journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Effect of V Notch Shape on Fatigue Life in Steel Beam Made of High Carbon St...IJMER
The present work includes study effect of V notch shape with various angle orientation and
depths on fatigue life behavior in steel beam made of High Carbon Steel alloy AISI 1078 which has a wide
application in industry. Fatigue life of notched specimens is calculated using the fatigue life obtained from
the experiments for smooth specimens (reference) and by use Numerical method (FEA).The fatigue
experiments were carried out at room temperature, applying a fully reversed cyclic load with the
frequency of 50 Hz and mean stress equal to zero (R= -1), on a cantilever rotating-bending fatigue testing
machine. The stress ratio was kept constant throughout the experiment. Different instruments have been
used in this investigation like Chemical composition analyzer , Tensile universal testing machine
,Hardness tester , Fatigue testing machine and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results show
that there is acceptable error between experimental and numerical works
Analysis and Weight Optimization of Split Dish Reactor Using Thermo-Structura...IJERA Editor
A vertical split dish reactor with leg supports is modeled using ansys workbench. Thereafter, external loads, such as self –weight, internal pressure and temperature are applied to the model. Pressure and temperature has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting stresses are severe and excessive. It is a significant study which requires in-depth investigation to understand the structural characteristics. This paper presents and focuses on some Finite Element (FE) analysis of a split dish reactor will be carried out and maximum stresses in the structure will be determined.
Design & Stress Analysis of a Cylinder with Closed ends using ANSYSIJERA Editor
The significance of the title of the project comes to front with designing structure of the pressure vessel for static loading and its assessment by ANSYS , is basically a project concerned with design of different pressure vessel elements such as shell, Dish end ,operating manhole ,support leg based on standards and codes ; and evolution of shell and dish end analysed by means of ANSYS .The key feature included in the project is to check the behaviour of pressure vessel in case of fluctuating load . The procedural step includes various aspects such as selecting the material based on American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) codes ,and then designing on the standards procedures with referring standard manuals based on ASME .Further we have included the different manufacturing methods practice by the industries and different aspects of it .
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IN ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE ...ijiert bestjournal
The following paper discusses the effect of tempera ture in analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder. The paper is a part of the series of papers published under the analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder.
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep
behavior of the material was described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5.
The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain
rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation
with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well
as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP,
increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
1 ijcmes dec-2015-17-optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Friction stir welding was a promising welding technology from the same moment of its existence because of its easy use, being ecologically friendly processed and with no need for filler metal. The present paper discusses the investigate the mechanical properties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of friction stir welding for joining Al 6061 aluminum alloy welding was performed on pipe. The pipe sections, 30mm, and relatively thin walled 2, 3 and 4 mm. Wire welded as similar alloy joints using (FSW) process In order to investigate the effect of rotation speed 485,710, 910, 1120,1400 and 1800 RPM and travel speeds 4, 8 and 10 mm/min. On mechanical propertie.
This work also focuses on mathematic models such as regression analysis (RA) to predict the tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy. The Tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of weld joints were predicted by taking the parameters Tool rotation speed, material thickness and travel speed as a function. The results obtained through regresion analysis The models have been proved to be successful in terms of agreement with experimental results ratio 94.6%.
Effect of V Notch Shape on Fatigue Life in Steel Beam Made of High Carbon St...IJMER
The present work includes study effect of V notch shape with various angle orientation and
depths on fatigue life behavior in steel beam made of High Carbon Steel alloy AISI 1078 which has a wide
application in industry. Fatigue life of notched specimens is calculated using the fatigue life obtained from
the experiments for smooth specimens (reference) and by use Numerical method (FEA).The fatigue
experiments were carried out at room temperature, applying a fully reversed cyclic load with the
frequency of 50 Hz and mean stress equal to zero (R= -1), on a cantilever rotating-bending fatigue testing
machine. The stress ratio was kept constant throughout the experiment. Different instruments have been
used in this investigation like Chemical composition analyzer , Tensile universal testing machine
,Hardness tester , Fatigue testing machine and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results show
that there is acceptable error between experimental and numerical works
Analysis and Weight Optimization of Split Dish Reactor Using Thermo-Structura...IJERA Editor
A vertical split dish reactor with leg supports is modeled using ansys workbench. Thereafter, external loads, such as self –weight, internal pressure and temperature are applied to the model. Pressure and temperature has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting stresses are severe and excessive. It is a significant study which requires in-depth investigation to understand the structural characteristics. This paper presents and focuses on some Finite Element (FE) analysis of a split dish reactor will be carried out and maximum stresses in the structure will be determined.
