This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what a piping system is, components like pipes, fittings, valves, supports and insulation. It also covers piping layout, modeling software, stress analysis, sizing calculations considering flow rates, pressures and material selection based on fluid properties. Critical high pressure and temperature piping in power plants requires special design considerations for material selection and allowing for expansion.

1. Piping Fundamentals – For Fresher Engineers
Piping System - What is that?
Concept Layout Development
Piping Components & their access requirement.
Straight length requirements.
Orientation of various tapings, components, etc.
Piping Drains & Vents
Insulation.
Material & Sizing
Critical piping system consideration.
Pipe Stress Analysis.
Pipe Supports

2. Let us first Discuss about WHAT IS PIPE!
It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc.
meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that
flows.
It is a very important component for any industrial
plant. And it’s engineering plays a major part in overall
engineering of a Plant.
In next few pages we shall try to familiarize about pipe
and it’s components.
Piping Fundamentals – For Fresher Engineers

3. In any plant various fluids flow through pipes
from one end to other.
Now let us start with a plant where we see three
tanks.
Tank-1, Tank-2 and Tank-3
We have to transfer the content of Tank no. 1 to
the other two tanks.
We will need to connect pipes to transfer the
fluids from Tank-1 to Tank-2 and Tank-3
LET US BRING THE PIPES.

4. We have just brought the pipes, now we
need to solve some more problems.
Pipes are all straight pieces.
We need some
branch
connections
We need some bend
connections
Even some pipes are
of different sizes!
To solve these
problems we need the
pipe components,
which are called
PIPE FITTINGS

5. These are the pipe fittings,
There are various types of fittings for various
purposes, some common types are -
Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches,
Reducers/Expanders, Couplings, Olets, etc.
Anyway, the pipes and
fittings are in place, but the
ends are yet to be joined with
the Tank nozzles.
We now have to complete the
end connections.
These, in piping term, we call
TERMINAL CONNECTIONS.

6. These are flanged joints
This is a welded joint
So far this is a nice arrangement.
But there is no control over the flow from Tank-1
to other tanks.
We need some arrangement to stop the
flow if needed
To control the flow in a pipe line we
need to fit a special component.
That is called - VALVE

7. There are many types of valves, categorized
based on their construction and functionality,
Those are - Gate, Globe, Check, Butterfly, etc.
Other than valves another important
line component of pipe line is a filter,
which cleans out derbies from the
flowing fluid. This is called a
STRAINER

8. Here we see a more or less functional piping
system, with valves and strainer installed.
Let us now investigate some aspects of pipe
flexibility.
If this tank nozzle
expands, when
the tank is hot.
In such case we need to fit a flexible
pipe component at that location,
which is called an EXPANSION
JOINT

9. When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we may
also like know the parameters like, pressure,
temperature, flow rate etc. of the fluid.
To know these information we need
to install INSTRUMENTS in the
pipeline.

10. There are various types instruments to measure various
parameters. Also there are specific criteria for installation
of various pipe line instruments.
Next we shall look
into how to
SUPPORT the
pipe/and it’s
components.

11. Here are some of the pipe supporting arrangements.
There can be numerous variants. All depend on piping
designer’s preference and judgement.
Let us see some OTHER types of supports

14. We have just completed a pipe line design.
We shall rewind and check how it is really done in practice.
First the flow scheme is planned,
1) What, 2) From what point, 3) To which point
Pipe sizes are selected, pipe material and pipe wall thickness are selected.
Types of Valves are planned
Also the types of instruments required are planned
We represent the whole thing in a drawing which is called Piping and
Instrumentation Drawing, in short P&ID. For P&ID generation we use SPP&ID
software.
By this time you have already come to know that while we prepare P&IDs in
SPP&ID, we enter all the pipe lines system information in the drawing.
So the SPP&ID drawing is an Intelligent drawing which under it’s surface carries
all the information about a pipe like, Pipe size, Flowing Fluid, etc.
Let us see a P&ID prepared in SPP&ID

16. This is screen picture of P&ID made by SPP&ID
If we click on any line it will show the Data embedded.

17. After the P&ID is ready we start the layout work.
Here we carryout pipe routing / layout in Virtual 3D environment.
Preferable
Not Preferable
We use PDS 3D software to route piping in the Plant virtual 3D space.
We call this as piping modeling or physical design.
While development of piping layout we have to consider the following
Piping from source to destination should be as short as possible with minimum
change in direction.
Should not hinder any normal passage way. Also should not encroach any
equipment maintenance space.

