banana. It discusses how banana breeding was started in Trinidad and Jamaica in the 1920s to develop Fusarium wilt resistant varieties. Important breeding programs and achievements are highlighted from India, including the development of hybrid varieties BRS-1 and BRS-2 at Kerala Agricultural University. Mutation breeding has also led to new varieties. The objectives of banana breeding include developing dwarf, disease resistant varieties with good quality fruit suited for different agro-ecological zones.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It aims to maximize food production through understanding the relationships between soils, plants and their environment. Some key milestones in agronomy include the establishment of the Department of Agriculture in India in 1880 and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1903. The Green Revolution of the 1960s greatly increased food production in India through the use of high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides. Major crops are classified based on factors like life cycle, economic use, season and climate. Key soil types in India include alluvial, black, red, laterite and desert soils. Alluvial soils cover around 48 million hectares and are found in river basins.
1. The document summarizes the activities carried out by students as part of their Commercial Horticulture course experimental learning program, including preparing polybags and cuttings of fruit plants, harvesting strawberries, and refilling polybags.
2. As part of the vegetable experimental learning program, the students raised seedlings of solanaceous and cucurbitaceous crops and cultivated watermelons, applying various cultivation practices.
3. Under the floriculture experimental learning program, the students prepared holi colors from plant materials, propagated snake plants through division, and propagated spider grass from plantlets.
The document discusses India's large population and the need to increase agricultural production to feed everyone. It led to several "revolutions" like the Green Revolution that made India self-reliant in food production. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy changing human needs while preserving the environment. Organic farming uses manures and biopesticides instead of chemicals. India grows crops in two seasons - Kharif crops in the rainy season and Rabi crops in the winter. Different scientific approaches like crop management and protection are used to increase yields.
Study in respect to origin distribution of species –wild relatives- and forms of breeding objectives –major breeding procedure for development of hybrids varieties in wheat
Similar to Plant breeding : incompatibility and male sterility (20)
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. Contents
• Objectives of plant breeding
• Important achievements of plant breeding
• Future prospects
• Domestication
• Centre of origin of cultivated plants
• Incompatibility
• Male Sterility
2
3. • Plant Breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order
to produce desired characteristics.
• It is the genetic improvement of plants for human benefit.
• Technically plant breeding is an exercise in exploiting and manipulating the
genetic system for improvement in relation to crop production.
• This is accomplished by selecting plants found to be economically or
aesthetically desirable, first by controlling the mating of selected individuals,
and then by selecting certain individuals among the progeny.
• The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique
and superior traits for a variety of applications.
INTRODUCTION
3
4. In the mid-1800s Gregor Mendel outlined the principles of heredity using pea
plants and thus provided the necessary framework for scientific plant breeding.
4
6. 1. Higher yield
• The ultimate aim of plant to improve the yield of “economic produce on
economic part”.
• It depends on several aspects of plants, such as their response to fertilizers,
tillering capacity, resistance to pests, parasites, diseases, adverse environmental
conditions, etc.
• Most breeding programs aim at high crop yields by developing high-yielding and
high resistant varieties of plants.
• It may be grain yield, fodder yield, fiber yield, tuber yield, cane yield or oil yield
depending upon the crop species.
• This is achieved by developing more efficient genotypes, e.g., hybrid varieties of
maize (Z. mays), sorghum (S. bicolor), bajra (P. americanum), etc.
6
7. 2. Improved quality
• The quality of plant produce determines its suitability for various uses. Therefore,
quality is an important aspect for plant breeders.
• The quality characters vary from one crop to another.
• Eg. Grain size, color, milling and baking quality in wheat. Cooking quality in rice,
malting quality in barley, color and size of fruits, nutritive and keeping quality in
vegetables, protein content in pulses, oil content in oilseeds, fiber length,
strength and fineness in cotton.
7
8. 3. Resistance against pests and diseases
• Pests and diseases cause heavy loss of yield in many crop plants. So, imparting
resistance to crop plants against pests and pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria,
fungi, nematodes, insects, etc.) is the best method to minimize yield loss.