Design & Stress Analysis of a Cylinder with Closed ends using ANSYSIJERA Editor
The significance of the title of the project comes to front with designing structure of the pressure vessel for static loading and its assessment by ANSYS , is basically a project concerned with design of different pressure vessel elements such as shell, Dish end ,operating manhole ,support leg based on standards and codes ; and evolution of shell and dish end analysed by means of ANSYS .The key feature included in the project is to check the behaviour of pressure vessel in case of fluctuating load . The procedural step includes various aspects such as selecting the material based on American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) codes ,and then designing on the standards procedures with referring standard manuals based on ASME .Further we have included the different manufacturing methods practice by the industries and different aspects of it .
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IN ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE ...ijiert bestjournal
The following paper discusses the effect of tempera ture in analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder. The paper is a part of the series of papers published under the analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder.
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep
behavior of the material was described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5.
The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain
rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation
with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well
as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP,
increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
1 ijcmes dec-2015-17-optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Friction stir welding was a promising welding technology from the same moment of its existence because of its easy use, being ecologically friendly processed and with no need for filler metal. The present paper discusses the investigate the mechanical properties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of friction stir welding for joining Al 6061 aluminum alloy welding was performed on pipe. The pipe sections, 30mm, and relatively thin walled 2, 3 and 4 mm. Wire welded as similar alloy joints using (FSW) process In order to investigate the effect of rotation speed 485,710, 910, 1120,1400 and 1800 RPM and travel speeds 4, 8 and 10 mm/min. On mechanical propertie.
This work also focuses on mathematic models such as regression analysis (RA) to predict the tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy. The Tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of weld joints were predicted by taking the parameters Tool rotation speed, material thickness and travel speed as a function. The results obtained through regresion analysis The models have been proved to be successful in terms of agreement with experimental results ratio 94.6%.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
Investigation on Flexural Behaviour of Cold Formed Latticed Built-Up BeamDr. Amarjeet Singh
There are two structural members used in steel construction the hot rolled members and the cold formed members. They are light members compared to the traditional heavier hot rolled steel structural members used in the field. They have high strength to weight ratio resulting in less dead weight making it a good option in construction of bridges roof trusses transmission line towers multi storied buildings and other structural members. This paper is done to understand the flexural capacity and to enhance it by developing innovative latticed cold formed steel beam. The impact of web opening of the cold formed beam on the flexural behavior of cold formed built-up I section under two point loading is investigated for the simply supported end conditions. Numerical analysis is performed using finite element analysis (FEM) software. From results, the load vs. Deflection curve, failure modes and ultimate load carrying capacity of the specimen presented in this paper. Therefore the main focus of this project is to investigate the flexural behavior of these steel members and by replacing the lattice hot rolled section by cold formed steel sections. The ultimate load carrying capacity with failure mode of simulated FEA models was compared with experimental results.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Design and Implmentation of Circular Cross Sectional Pressure Vessel Using Pr...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Piping Stress Analysis of a Hypothetical Oil Refinery Plant Having Separate S...IJSRD
In this study, a hypothetical simulation model is analyzed under varying uncertainty conditions; the key features of overlapping and functional interaction affect the performance measures of development time and effort. Findings indicate that, first and foremost, whether or not overlapping occurs, increasing functional interaction eventually leads to a sound system. A selective overview of group & individual process behaviors of a combined suction & discharge cycles of a hypothetical oil refinery plant is suggested. The pipe material is Carbon fiber reinforced plastic which is chosen because of its excellent length to weight ratio & it serves as an integral part the system which involves tank piping. This model uses psychologically legitimate & theoretically grounded models for time & decision rules. The results of preliminary simulation experiments suggest that the model is sensitive to structural & pay- off density & precisely replicates ideal free distributions. Pipe network models allow the modeling of storage tanks in which the working fluid (here, Naphtha) surface is inconsistent with inflow & outflow. Stress analysis of CFRP material shows that the maximum stresses are within allowable material strength. From the trials, it can be accomplished that, with proper design parameters, CFRP can take the design load similar to that of steel & other alloys
INVESTIGATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WELDING AND ITS EFFECT ON MECHANICAL BE...Journal For Research
AISI310 is widely used in the manufacture of heat exchangers, radiant tubes, muffles, furnace parts, food processing equipments. Welding is widely used fabrication method in such type of industrial applications; but unfortunately welding induces few problems such as residual stresses and induced distortions. Residual stresses have significant effect on performance of the weld joint subjected to loading. The AISI310 is welded using matched filler material. Thus the weld joint consist of two different materials having different behavior under tensile loading. In this study residual stresses are estimated by using Labeas and Diamantakos formula and values are assigned as an initial stress in FEM of weld joint. The weldment specimen model is subjected to tensile loading and effect of residual stress on local yielding is investigated. The ANSYS is used for this purpose. The response of weld joint to monotonically increasing tensile load is determined experimentally by conducting the transverse and longitudinal tension tests on UTM. The stress-strain behavior of the weld joint is studied vis a vis virgin 310 stainless steel alloy.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF ANGULAR SHEAR CONNECTOR IN COMPOSITE ...IAEME Publication
The use of cold-formed steel sections as major structural members is still limited. This is largely due to thinness of the sections. Exploitation of composite principles seems appropriate for promoting the use of the sections to a wider range of applications. A steel-concrete composite column is a compression member, comprising either a concrete encased hot-rolled steel section or a concrete filled tubular section of hot-rolled steel and is generally used as a load-bearing member in a composite framed structure and girders used as a beam sections.
Development of Quality Acceptance Sampling Plan for Imported Hot Rolled Steel...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Industrial Spherical pressure vessel design & analysis using FEAijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Hardeninig of steel (Jominy test)-CoET- udsmmusadoto
Controlling a material’s properties during processing is pivotal for any engineering field. A specific hardness for a metal is often a desirable characteristic for many applications, so controlling hardness is important during processing. To increase the hardness of steel, it is often quenched from a high temperature to form martensite, a hard yet brittle phase of iron. The extent of martensite formation, including hardness and depth of formation, is known as hardenability. This practical provides an experiment for measurement of hardenability in plain carbon steel and an alloyed steel according to, the Jominy End-Quench Test , (ASTM A255 – 10). The demonstration exercise involve quenching one end of a heated steel sample ,comparing and evaluating the hardness distribution using measurements obtained at different locations(distance interval) on the sample(specimens) surface.
In the material testing laboratory, a Charpy impact test was performed on three different types (hot,cold,and steel alloy)of steels testing each variety at four different temperatures (32°C(RT), 100°C,0°C and -22°C ). From results (shown below), we determined that the a transition is from ductile failures to brittle failures
Comparative study of behaviour of cold formed steeland hot rolled steel secti...eSAT Journals
Abstract Cold-formed steel is used in large number of products. For example in metal building construction, for wall coverings, floor decking etc. Cold-formed steel is a basic component in construction of lightweight prefabricated structures like stud frame panels, trusses and portal frames.The Cold formed steel term itself make it different from hot rolled steel due to difference in manufacturing methods. Typically columns, beams and angles etc. are different globally. At room temperature cold formed steel members are formed by bending flat sheets. Cold formed steel sections mainly created using two methods those are break press through and rolling. Where hot rolled steel members are precasted. Therefore cold formed steel sections can be easily available at any place where hot rolled sections are not available. The cold formed steel components can be used for larger and complex structures. The Comparison of cold formed steel section and Hot rolled steel section of equal cross sectional area is done in this research paper. Sections were experimentally tested under axial compression in universal testing machine. Simultaneously, ultimate compressive strength of cold formed members and hot rolled members has been investigated. Also, different properties of the sections such as stresses induced in the sections, strain in the section, axial deflection, and lateral deflection are obtained experimentally. For measuring strain experimentally strain gage foils were used. The validation of results is done by preparing finite element model in ABAQUS software. From experimental work it is observed that cold formed steel sections has more load carrying capacity as compared to hot rolled steel section. Keywords: Ultimate compressive strength, buckling, cold formed steel, deflection, stress, strain, ABAQUS