18. While carrying out pipe routing we also need to consider the following
Valves, strainers, instruments on the pipe should be easily accessible.
If needed separate ACCESS PLATFORMS to be provided to facilitate these.
Desired location and orientation of valves / instruments and other pipe
components are to be checked and maintained, like some valves or strainers
can only be installed in horizontal position.
Specific requirements for instrument installation to be checked, like
temperature gauge can not be installed in pipe which is less than 4 inch in size.
Specific requirements of STRAIGHT LENGTH of pipe for some components to
be maintained, like for flow orifice we need to provide 15 times diameter
straight pipe length at upstream of orifice and 5 times diameter straight at down
stream of orifice.
Example of Straight length requirement for Flow Orifice

19. Also arrangement is kept in the
pipeline so that liquid can be
drained out if required.
To achieve this a DRAIN
connection with Valve is provided
at the lowest point of the pipeline
Pipes are also slopped towards low
points.
For Pipeline which shall carry liquid, we have to make sure that all air is
allowed to vent out of the line when the line is filled with liquid.
To achieve this a VENT connection with Valve is provided at the top most point
of the pipeline.
Let us look
into typical
Vent and
Drain
arrangement
in a pipeline

20. Let us have a look into a piping model done by PDS 3D
This is a 3D model
of Feed water line
along with pumps
and other
accessories

21. INSULATION - When hot fluid flows through pipe then generally pipe is
insulated.
There are two primary reasons for insulating the pipe carrying hot fluid.
 Containing the heat inside the pipe. Insulation preserves the heat of the fluid. It
is called Hot Insulation
 Personnel safety, so that people do not get burn injury by touching hot surface
of pipe. It is called Personnel Protection InsulationCold pipes are also insulated
 Cold or chilled fluid carrying pipes are insulated to prevent heating of cold fluid
from outside. It is called Cold Insulation.
 Some times cold pipes are insulated to prevent condensation of atmospheric
water vapor on pipe surface. It is called Anti-Sweat Insulation.
Other types of Insulation
 When gas flows through pipes at high velocity, it creates noise. In such cases
pipes are insulated to reduce noise. It is called Acoustic Insulation.
 Some times pipe and it’s content are heated from outside, by heat tracing
element. In that case pipe along with heat tracing element are insulated to
conserve the heat of the tracer. It is called Heat Tracing Insulation.

22. INSULATION MATERIAL - The insulating material should be bad conductor of heat.
There are two basic categories
1) Fibrous Material, which has large voids full of air between fibers - Cork, Glass Wool,
Mineral Wool, Organic Fibers. Note stagnant air is a bad conductor.
2) Cellular Material, which has closed void cells full or air - Calcium Silicate, Cellular
Glass (Foam Glass), Polyurethane Foam (PUF), Polystyrene (Thermocol), etc.
Some times Cast material like Cement Plaster or Plaster of Paris are also used.
INSULATION CLADDING - Insulation materials are generally soft or fragile. So the
outer surface of insulation are protected with Aluminum sheet or GI sheet
cladding.
Have a look at how
pipes are insulated,
and general
components of
insulation

23. Pipe Sizing Calculation - to select required pipe diameter based on velocity and pressure drop.
Find out
Flow volume
per second
Check Velocity
Allowable per
second
Calc. flow area
required and
Pipe size
Calc. Press.
Drop for that
Pipe size
Check Press.
Drop meets
Press. Budget
Pipe
Size
OK
YES
Increase
Pipe Size
NO
Pipe Material Selection - to select appropriate pipe material based on flowing fluid property.
Find out type
of Fluid
flowing
Check Pipe
life
Expectancy
Select suitable
Material per
practice (Note-1)
Check Mat.
Listed in
Design Code
Pipe
Material
OK
YES
See Note-
1
NO
Note-1 : Material is selected per past experience with cost in
mind and per material listed in design code. If material is
not listed in code we may select next suitable material
listed.
Find out
Fluid Temp.
& Pressure
Pipe Thickness Selection - to select appropriate pipe thickness based on flowing fluid property.
Select Mat.
& Diameter
as above
Decide on
Corrosion
allowance
Calc. Pipe
Thickness per
Code
Find out
Fluid Temp.
& Pressure