• Resistant varieties can be developed by incorporating disease-resistant genes with
the genetic system of high-yielding plants.
• Resistant varieties require only cheapest and the most convenient method of pest
and disease control.
• They not only increase production but also stabilize it.
8
9. 4. Resistance against abiotic conditions
• Crop plants are often exposed to unfavourable or harmful climatic and environmental
conditions and stresses, such as drought, frost, heat, high wind, soil salinity etc.
• These may very severely affect their growth, vigour, vitality, maturation and yield. So,
resistant varieties, which can withstand environmental stresses have to be developed.
5. Wider adaptability
• The plant breeding programme aims at developing the resistance or tolerance property
against adverse environmental situation such as drought, flood, cold, high salinity, etc.
• All these qualities are influenced and altered by genotype-environment interaction.
9
10. 6. Change in maturity duration
• It permits new crop rotations and often extends the crop area. Development of wheat
varieties suitable for late planting has permitted rice wheat rotation.
• Thus breeding for early maturing crop varieties, or varieties suitable for different dates
of planting may be an important objective in many cases.
7. Synchronous maturity
• This is the simultaneous maturation (flowering and fruiting) of almost all the members
of a crop plantation. Synchronous maturity ensures a good harvest of food crops.
• It is highly desirable in crops like pineapple, citrus, green gram, cowpea, cotton, etc.
where usually several pickings are necessary for crop harvest.
10
11. 8. Agronomic characters
Modification of agronomic characteristics, such as, plant height, tillering, branching
erect or trailing habit etc., is often desirable. For example, dwarfness in cereals is
generally associated with lodging resistance and fertilizer responsiveness.
9. Photo-insensitivity
Development of photo-insensitive and temperature-insensitive wheat varieties and
photo-insensitive rice varieties has enabled their cultivation in new areas.
10. Determinate growth
Development of varieties with determinate growth is desirable in crops like mung
(Vigna radiata), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), cotton (Gossypicem sp.), etc.
11
12. 11. Dormancy
• In some crops, seeds may germinate even before harvesting if there is rain at the
time of maturity as in the case of mung, barley (Hordeum vulgare), etc.
• In such cases, a period of dormancy would check the loss due to germination. In
certain others, it maybe desirable to remove dormancy.
12. Varieties for new season
• By scientific breeding methods, new crop varieties can be developed for growing in
all seasons throughout the year.
• Traditionally maize is a kharif crop. But scientists have enabled it to grow as rabi and
zaid crops. Likewise, mung can be grown as a summer crop in addition to the main
kharif crop.
12
13. 13. Varieties for new areas
• By breeding practices and experiments, new varieties which are adapted to wider
areas and different climatic conditions can be developed.
• For example, by continued selection and hybridization, many temperate crops can
be made adapted to tropical and sub-tropical conditions.
14. Water tolerance and salt tolerance
• Development of varieties for rain-fed areas and saline soils would help in
increasing crop production in India.
13
14. 15. Elimination of toxic substances
• Certain crops have toxic substances which must be eliminated to make them
consumption.
• For example, khesari (Lathyrus sativus) seeds contain the neurotoxin, b-safe for N-
oxalylamine alanine (BOAA); that causes paralysis. Similarly Brassica oil contains
erucic acid which is harmful to human health.
• Removal of such toxic substances would increase the nutritional value of these
crops.
14
15. Today crop plants are different from the crop from which they are originated i.e,
wild species. This change has been brought about man through plant breeding. The
important achievement of plant breeding are :
IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS
15
16. • The semidwarf wheat varieties were developed by N.E. Borlaug and his associates at
CIMMYT (International Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement), Mexico.
• They used a Japanese variety Norin 10 as the source of dwarfing genes.
• In India major wheat varieties grown today are semi-dwarf varieties.
• Semi-dwarf varieties were first introduced in 1963 in India.
