Stop motion animation techniques involve sculpting objects from materials like clay or plasticine and photographing small movements between frames to create the illusion of motion. Clay animation is extremely laborious, requiring 12 changes per second of footage. Cutout animation uses flat characters and props cut from materials like paper. Stop motion broadly refers to animating real-world objects by manipulating them frame by frame. Early pioneers like Muybridge captured motion through sequential photography, while Harryhausen and Svankmajer are known for creative stop motion films. Contemporary animators like Tim Burton and Aardman Animations continue stop motion traditions.

1. STOP MOTION ANIMATION TECHNIQUES

2. WHAT ANIMATION IS ABOUT
• Animation is a type of optical illusion.
• It involves the appearance of motion caused by displaying still images one after
another. Often, animation is used for entertainment purposes.
• It is also used for entertainment, animation is considered as a form of art. It is often
displayed and celebrated in film festivals throughout the world. Also used for
educational purposes, animation has a place in learning and instructional
applications as well.
• Animation is both time-consuming and costly to produce. For this reason, most of the
animation made for television and film is produced by professorial studios.
However, there are also many independent studios. In fact, there are many
resources, such as lower-cost

3. CLAY ANIMATION
• Clay animation/Claymation this is one of the many forms of stop motion animation,
each object is sculpted in clay or a similarly pliable material such as Plasticine,
usually around a wire skeleton called an armature.
• Producing a stop motion animation using clay is extremely laborious. 12 changes
are usually made for one second of film movement.
• Films such as Wallace and Gromit, Pingu have been used with clay animation
• In clay animation, each object is sculpted in clay or a similarly pliable material such as
plasticine, a film frame is exposed and the object or character is then moved slightly by
hand, this is repeated until they have achieved the desired amount of film.

4. CUTOUT ANIMATION
• Cutout Animation is a unique technique for producing animations using flat
characters, props and backgrounds cut from materials such as paper, card, stiff
fabric or even photographs.
• Cut-out animation is one of the oldest forms of animation and in pre computer
days, probably the easiest to create. As its name implies, cut-out animation involves
moving cut-out shapes in small steps and taking a picture at each stage, this is a lot
less work than having to draw every single frame of the animation.

5. STOP MOTION ANIMATION
• Stop Motion Animation Stop-motion animation, is the term used to describe
animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing
them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement.
• There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the
type of media used to create the animation, these include: Cutout animation
Claymation animation Model animation (like the classic King-Kong) Object animation
Puppet animation

6. FRAME RATES
• Frame rate refers to the number of images displayed by a projector within one
second.
• or the 3D movies that have already been running in theaters, the current generation
of DLP® Cinema TM projectors are showing the movies at 24 FPS, but actually
flashing each frame image three times. Called triple-flashing, it means viewers are
actually seeing 144 frames per second. The flashing is done to eliminate any
perception (and therefore the distraction) of the sequential progression of frames.

7. PERSISTENCE OF VISION
"Persistence of Vision" refers to the phenomenon where the retina retains an image for a brief
split-second after the image was actually seen, and lends itself to animation by fostering the
illusion of motion when we view images in closely-timed sequence to one another.
We don't notice the fractional skips between images because that persistence fills in the
momentary gap to make the motion seem seamless
Persistence of Vision is a company of creative visionaries, who have been an invaluable
resource and addition to any project, production, or brain trust, capitalizing on its years in the
business creating concepts, visuals and ground breaking films, with one objective in mind… to
create the best product

8. PIONEERS
Developers of Animation

10. A zoetrope is a device that produces an illusion of action from a rapid succession. It
was basically a improvement on the phenkitascope.
It lead to the praxinoscope being made and also lead to animation being viewed
simpler.
This made animation easier to be seen because it had small slits on the side where
the person could look inside and it would give a better effect than a phenkitascope
The designs on the zoetrope vary from animals to football players, and is still used
today.

11. WILL IAM HORNER
• William Horner was another animation pioneer, who created the zoetrope. He created the
zoetrope in the year 1834.
• A zoetrope is a device that produces an illusion of action from a rapid succession. It was
basically a improvement on the phenkitascope. it lead to the praxinoscope being made
and also lead to animation being viewed simpler.
• this made animation easier to be seen because it had small slits on the side where the
person could look inside and it would give a better effect than a phenkitascope
• the designs on the zoetrope vary from animals to football players, and is still used today.

12. EADWARD MUDBRIDGE
• adweard Mubridge was born in Kingston upon Thames in 183
• Eadweard James Muybridge ( /ˌ ɛdwərd ˌma ɪbrɪdʒ/; 9 April 1830 – 8 May 1904) was an
English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion
and in motion-picture projection.
• In the 1880s, Muybridge entered a very productive period at the University of
Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, producing over 100,000 images of animals and humans in
motion, capturing what the human eye could not distinguish as separate movements. He
spent much of his later years giving public lectures and demonstrations of his
photography and early motion picture sequences. He also edited and published
compilations of his work, which greatly influenced visual artists and the developing fields
of scientific and industrial photography.

13. DEVELOPERS OF THE ANIMATIONS

14. RAY HARRYHAUSEN
When it comes to motion picture special effects, there is only one name that
personifies movie magic…
Raymond Frederick Harryhausen was born on the 29th June 1920 in Los Angeles,
He had a passion, which has never abated, for dinosaurs and anything
His first attempts were, of course, prehistoric and included a cave bear, a
brontosaurus and a stegosaurus.
To begin with, he used wooden armatures but they didn’t really hold their pose.
When it comes to motion picture special effects, there is only one name that
personifies movie magic.

15. JAN SVANKMAJER
JAN SVANKMAJER was born in 1934 in Prague where he still lives
Czechoslovak animator extraordinaire, Jan has been making intensely bizarre films since
the mid-'60s.
. Most of his work is a mix between 3-D stop-motion animation, puppets and live-action, but
it can involve any mix of the above.
His stories are eerie, delightful, and surreal. His actors include real
people, machines, socks, clay figures, antique dolls, pencil sharpeners, and skeletons or
stuffed corpses of animals, among other things.
His sets are usually decaying Czech buildings or landscapes, decorated with waste of the
industrial age: rotting furniture, rusty nails, sawdust, oily screws.
He trained at the Institute of Applied Arts from 1950 to 1954 and then at the Prague
Academy of Performing Arts (Department of Puppetry)

16. .CONTEMPORARY ANIMATORS SUCH AS
• Contemporary animators such as:
• Tim Burton
•&
• Aardman Animations.

17. TIM BURTON
Timothy Walter "Tim" Burton[ (born August 25, 1958) is an American film
director, film producer, writer and artist.
• Tim Burton was raised in Burbank, California. He spent most of his childhood as a
recluse, drawing cartoons and watching old movies.
• Burton is known for using recurring collaborators on his works
• Burton has directed 16 films and produced 12
• He is famous for his dark, quirky-themed movies such as Beetlejuice, Edward
Scissorhands, The Nightmare before Christmas.