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
Investigation on Flexural Behaviour of Cold Formed Latticed Built-Up BeamDr. Amarjeet Singh
There are two structural members used in steel construction the hot rolled members and the cold formed members. They are light members compared to the traditional heavier hot rolled steel structural members used in the field. They have high strength to weight ratio resulting in less dead weight making it a good option in construction of bridges roof trusses transmission line towers multi storied buildings and other structural members. This paper is done to understand the flexural capacity and to enhance it by developing innovative latticed cold formed steel beam. The impact of web opening of the cold formed beam on the flexural behavior of cold formed built-up I section under two point loading is investigated for the simply supported end conditions. Numerical analysis is performed using finite element analysis (FEM) software. From results, the load vs. Deflection curve, failure modes and ultimate load carrying capacity of the specimen presented in this paper. Therefore the main focus of this project is to investigate the flexural behavior of these steel members and by replacing the lattice hot rolled section by cold formed steel sections. The ultimate load carrying capacity with failure mode of simulated FEA models was compared with experimental results.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Design and Implmentation of Circular Cross Sectional Pressure Vessel Using Pr...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Piping Stress Analysis of a Hypothetical Oil Refinery Plant Having Separate S...IJSRD
In this study, a hypothetical simulation model is analyzed under varying uncertainty conditions; the key features of overlapping and functional interaction affect the performance measures of development time and effort. Findings indicate that, first and foremost, whether or not overlapping occurs, increasing functional interaction eventually leads to a sound system. A selective overview of group & individual process behaviors of a combined suction & discharge cycles of a hypothetical oil refinery plant is suggested. The pipe material is Carbon fiber reinforced plastic which is chosen because of its excellent length to weight ratio & it serves as an integral part the system which involves tank piping. This model uses psychologically legitimate & theoretically grounded models for time & decision rules. The results of preliminary simulation experiments suggest that the model is sensitive to structural & pay- off density & precisely replicates ideal free distributions. Pipe network models allow the modeling of storage tanks in which the working fluid (here, Naphtha) surface is inconsistent with inflow & outflow. Stress analysis of CFRP material shows that the maximum stresses are within allowable material strength. From the trials, it can be accomplished that, with proper design parameters, CFRP can take the design load similar to that of steel & other alloys
INVESTIGATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WELDING AND ITS EFFECT ON MECHANICAL BE...Journal For Research
AISI310 is widely used in the manufacture of heat exchangers, radiant tubes, muffles, furnace parts, food processing equipments. Welding is widely used fabrication method in such type of industrial applications; but unfortunately welding induces few problems such as residual stresses and induced distortions. Residual stresses have significant effect on performance of the weld joint subjected to loading. The AISI310 is welded using matched filler material. Thus the weld joint consist of two different materials having different behavior under tensile loading. In this study residual stresses are estimated by using Labeas and Diamantakos formula and values are assigned as an initial stress in FEM of weld joint. The weldment specimen model is subjected to tensile loading and effect of residual stress on local yielding is investigated. The ANSYS is used for this purpose. The response of weld joint to monotonically increasing tensile load is determined experimentally by conducting the transverse and longitudinal tension tests on UTM. The stress-strain behavior of the weld joint is studied vis a vis virgin 310 stainless steel alloy.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF ANGULAR SHEAR CONNECTOR IN COMPOSITE ...IAEME Publication
The use of cold-formed steel sections as major structural members is still limited. This is largely due to thinness of the sections. Exploitation of composite principles seems appropriate for promoting the use of the sections to a wider range of applications. A steel-concrete composite column is a compression member, comprising either a concrete encased hot-rolled steel section or a concrete filled tubular section of hot-rolled steel and is generally used as a load-bearing member in a composite framed structure and girders used as a beam sections.
