Animation is created through rapidly displaying a sequence of images to create the illusion of movement. The history of animation includes early devices from the 1800s like the phenakistoscope and praxinoscope. Traditional animation begins with storyboards and involves animators drawing sequences of images on sheets of paper called cels, which are layered and photographed to create the animation frame by frame. Stop motion animation makes physically manipulated objects appear to move on their own. Different forms of animation include stop motion using models or clay, and computer animation created with software.

1. Animation & Cartooning
The History and Process

2. Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of
images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in
order to create an illusion of movement.

3. See animated example

4. History of Animation
There is no single person who can be considered the
"creator" of the art of film animation, as there were
several people doing several projects which could be
considered various types of animation all around the
same time.

5. Animated sequence of a race horse galloping to
settle a bet and determine whether a horse’s
legs were at a moment all off the ground.
Photos taken by Eadweard Muybridge, first
published in 1887at Philadelphia.
This was a few years before motion picture was
invented.

6. The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, as well as the
common flip book were early popular animation
devices invented during the 1800s.
phenakistoscope Kineograph
“Flip-Book”
praxinoscope

7. The Animation Process

8. Storyboards
Traditionally-animated productions, just like other forms of animation,
usually begin life as a storyboard, which is a script of sorts written with
images as well as words, similar to a giant comic strip. The images
allow the animation team to plan the flow of the plot and the composition
of the imagery.

9. In the traditional animation process, animators will
begin by drawing sequences of animation on
sheets of paper. A piece of acetate (cel) is placed
over the drawing and the lines are traced in ink.
Once all of the line work is complete, the animator
paints over the lines with acrylic paint on the back
of the cel.

10. While the artist is painting in the line work, a
background artist is working on the last layer. This
layer is usually not transparent (see thru), unless
the background needs to be layered.
Once the production of cels is complete, they will
be layered underneath a camera and a single
photo is taken of the composition.

13. Stop Motion
technique to make a physically manipulated
object appear to move on its own.

14. What type of technology is
used?
As long as the images are played over a certain course of
time, the images will appear to move or be animated.
Microsoft PowerPoint
Macromedia Flash
Adobe Premiere

15. Adobe Flash screenshot
PowerPoint screenshot

17. Various forms of animation
Stop motion
Models, clay, and paper
Computer
Software used:
Flash
Maya 3-D
Quark
Cel shaded
Materials include: