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1. Advanced Plant Breeding
2023 – 2024 Dr. Neyaz R. Mustafa
Kurdistan Regional Government
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Salahaddin University – Hawler
College of Agricultural Engineering Science

2. References
1. Marcelo J. Carena, Arnel R. Hallauer, J.B. Miranda Filho. Handbook of Plant Breeding Quantitative
Genetics in Maize Breeding -Springer-Verlag New York (2010)
2. Bharadwaj, D. N. Advanced molecular plant breeding_ meeting the challenge of food security. by
Apple Academic Press, Inc. (2019)
3. Al-khayri, J.M., Shri, M.J.D.V.J. Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies_ Breeding, Biotechnology and
Molecular Tools.
4. Allard, R.W. - Principles of Plant Breeding-John Wiley & Sons (1960)
5. David A. C. and Daniela S. Farmers , Scientists and Plant Breeding Integrating Knowledge and
Practice. (2002)
6. George Acquaah. Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Second Edition-Wiley-Blackwell (2012).
7. H. K. Jain, H K Jain, M C Kharkwal. Plant Breeding_ Mendelian to Molecular Approaches-Springer
Netherlands (2004).
8. Yunbi Xu. Molecular Plant Breeding. CAB International. (2010)
9. DENIS J. MURPHY. Plant Breeding and Biotechnology. D. J. Murphy. (2007)
10. Kendall R. Lamkey, Michael Lee. Plant Breeding The Arnel R. Hallauer International Symposium.
Blackwell Publishing. (2006)
11. George Acquaah. Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding. Blackwell Publishing. (2007)
12. Manjit S. Kang. Quantitative Genetics, Genomics and Plant Breeding. CABI Publishing. (2002)

3. Plant Breeding
•what is it?
•what has it done? and
•what can it do?

4. History
• The beginnings of agriculture date back to the Neolithic Period, only
about 10,000 – 15,000 years ago, while during the previous 2 million
years humans lived exclusively as hunters, gatherers and fishermen.
In their harvesting activities, humans accumulated extensive
knowledge relative to plants, which allowed them to identify and use
a variety of important plant resources, an activity that has continued
throughout history in vast regions of the planet. The knowledge of
plant diversity and its use has been and remains the basis for the
various uses of plants, ranging from in situ utilization to their
introduction into cultivation and ultimately their use in the modern
breeding process.

5. • Plant breeding is the science, art, and business of improving
plants for human benefit.”
• The changes made in plants are permanent and heritable.
• The professionals who conduct this task are called plant breeders.
• Consequently, the term “plant breeding” is often used
synonymously with “plant improvement” in modern society.
• It needs to be emphasized that the goals of plant breeding are
focused and purposeful.
• Even though the phrase “to breed plants” often connotes the
involvement of the sexual process in effecting a desired change,
modern plant breeding also includes the manipulation of asexually
reproducing plants (plants that do not reproduce through the
sexual process).

6. • Breeding is hence about manipulating plant attributes, structure
and composition, to make them more useful to humans.
• It should be mentioned at the onset that it is not every plant
character or trait that is readily amenable to manipulation by
breeders.
• However, as technology advances, One of the most controversial of
these modern technologies is transgenesis, the technology by which
gene transfer is made across natural biological barriers.
• Plant breeders specialize in breeding different groups of plants. Some
focus on field crops, horticultural food crops, ornamentals, fruit
trees, forage crops, or turf species.
• More importantly, breeders tend to specialize in or focus on specific
species in these groups.

7. • Role of Plant breeding
• The domestication and continuous improvement of plants and animals.
• The benefits of this phenomenon are completely obvious in well-developed
countries.
• All breeders, regardless of their century, have devised various methods to cope
with the frustratingly elusive nature of the components of phenotypic
performance in an effort to estimate the genotypic or breeding value of
individuals.

8. • The goals of plant breeding
• The plant breeder uses various technologies and methodologies to achieve targeted and directional changes in the nature of
plants. As science and technology advance, new tools are developed while old ones are refined for use by breeders. Before
initiating a breeding project, clear breeding objectives are defined based on factors such as
• 1. producer needs,
• 2. consumer preferences and needs, and
• 3. environmental impact.
• Breeders aim to make the crop producer’s job easier and more effective in various ways.
• 1. They may modify plant structure, so it will resist lodging and thereby facilitate mechanical harvesting.
• 2. They may develop plants that resist pests, so that the farmer does not have to apply pesticides, or applies smaller
amounts of these chemicals. Not applying pesticides in crop production means less environmental pollution from agricultural
sources.
• 3. Breeders may also develop high-yielding varieties (or cultivars), so the
• 4. farmer can produce more for the market to meet consumer demands while improving his or her income.
5. When breeders think of consumers, they may, for example, develop foods with higher nutritional value and that are
more flavorful. Higher nutritional value means reduced illnesses in society (e.g., nutritionally related ones such as blindness,
rickettsia) caused by the consumption of nutrient-deficient foods, as pertains in many developing regions where staple foods
(e.g., rice, cassava) often lack certain essential amino acids or nutrients.
6. Plant breeders may also target traits of industrial value. For example, fiber characteristics (e.g., strength) of fiber crops such
as cotton can be improved, while oil crops can be improved to yield high amounts of specific fatty acids (e.g., high oleic content
sunflower seed).
7. The latest advances in technology, specifically genetic engineering technologies.