Development of Quality Acceptance Sampling Plan for Imported Hot Rolled Steel...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Industrial Spherical pressure vessel design & analysis using FEAijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Hardeninig of steel (Jominy test)-CoET- udsmmusadoto
Controlling a material’s properties during processing is pivotal for any engineering field. A specific hardness for a metal is often a desirable characteristic for many applications, so controlling hardness is important during processing. To increase the hardness of steel, it is often quenched from a high temperature to form martensite, a hard yet brittle phase of iron. The extent of martensite formation, including hardness and depth of formation, is known as hardenability. This practical provides an experiment for measurement of hardenability in plain carbon steel and an alloyed steel according to, the Jominy End-Quench Test , (ASTM A255 – 10). The demonstration exercise involve quenching one end of a heated steel sample ,comparing and evaluating the hardness distribution using measurements obtained at different locations(distance interval) on the sample(specimens) surface.
In the material testing laboratory, a Charpy impact test was performed on three different types (hot,cold,and steel alloy)of steels testing each variety at four different temperatures (32°C(RT), 100°C,0°C and -22°C ). From results (shown below), we determined that the a transition is from ductile failures to brittle failures
Comparative study of behaviour of cold formed steeland hot rolled steel secti...eSAT Journals
Abstract Cold-formed steel is used in large number of products. For example in metal building construction, for wall coverings, floor decking etc. Cold-formed steel is a basic component in construction of lightweight prefabricated structures like stud frame panels, trusses and portal frames.The Cold formed steel term itself make it different from hot rolled steel due to difference in manufacturing methods. Typically columns, beams and angles etc. are different globally. At room temperature cold formed steel members are formed by bending flat sheets. Cold formed steel sections mainly created using two methods those are break press through and rolling. Where hot rolled steel members are precasted. Therefore cold formed steel sections can be easily available at any place where hot rolled sections are not available. The cold formed steel components can be used for larger and complex structures. The Comparison of cold formed steel section and Hot rolled steel section of equal cross sectional area is done in this research paper. Sections were experimentally tested under axial compression in universal testing machine. Simultaneously, ultimate compressive strength of cold formed members and hot rolled members has been investigated. Also, different properties of the sections such as stresses induced in the sections, strain in the section, axial deflection, and lateral deflection are obtained experimentally. For measuring strain experimentally strain gage foils were used. The validation of results is done by preparing finite element model in ABAQUS software. From experimental work it is observed that cold formed steel sections has more load carrying capacity as compared to hot rolled steel section. Keywords: Ultimate compressive strength, buckling, cold formed steel, deflection, stress, strain, ABAQUS
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Reducing And Analysizing of Flow Accelerated Corrosion at Thermal Power Plant...IJERA Editor
The purpose of this study is to Reducing and Analysing of Flow Accelerated Corrosion in Thermal Plant Heat Recovery Steam Generators. All these studies have been performed in a new and 16 year-old established Combined Cycle Power Plants in Turkey. Corrosion cases have been investigated due to Mechanical Outage Reports at Power Plant in 2011-2015. Flow Accelerated Corrosion study has been based on specific zone related with Economizer Low Pressure connection pipings. It was issued a performance report. Results and lessons learnt from these studies will be used as a preventive action manner in all similar Plants
Hello Friends,
Please find Basics of Pipe stress analysis, this is in continuation to earlier posts (Walk through Piping & pipe Stress). If all read in conjunction, shall give you a very good OVERVIEW of pipe stress analysis.
Next will target individual equipment connected piping stress analysis methodology.
1467782670 5 ijaems-jun-2016-49-finite element analysis for the buckling load...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The buckling behavior of the geometry subjected to static loading (compression) is presented. The columns under consideration were made with corrugation perpendicular to the line of action which coincides exactly with the unstrained axis of the column. Four different arrangements of tubes have been considered for all the conditions taken into consideration. The thickness of the tubes, the number of corrugation, and diameter of the tubes, pitch and depth of the tubes have been varied accordingly. Analysis of the prepared tubes was performed using ANSYS 17.0. A linear buckling analysis was performed to calculate the critical load of the corrugated tubes. The effect of buckling and maximum critical load of the FEM models are discussed.
