Pipes are used to transport liquids and gases and are made from various materials like steel, plastic, copper, etc. Common pipe types include seamless, ERW, and CDW pipes. Pipes are designed based on thickness calculations to withstand internal and working pressures. Bends in pipes are formed using methods like ram bending and mandrel bending. Forces like pressure, mass flow, and velocity cause stresses on bends. Head loss occurs in bends due to friction and is quantified using loss coefficients. Pipes and bends have wide applications in industries, buildings, households, and infrastructure.

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14. SEAMLESS PIPES Seamless (SMLS) Steel Pipe is made from a solid round steel ‘billet’ which is heated and pushed or pulled over a form until the steel is shaped into a hollow tube. The seamless pipe is then finished to dimensional and wall thickness specifications in sizes from 1/8 inch to 26 inch OD.

15. ERW PIPES ERW (Electrical Resistant Welded) pipe cold formed from a ribbon of steel pulled through a series of rollers and formed into a tube which is fused through a electric charge. Common sizes for ERW Steel Pipe range from 2 3/8 inch OD to 24 inch OD in a variety of lengths to over 100 feet. Surface finishes are available in bare and coated formats.

16. THE ELECTRICAL WELDING IS APPLICABLE FOR LESS THICKNESS OF PIPES

17. CDW PIPES CDW (Cold Drawn electrically Welded) pipes are formed by passing a metal sheet through rollers to giving the circular shape and then welded.

18. PVC PIPES

19. PPRC PIPES

21. THICKNESS CALCULATIONS internal pressure working pressure maximum surge pressure

24. e/D = Relative roughness of pipe