Animation has changed significantly since its early beginnings. Originally starting as phenakistoscope discs and flip books, animation progressed to include hand drawn and cutout styles. The golden age of Hollywood animation from 1928-1960 utilized traditional cel animation. More recently, animation has embraced 3D computer generation and various hybrid techniques. Modern animation is utilized across movies, television, video games, and other digital media, employing techniques like motion capture and retro/vintage 3D looks. Careers in animation continue to grow alongside its evolving styles and applications.

1. HOW HAS
ANIMATION
CHANGED?
R E S E A R C H

2. HISTORY OF ANIMATION
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation#History
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animation
• First animation was a phenakistoscope disc by Eadweard Muybridge.
• Oldest animated film (hand drawn) in 1908 by Emile Cohl.
• The Apostle was a 1917 Argentine animated film using cutout animation, and the
world's first animated feature film.
• Shadow plays started in 1700s.
• Flip Book 1868.
• Earliest animations on film were in 1888-1908.
• The golden age of Hollywood animation from1928 to 1960.
• The television era from1960s to 1980.

3. TYPES OF ANIMATION
• https://www.bloopanimation.com/types-of-animation/
• Traditional animation
• Cell drawn hand animation, traditionally drawn on paper with a pencil and then finished with pen. Some
animators do “tradigital” animation which is hand drawn illustrations for each frame on the computer.
• 2D Vector-based animation
• 3D computer animation
• Motion graphics
• Most motion graphics are expensive and time consuming.
• Stop motion
• Physically manipulated real world objects such as sculptures or puppets to create an animation. This process
takes a long time as each second is 24 frames which means the that there has to be 24 different photos for
one second of footage. This results in the production time being very long.

4. ANIMATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY
• https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/the-6-latest-greatest-trends-in-animation/
• The first animated film was actually created in 1888 and called Un Bon Bock (A Good
Beer). It was 15 minutes in length and was created using 700 individually hand drawn
frames.
• But in the 20th century is where most of the evolution of animation happened for
example from 1919 to 1921 the Felix cartoons were distributed as shorts. These were
the most popular films at the time also known as the “Silent Era”.
• The earliest color animation was called Gollywog Land made in the UK in 1912. The
first animation to use the two strip color method was a short called Fiddlesticks
created in 1930 created by an ex-Disney animator.
• The first full length animated film was Snow White created in 1937 by Disney.
• Disney Pixar's Toy Story was the first completely computer generated 3D animated film
to be released. It came out in 1995, took 4 years to make and cost $26 Million to make.

5. PHASES OF ANIMATION
• https://www.bloopanimation.com/6-steps-of-animation/
• Shooting reference video- This will be used to look at whist the animator is working. This is
because animators need to see the build up and release of an action if a human were to do
the action.
• Key posing- These are the most important positions which keep the story moving so need
to be done first and can show the start and end point of a certain motion.
• Blocking- After you have the key frames you need to add some of the frames from in-
between those to start forming the structure for the finished animation.
• Splining- You make the computer fill in the gaps between each of the frames to make the
animation smoother.
• Smoothing- Going through each frame and perfecting them to make the animation look
smoother and more finished.
• Adding life- Adding small imperfections which make the character more realistic.

6. CAREERS IN ANIMATION• https://www.prospects.ac.uk/careers-advice/what-can-i-do-with-my-degree/animation
• Animator
• Concept artist
• Games developer
• Graphic designer
• Illustrator
• VFX artist
• Web designer
• Advertising art director
• Artworker
• Exhibition designer
• Film director
• Film/video editor
• Game artist
• Multimedia specialist
• Music producer
• Production designer, theatre/television/film
• Television production coordinator
• Television/film/video producer

7. ANIMATION IN GAMES VS MOVIES
• https://www.pluralsight.com/blog/film-games/how-animation-for-games-is-different-
from-animation-for-movies
• Game animation has a lot more complex features. This is because you have to create
an animation cycle for every aspect of the game. Animated games have a lot more
screen time than movies which is why games take a lot longer to develop. In some
aspects it is a little bit easier as you only have to create one walk or shoot cycle and
they can copy it onto other characters and guns with small tweaks.
• Motion capture is used for both games and movies. This is because it can capture the
realism of human movement and it’s a little easier than doing frame by frame or 3d
animation. A type of animation that are used in movies but not films would be stop
motion.
• The History of Animation in Film-
https://www.filmsite.org/animatedfilms.html

8. NEWER TYPES OF ANIMATION
• https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/the-6-latest-greatest-trends-in-animation/
• 3D Looks to Retro & Vintage- Animators looking for new ways to go about animation use
the newer 3D animation technique but with older 60s-70s cartoon styles.
• High Contrast Cel Animation- Animators use vibrant and abstract colors and shapes to
make a more eye catching animation. This is commonly used in advertisements to grab the
attention of the viewer and stand out.
• 2D and 3D, Together-
• Hyper-Surrealism- This style uses CGI imagery, because the photos are so realistic the
animation looks dreamlike and surreal.
• Dynamic Function Animation in Apps
• Resurgence of 2D Animation in Marketing

9. ESSAY LAYOUT PLAN
• Intro- Talk about what I’m going to speak about and why I have chosen animation.
• History of Animation- Speak about how it started and its most significant changes over
the early years.
• Different Types of Animation- Talk a little more in depth about the main types of
animation and say which ones I prefer and why and how they have changed the
industry and are different from the older types.
• Animation in Games vs Movies- Speak about how these two types of animation are
different, why there made differently and what changes as a result. Also speak about
how they have progressed over time.
• Modern Day Animation- Link back to the history of animation and why it has led to
these newer techniques. Speak about how I feel about each one of these newer types
of animation.

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Unknown. (2019). Animation. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation#History. Last accessed
8th October.
• Unknown. (2019). History of Animation. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animation.
Last accessed 5th November 2019.
• Bloop Animation Studios LLC. (2019). 5 Types of Animation. Available:
https://www.bloopanimation.com/types-of-animation/. Last accessed 8th October 2019.
• Bloop Animation Studios LLC. (2019). 6 Stages of Animation. Available:
https://www.bloopanimation.com/6-steps-of-animation/. Last accessed 8th October 2019.
• Unknown. (2019). What is 2D Animation. Available:
https://learn.org/articles/What_is_2D_Animation.html. Last accessed 8th October 2019.
• AGCAS Editors. (2019). What Can I Do With An Animation Degree?. Available:
https://www.prospects.ac.uk/careers-advice/what-can-i-do-with-my-degree/animation. Last accessed
8th October 2019.
• Pluralsight. (2014). How Animation for Games is Different from Animation for Movies. Available:
https://www.pluralsight.com/blog/film-games/how-animation-for-games-is-different-from-animation-
for-movies. Last accessed 8th October 2019.
• New York Film Academy. (2018). the 6 Latest & Greatest Trends in Animation. Available:
https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/the-6-latest-greatest-trends-in-animation/. Last accessed
15th October 2019.