Eigenvalue Buckling Computation and Impact on Pipeline Wall Thickness and Sub...IOSRJMCE
Submarine pipelines used in the transportation of hydrocarbon in the oil and gas industry are usually subjected to external hydrostatic pressure and compressive stresses resulting in susceptibility to buckling and loss of structural stability. The objective of the present work was to examine influence of wall thickness on eigenvalue buckling load and hydrostatic pressure on ocean depth. Linear buckling analysis was conducted employing finite element method using ANSYS software package and the simulation was conducted varying wall thickness and ocean depth. The investigation showed collapse buckling pressure decreased linearly with ocean water depth but increased with thickness increment. Pipeline buckling failure can be minimized with wall thickness optimization design and selection.
Buckling behavior of straight slot tubesunder oblique loading – A comparative...IJAEMSJORNAL
Hollow tubes are the most important or crucial parts of the rapidly growing automobile and construction industry. The tube is subjected to pure buckling. In theanalysis, one end is fixed and the force is applied to theother end and by application of different angles of inclinations ranging from 0˚ to 20˚ with different thicknessof the range of 0.5 to 2.0. Linear buckling code was used forfinding the critical buckling load. This research paper is about the effects of buckling under oblique loading. It is the process in which the tube is subjected to compressive oblique loading and the tube fails by the first increase in crossectional area and then bulging on any of the sides but in the case, oblique loading in hollow tube shell bulges internally or inside the perimeter of the tube.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 6, Issue 5 (March 2013), PP. 91-97
Ovality in Pipe Bends by Finite Element Analysis
Kaviti. R Vara Prasad1, Tippa Bhimasankara Rao2
1
PG Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nimra Institute of Science and Technology
2
HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nimra Institute of Science and Technology, Vijayawada, AP,
India
Abstract:- Pipe bends are critical components in piping systems. In the manufacturing process of pipe
bends it is difficult to avoid thickening on the inner radius of the pipe bend and thinning on the outer
radius of the pipe bend. The cross section of the bend also becomes non circular due to bending
process; this tends to cause ovality in pipe bends. The acceptability of pipe bends is based on the
induced level of shape imperfections considered. Ovality is the shape imperfection considered for the
analysis which varies from 0 to 8%.This study is an attempt to analyze the ovality effect of inlet pigtail
bend, INCOLOY 800 ASTM B407 material which is used in hydrogen reformer application. The finite
element method is used to model and analyze a stand-alone, long-radius pipe bend with 42.2mm
nominal diameter and a 250mm bend radius with specified length. A parametric study was performed
in which the bend factor is taken as 1.90 to 2.07. Internal pressure is incremented for each model, until
it reaches 27 x 108 N/mm2. During this process, the bend undergoes plastic instability due to pressure
and thermal effect. The results are presented in the form of total deflection and stresses for the
incremented internal pressure and the same is computed for various percentage of ovality. The
computed results are compared and the effects of total deflection and stresses of the pipe bends are
noted.
Keywords:- Creep, Ovality.
I. INTRODUCTION
Plain pipe bends are commonly used in the piping systems of power plants. Pipe bends are used to
convey fluid and to change the direction of the fluid flowing inside. Pipe bends are curved bar with annular
cross section whose reaction to external loading is complex. Therefore, the life assessment and failure prediction
of pipe bends is an important factor to be considered in the design and safe operation of pipelines. The design
life of pipe bends by codes is usually based on the mean diameter formulae for straight pipes, which is
applicable to the situations where significant system loads or other external loads are not present.
Fig.1 Pipes
II. BENDING PIPES
It is subjected to many different kinds of loading load. Sustained load arise from the mechanical force
acting on the system under design conditions but for purpose of code design three categories of load type
defined: sustained load, occasional load and expansion which include pressure, self-weight, fluid weight and
insulation weight. Occasional load also arise from mechanical forces but are expected to occur during only a
small proportion of the plant life, such as wind load, seismic load and reaction load due to opening of pressure
safety valve. Expansion load arises when the piping system experiences changes in temperature over the
operating cycle which causes cyclic thermal expansion of the piping material, inducing thermal stress in the
piping components and reaction forces at piping supports and nozzle connected to static equipment.