• Major examples of these semi-dwarf varieties are Kalyan Sona and Sonalika.
1) Semidwarf wheat and rice varieties
16
17. • These semidwarf wheat varieties are lodging resistant, fertilizer responsive and high
yielding. They are generally resistant to rusts and other major diseases of wheat due
to the incorporation of resistance genes in their genotypes.
• These varieties are photoinsensitive and many of them are suitable for late planting.
This has enabled cultivation of wheat in nontraditional areas like West Bengal.
17
18. • Semi-dwarf varieties of rice have been developed from an early maturing dwarf
Japonica variety of rice called Dee-geo- woo-gen from Taiwan.
• The first semi-dwarf rice varieties introduced in India in 1966 were Taichung Native 1
(TN-1) and IR-8.
• Now even these varieties have been replaced by even more superior semi-dwarf rice
varieties developed in India itself like Jaya, Ratna , etc.
• These varies in comparison to wild varieties are lodging resistant, more fertilizer
responsive, high yielding and photoinsensitive .
• Photoinsensitivity has again enabled us to grow rice in non-traditional states like
Punjab.
18
19. • Saccharum barberi (Indian sugarcane) had hard stem but poor yield and low sugar
content and could only grown in North India, while Saccharum officinarum (noble
sugarcane) were having high sugar content but couldn’t be grown in north India
primarily due to low winter temperature in this region.
• C.A. Barber and T.S. Venkataraman at sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore took
out genes for desired characters like thicker stem and high sugar content from noble
cane i.e. Saccharum officinarum and introduced them into Indian cane i.e. Saccharum
barberi. This is called Noblisation of Indian cane.
• Today , the sugarcane breeding in whole world is done by noblisation technique.
2) Nobilisation of Indian canes
19
21. • Hybrid maize development programme was launched in India in 1957 in collaboration
with Rockfeller and Ford Foundations.
• In some states like Karnataka, hybrid varieties occupy large areas.
• Popularity was limited in other states because farmers had to replace their seeds every
year as these hybrid varieties were double crossed hybrids. So, composite varieties were
developed ,e.g., Manjari, Vikram, Sona, Vijay, Kisan etc.
• Some recently released composites are CO 1., NLD., Renuka, Kanchan, and Diara.
• The composite varieties often yield as much as the hybrid varieties and do not have the
drawbacks of the latter. More notably, the farmers need not replace the seed every year
in the case of composite varieties.
3) Hybrid millets
21
23. • Cotton accounts for 85% of raw material for textile industries in India. ICAR in 1967
Launched All India Co-ordinated Cotton Improvement Project, establishing
headquarters at Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu).
• Laxmi, jayadhar ,suvin ,MCU5 , Bikaneri nerma Savitri, Jayalaxmi etc. are some
important cotton varieties.
• First hybrid cotton variety was H4 which was developed in 1970 by Gujarat
Agriculture University from two G.hirsutum strains.
• G- cot. Dh-7 and G- cot. Dh-9 are recently released varieties. Recently, cytoplasmic
male sterility (CMS) is being used to produce hybrid cotton varieties.
4) Hybrid cottons
23
25. 1. Genetic manipulation of population by increasing the frequency of desirable
alleles in cross pollinated crops and introducing male sterile in self pollinated
crops like wheat and Rice.
2. Intensive breeding of pulses and oil seed crops as it was done in cereals and
other crops.
3. Proper breeding methods with improved crop management practices.
4. Use of heritability methods with improved crop management practices.
5. Development of improved high yielding varieties of vegetable and seed crops.
6. Quality Improvement in Oil seed and Vegetables.
7. Use of transgenic plants as a medicine. E.g. Potato.
8. Development of varieties which are desirable for mechanical threshing and
cultivation.
FUTURE PROSPECTS OF PLANT BREEDING
25
26. • Crop domestication is the process of artificially selecting plants to increase their
suitability to human requirements: taste, yield, storage, and cultivation practices.