9. Why breed plants?
Plants provide food, feed, fiber, pharmaceuticals, and shelter for humans.
Furthermore, plants are used for aesthetic and other functional purposes in the
land-scape and indoors.
1. Addressing world food and feed quality needs
Food is the most basic of human needs. Plants are the primary producers in the
ecosystem (a community of living organisms including all the nonliving factors in
the environment). Without them, life on earth for higher organisms would be
impossible. Most of the crops that feed the world are cereals

10. 2 Addressing food supply needs for a growing
World Population In spite of a doubling of the world population in the
last three decades, agricultural production rose at an adequate rate to
meet world food needs.
However, an additional three billion people will be added to the world
population in the next three decades, requiring an expansion in world
food supplies to meet the projected needs.
Unfortunately, land for farming is scarce. Farmers have expanded their
enterprise onto new lands.

11. 3 Need to adapt plants to environmental stresses
The phenomenon of global climatic change that is occurring is partly responsible
for modifying the crop production environment (e.g., some regions of the world
are getting drier and others saltier).
Crop distribution can be expanded by adapting crops to new production
environments (e.g., adapting tropical plants to temperate regions).

12. 4 Need to adapt crops to specific production systems
Breeders need to produce plant cultivars for different production systems to facilitate
crop production and optimize crop productivity. For example,
▪ crop cultivars must be developed for rain-fed or irrigated production, or
▪ for mechanized or non-mechanized production.
▪ In the case of rice, separate sets of cultivars are needed for upland production and for
paddy production.
5 Developing new horticultural plant varieties
The ornamental horticultural production industry thrives on the development of new
varieties through plant breeding. For example
Aesthetics is of major importance to horticulture. Periodically, ornamental plant
breeders release new varieties that exhibit new colors and other morphological
features (e.g., height, size, shape).
Also, breeders develop new varieties of vegetables and fruits with superior yield,
nutritional qualities, adaptation, and general appeal.

13. 6 Satisfying industrial and other end-use requirements
Processed foods are a major item in the world food supply system. Quality
requirements for fresh produce meant for the table are different from those for
the food processing industry. For example,
potato is a versatile crop used for food and industrial products. Different varieties
are being developed by breeders for baking, cooking, fries (frozen), chipping, and
starch. These cultivars differ in size, specific gravity, and sugar content, among
other properties. High sugar content is undesirable for frying or chipping because
the sugar caramelizes under high heat to produce undesirable browning of fries
and chips.

17. Flower
• flower, the characteristic reproductive structure of angiosperms. As
popularly used, the term “flower” especially applies when part or all of
the reproductive structure is distinctive in colour and form.
• In their range of colour, size, form, and anatomical arrangement,
flowers present a seemingly endless variety of combinations. They
range in size from minute blossoms to giant blooms. Regardless of their
variety, all flowers have a uniform function, the reproduction of the
species through the production of seed.
• Form and types
• Basically, each flower consists of a floral axis upon which are borne the
essential organs of reproduction (stamens and pistils) and usually
accessory organs (sepals and petals); the latter may serve to both attract
pollinating insects and protect the essential organs. The floral axis is a
greatly modified stem; unlike vegetative stems, which bear leaves, it is
usually contracted, so that the parts of the flower are crowded together
on the stem tip, the receptacle. The flower parts are usually arrayed in
whorls (or cycles) but may also be disposed spirally, especially if the axis
is elongate. There are commonly four distinct whorls of flower parts:
• (1) an outer calyx consisting of sepals; within it lies (2) the corolla,
consisting of petals; (3) the androecium, or group of stamens; and in the
centre is (4) the gynoecium, consisting of the pistils.

18. Flower (continue)
• The sepals and petals together make up the perianth, or floral envelope. The
sepals are usually greenish and often resemble reduced leaves, while the petals
are usually colourful and showy. Sepals and petals that are indistinguishable, as
in lilies and tulips, are sometimes referred to as tepals. The androecium, or
male parts of the flower, comprise the stamens, each of which consists of a
supporting filament and an anther, in which pollen is produced. The gynoecium,
or female parts of the flower, comprises one or more pistils, each of which
consists of an ovary, with an upright extension, the style, on the top of which
rests the stigma, the pollen-receptive surface. The ovary encloses the ovules, or
potential seeds.
• A pistil may be simple, made up of a single carpel, or ovule-bearing modified
leaf; or compound, formed from several carpels joined together.

19. Flower (continue)
• A flower having sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils is complete;
lacking one or more of such structures, it is said to be incomplete.
Stamens and pistils are not present together in all flowers. When
both are present the flower is said to be perfect, or bisexual,
regardless of a lack of any other part that renders it incomplete
(see photograph).
• A flower that lacks stamens is pistillate, or female, while one that
lacks pistils is said to be staminate, or male.
• When the same plant bears unisexual flowers of both sexes, it is
said to be monoecious (e.g., tuberous begonia, hazel, oak, corn);
when the male and female flowers are on different plants, the
plant is dioecious (e.g., date, holly, cottonwood, willow);
• when there are male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same
plant, the plant is termed polygamous.