The bend section may be a potential source of damage during service, particularly in cases where
significant validly and wall thickness variation (thinning/thickening) exist, which are introduced during the
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2. Ovality in Pipe Bends by Finite Element Analysis
manufacturing process. Hence the acceptability of pipe bends depends on magnitude of the shape irregularities
during manufacturing process. In this paper a non-dimensional parameter defining the ratio of internal fluid
pressure to allowable stress is computed for tube ratio ranging from 5 to 40 and bend ratio from 1 to 5 to decide
the acceptability of pipe bends. In this paper, a specific report from an industry actively engaged in the
manufacturing of inlet pigtail pipe bends for hydrogen reformer application has been considered and analysis is
done in which the ovality varies from 0 to 8%.
Fig.2 Bend Pipes
III. DEFINITION OF LOCATION ON BEND
Pipe bends are more flexible than similar length of straight pipe, due to the complex deformation they
exhibit under bending loads. When a pipe bend is subjected to a bending load, the cross section of the pipe
changes from circle to oval. The deformation of the cross section may enhance or reduce the strength and
stiffness of the bend, depending on the direction of the movement. When the bend is pressurized, the behaviour
becomes more complex again, due to coupling between the pressure and bending response. When a pressurized
pipe bend is subjected to a bending moment, the pressure acts against the ovalization deformation. This paper
provides numerical solution of pipe bend subjected to combined pressure and bending with temperature effect
based on detailed three-dimensional finite element [FE] analysis. For a wide range of elbow geometry, FE
analysis is performed based on elastic-perfectly plastic material INCOLOY 800 ASTM B407 with the small
geometry change option. Creep is the progressive time-dependent inelastic deformation under constant load and
temperature. Relaxation is the time-dependent decrease of stress under the condition of constant deformation
and temperature. For many structural materials, for example steel, both the creep and the relaxation can be
observed above a certain critical temperature. The creep process is accompanied by many different slow
macrostructural rearrangements including dislocation movement, ageing of microstructure and grain-boundary
cavitation.The above definitions of creep and relaxation are related to the case of uni-axial homogeneous stress
states realized in standard material testing. Under “creep instructors” we understand time-dependent changes of
strain and stress states taking place in structural components as a consequence of external loading and
temperature. Examples of these changes include progressive deformations, relaxation and redistribution of
stresses, local reduction of material strength, etc. Furthermore, the strain and stress states are inhomogeneous
and multi-axial in most cases. The scope of “creep modeling for structural analysis” is to develop a tool which
allows simulating the time-dependent behaviour in engineering structures up to the critical state of creep rupture.
In Chapter 1 we discuss basic features of creep behaviour of materials and structures, present the state of the art
within the framework of creep modeling and define the scope of this contribution.
IV. CREEP PHENOMENA IN STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
The analysis of the material behaviour can be based on different experimental observations, for example,
macroscopic and microscopic. The engineering approaches related to the stress-strain analysis of structures and
mostly based on the standard mechanical tests. In this section we discuss basic features of the creep behaviour
according to recently published results of creep testing under uni-axial and multi-axial stress states.
Uni-Axial Creep
Uni-axial creep tests belong to the basic experiments of the material behaviour evaluation.
A standard cylindrical tension specimen is heated up to the temperature
Fig.3 Strain vs time curve under constant load & temprature I. Primary creep, II. Secondary creep, III.Tertairy
creep
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3. Ovality in Pipe Bends by Finite Element Analysis
0.3 −0.5Tm (Tm is the melting temperature of the material) and loaded by a tensile force. The value of
the normal stress in the specimen σ is usually much less than the yield limit of the material σy. The
instantaneous material response is therefore elastic. The load and the temperature are kept constant during the
test and the axial engineering strain ε is plotted versus time. A typical creep curve for a metal is schematically
shown in Fig.3. The instantaneous response can be characterized by the strain value εel. The time-dependent
response is the slow increase of the strain with a variable rate. Following Andrade [95], three stages can be
considered in atypical creep curve: the first stage (primary or reduced creep), the second stage (secondary or
stationary creep) and the third stage (tertiary or accelerated creep). During the primary creep stage the creep rate
decreases to a certain value (minimum creep rate). The secondary stage is characterized by the approximately
constant creep rate.