• Domestication is the first step of making the wild weed species to cultivated
plants.
• Most of the characteristics of wild species have been affected under
domestication which involves three processes like mutation, hybridization and
genetic recombination under the influence of human selection or natural
selection.
• Some characters have got changed, some have lost and many have developed
during domestication.
DOMESTICATION
26
27. Some of the important characters which have been affected are listed
below:
1. Elimination or reduction of shattering of pods or spikes.
2. Elimination of dormancy period.
3. Decrease in toxins or other undesirable substances.
4. Increase in size of the grains or fruits.
5. Plant type change like decrease or increase in height, more
number of tillers, leaf size, branching pattern, etc.
6. Early maturity.
7. Increase in economic yields.
27
28. 8. Change in photoperiodic behaviour.
9. Mode of reproduction.
10. Pollination habit.
11. Synchrony in flowering.
12. Loss of defensive adaptation like hairs,
thorns, etc.
13. Selection of bisexual variety rather than
dioecious.
14. Decrease in variability. Selection of
polyploidy.
28
29. • The centre of origin is a geographical area where the particular group of
organisms (either domesticated or wild) first originated on earth.
• Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov has proposed that crop plants evolved from wild species
in the areas showing diversity and termed them as primary centers of origin.
• From these places the crops moved to other areas with the movements of man.
But in some areas, certain crop species show considerable diversity of forms
although they did not originate there. Such areas are known as secondary centres
of origin of these species.
• Vavilov has suggested eight main centres of origin.
CENTRES OF ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS
29
30. 1. Chinese centre
• It is considered to be one of the earliest and largest independent centres of origin
of cultivated plants.
• This centre includes mountain regions of central and western China.
• The endemic species listed from this centre include Soya bean, radish, Turnip,
Pear, Peach, Plum, Colacasia, Buckwheat, Opium poppy, brinjal, apricots, oranges,
china tea etc.
Pear Peach Plum
30
31. 2. Himalayan centre
• It also known as the Indian centre of origin. This centre includes regions of Assam,
Burma, Indo-china and Malayan Archipelago.
• The endemic species listed from this centre include Rice, red gram, chick pea, cow pea,
Mung dal, brinjal, cucumber, sugar cane, black pepper, cotton, Turmeric, indigo, millets
etc.
• It has two subcentres,
1. Indo-Burma: Main Centre (India): Includes Assam, Bangladesh and Burma, but not
Northwest India, Punjab,nor Northwest Frontier Provinces.
2. Siam-Malaya-Java: Indo-Malayan Centre: Includes Indo-China and the Malay
Archipelago.
Chick pea 31
32. 3. Mediterranean centre
• This centre includes borders of Mediterranean Sea. Most of the cultivated
vegetables have their origin in this region.
• The endemic species listed from this centre include Durum wheat, emmer wheat
oat, barley, Lentil, pea, grass pea, broad bean, cabbage, asparagus, pepper mint
etc.
Durum wheat Barley Asparagus
32
33. 4. Abyssinian centre
• This region includes Ethiopia and parts of Somalia.
• The endemic species listed from this centre include Wheat, sorghum, bajra,
safflower, castor, broad bean, okra, coffee etc.
Safflower Okra Bajra
33
34. 5. Central Asian centre
• This centre includes north-west India, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and western
China.
• The endemic species listed from this centre include Bread wheat, club wheat,
sesame, linseed, muskmelon, carrot, onion, garlic, apricot, grape, hemp, cotton
etc.
Club wheat Hemp Muskmelon
34
35. 6. Asia minor centre
• Also called Middle east centre. This centre covers near East Asian regions like Iran and
Turkmenistan.
• The endemic species listed from this centre include Wheat, rye, Pomegranate, Almond,
Fig, Cherry, Walnut, etc.
35
36. 7. Central American centre
• This centre includes southern parts of Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala and
Honduras region.
• The endemic species listed from this centre include Maize, rajma, lima bean,
melon, pumpkin, sweet potato, arrowroot, Chilly, cotton, papaya, guava, avocado
etc.