24. In Power plant there are some piping which carries steam at high pressure and
temperature. And also there are piping which carries water at High pressure.
These pipes carries the main cycle steam and water of the steam power plant.
These pipelines are call the CRITICAL PIPING.
Very special care are taken for design of these piping.
First the pipe material selection for such piping is very important as it has to
withstand the high pressure and may be also high temperature.
As these pipes carry the main system fluid of the power plant, they are given
the right of way, and routed at beginning of the overall plant layout.
Steam pipes run at very high temperature and the hot pipes expand. We have to
built in flexibility in the high temperature pipe routing so that the expansion
force is absorbed within the piping.
Also there should be enough flexibility in these pipe routing so that high loads
are not transferred to the nozzles of Turbine or Pumps
There are many recognized international codes which lay down guide lines and
mandatory requirements for design of such piping.
The most important codes used by power plant piping engineers are
ASME ANSI B31.1- Power Piping Code & IBR - the Indian Boiler Regulation

25. Pipe Stress Analysis
We have already seen that some of the pipes are subjected to high pressure
and high temperature. Also pipes carry the load of the flowing fluid.
We need to check and confirm the pipe is not going to fail with these loading.
This process of checking the stress developed in the piping due to various
loading is called Pipe Stress Analysis/Flexibility analysis.
In the process of Analysis we apply various postulated loading on the pipe and
find out the stress resulted from these loading.
Then we check with governing codes if those stresses generated are
acceptable or not.
We check support load & movement for various loading condition.
We also check out the terminal point loading generated from pipe to the
equipment connected to the pipe. This loading are to be within acceptable
limits of the equipment suggested by the vendors.
We also find out the pipe growth due to change in temperature and need to
keep the movement of pipe within acceptable limits.
Pipe Stress Analysis is an Interactive and Iterative process. Each step is
checked
If a check fails we have to go back, modify the layout and restart the analysis.

26. PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS
Inputs
Geometric layout of Pipe
Pipe supporting configuration
Pipe Diameter and Thickness
Pressure inside Pipe
Cold and Hot temperatures of Pipe
Weight of Pipe and insulation
Weight of carrying Fluid
Pipe material Property (Young’s Modulus,
Thermal Expansion Coefficient)
Thrust on pipe due to blowing wind.
Thrust on pipe due to earthquake
Load of Snow on pipe
Any transient loading like Steam Hammer
load
Any other load on the piping
Tools we use
PIPSYS - is an integrated pipe stress
analysis module of PLADES 2000
CEASER - Commercial Piping analysis
software
There are many other commercial software
available
Outputs
Stress of the pipe at various loading
conditions
Load at various supports and restrains.
Movement of pipe at support locations
Pipe terminal point loading.
Codes and Standards
In general Power Plant Piping have to
comply stipulations of ASME ANSI B31.1
In India Power cycle Piping to comply IBR
code requirements.

27. Types of Pipe Supports
In the beginning of this discussion we
talked about various types of pipe
supports. Here is some elaboration
There are three general types
Rigid type (no flexibility in the
direction of restrain)
Spring type (Allows pipe
movement in direction of loading)
Dynamic Support (Degree of
restrain depends on acceleration
of load)
There are two types of spring
support
Variable load type, here support
load changes as the pipe moves.
Constant load support, the load
remains constant within some
range of movement.
Constant Load Spring
Variable Spring
RigidHanger
RigidSupport
Dynamic Support,
Snubber
Rigid Support

28. Some Special Considerations for Piping
When pipes are routed UNDER GROUND (Buried) following points to be kept in mind:
Minimum pipe size to be routed under ground shall be not less than1 inch.
Avoid flange joint in U/G piping.
Keep in mind if pipe leaks U/G, it will be difficult to detect, so avoid U/G routing of pipe
carrying hazardous fluid.
Pipe to be laid below Frost Zone at areas where ambient temperature goes below freezing.
U/G, Buried piping should be properly protected from corrosion.
Pipe may be properly wrapped and coated to prevent corrosion.
Or U/G piping be protected by using Cathodic protection.
Freeze Protection of outdoor Piping:
In the areas where the ambient temperature goes below freezing there is a possibility that
the liquid content of pipe may freeze while the plant is under shut down.
For similar case pipes are wrapped with heat tracing elements to maintain the content
temperature above freezing (around 4 deg. C) even when the ambient temp. is below
freezing.
Electric Heat tracing is done by wrapping electric coil around pipe, which turns on as the
ambient temperature goes down. Pipes are insulated over the heat tracing coils.
Heat tracing can also be done by winding Steam tubes around main pipes.

29. We have come to the End of Session.
Hope you have gathered the fundamentals
on the subject of Piping