Sweetpotato Lima bean Arrowroot
36
37. 8. South American centre
• This centre includes Peruvian regions, islands of southern Chile, Brazil and Paraguay
regions.
• The endemic species listed from this centre include Potato, sweet potato, lima bean,
tomato, papaya, tobacco, quinine, cassava, rubber, Ground net, Cocoa, pineapple etc.
• It has three subcentres
1. Peruvian, Ecuadorean, Bolivian Centre
2. Chiloe Centre (Island near the coast of southern Chile)
3. Brazilian-Paraguayan Centre.
Cocoa
37
39. INCOMPATIBILITY
• Incompatibility in the failure of plants with normal pollen and ovules to set seed
due to some physiological hindrance which prevents fertilization.
• A common cause of incompatibility is the failure of the pollen tubes to grow
down the styles so that fertilization may occur.
39
41. 1. Heteromorphic system
• When the species has two or three different kinds of arrangement of floral parts,
each type is self incompatible but compatible with others.
• Here the genes or alleles associated with incompatibility are also linked with
length of style and filament.
Two types:
1. Distyly
2. Tristyly
41
42. 1. Distyly
• In Primula, there are two types of flowers:,
• Pin type-long style, short filament, large stigmatic cell, small pollen.
• Thrum type-short style, long filament, small stigmatic cell, large pollen
• In the case of Distyly, the only compatible mating is possible between Pin and Thrum
flowers.
• The characteristic is governed by single S-gene (self-incompatibility gene); Ss produce
Thrum flowers and ss produce Pin flowers.
42
44. 2. Tristyly
• In Lythrum, three types of flowers with different stylar length exist Here the stylar
length is governed by two independent loci M and S.
• Plants with S have short style irrespective of the nature of other allele.
• The three different morphological types are self incompatible but cross
compatible.
44
45. 2. Homomorphic system
In this case there is no morphological distinction
between the self incompatible flowers and the
incompatibility is governed by multiple alleles. It is due
to the physiological change.
1. Gametophytic self-incompatibility : When the self
incompatibility is controlled by the genetic
constitution of gametes, it is known as gametophytic
self incompatibility system.
2. Sporophytic self-incompatibility: When the self
incompatibility is governed by the genotype of
pollen producing plant (Sporophyte), it is called
sporophytic system.
45
46. MALE STERILITY
• Male sterility is characterised by the deficiency in pollen formation or the
nonfunctional pollen production. i.e., there may be some deficiency in the
process of microsporogenesis.
• But in some cases the viable pollen are formed but anthers fail to dehisce. The
process of male sterility is totally under genic control which may be nuclear gene
or cytoplasmic-gene.
• Depending on this factor male sterility can be grouped as follows:
(a) Genetic male sterility
(b) Cytoplasmic male sterility
(c) Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility.
46
47. 1. Genetic male sterility: The pollen sterility, which is caused by nuclear genes, is
termed as genic or genetic male sterility. The male sterility is governed by a
single recessive nuclear gene, ms and there is no influence of cytoplasm.
2. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility: The pollen sterility which is controlled by
cytoplasmic genes is known as cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS).This type of
male sterility occurs due to the mutation of mitochondrial gene or some other
cytoplasmic factors outside the nuclear genome which make the plant male
sterile.
3. Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility: When pollen sterility is controlled by both
cytoplasmic and nuclear genes is known as cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
47
48. REFERENCE
1. Allard, R. (1999). Principles of Plant Breeding. New York: John Wiley and S.
2. Chopra, V.L. (1968). Plant breeding: Theory and practice. New Delhi. Oxford
and IBH publishing company.
3. Frey, K.J. (1977). Plant breeding. The IOWA State University press.
4. Kr.Kumar, D. (2006). Plant Breeding Biometry Biotechnology. London: New
central book agency (P) Ltd.
5. https://agriinfo.in/male-sterility-1752
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