Multi-Axial Creep
Experimental data obtained from uni-axial tests allow to establish basic features of the creep behaviour
and to find relations between strain rate, stress, temperature, time, etc. Most structural members are, however,
subjected to multi-axial stress and strain conditions. In order to analyze the influence of the stress state on the
time dependent material behaviour, multi-axial creep tests are required. Various techniques have been developed
to test materials under multi-axial loading conditions. Examples of multi-axial specimens for creep testing are:
thin-walled pipes subjected to axial force and torque, e.g. [168], two- and three-dimensional cruciform
specimens subjected to axial forces, e.g. [282, 283], circumferentially notched specimens subjected to axial
force, e.g. [146, 251]. Fig.4 shows a thin-walled pipe under the axial force and torque with the magnitudes F and
M, respectively. Let rm be the mean radius of the cross section, h the wall thickness and L the gauge length.
With the local cylindrical basis er, eϕ and k, as shown in Fig. 1.7, the stress state can be characterized by the
following tensor
The deviatory part of the stress tensor is
Fig.4 Thin-walled pipe under the axial force and torque with the magnitudes F and M
V. PROBLEM DEFINITION
Creep: It is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence
of stresses.
Ovality (Elliptic): The degree of ovality is determined by the difference between the major and minor
diameters divided by the nominal diameter of the pipe.
Percent ovality is
Thinning: Thinning, which occurs at extrados of the pipe bend, is defined as the ratio of the difference
between the nominal thickness and the minimum thickness to the nominal thickness of the pipe bend.
Percent thinning is
Thickening: Thickening occurs at intrados and is defined as the difference between the maximum thickness
and the nominal thickness divided by the nominal thickness of the pipe bend.
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4. Ovality in Pipe Bends by Finite Element Analysis
Percent thickening is
The following assumptions are made in the analysis: Linear behaviour, homogeneous isotropic material
and steady static state loading. The effects of the following are not considered in the present evaluation:
Bourdon’s effect, external pressure, external force, external moments, centrifugal forces due to change of fluid
flow direction, effects of friction between the pipe inside fluid and the pipe bend interfaces between the straight
pipe before fabricating in to pipe bend and pipe bend surface roughness. The piping system considered a long
radius bend with two attached equal length straight pipe runs and the cross section of the bend is assumed to
become a perfect ellipse after bending. The mean cross sectional radius of the bend (R) considered as 250 mm,
the bend factor incremented from 1.90 to 2.07 and the percentage of ovality varied from 0 to 8. The internal
pressure incremented for each model till it reaches 27x108N/mm2.
Fig.5 Pipe bend cross section before and after bending Fig.6 Pipe bends attached to two straight
runs
The length of the attached straight piping was chosen to ensure that the bend response was independent
for the various percentage of ovality. The major axis of the elliptical shape of pipe bend is assumed to be
perpendicular to the plane of bending of the pipe bend. The minor axis of the elliptical shape of pipe bend is
assumed to be in the plane of pipe bend. The pipe bend is assumed to be smooth, without ripples and flattening.
The pipe bend had a nominal diameter of D=42.2mm and the bend’s axis had a radius of curvature R=250mm to
represent a long-radius pipe bend with radius ratio (R/r=11.85). The pipe wall thickness (t)varied between
3.7mm to 3.4mm this corresponds to a variation in the bend factor (h) between 1.90 and 2.07.These values were
chosen to represent standard pipe schedules Sch.40S.
Table.1 Input data
VI. ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
The piping system configuration has two planes of symmetry and as such can be modelled by a quarter
finite element meshes, with appropriate symmetry boundary conditions applied. The pipe bend geometry was
modelled in CATIAV5 Wild fire 4 and imported in to ANSYS 11.0 as an IGES file. A convergence study was
performed to establish a suitable mesh density for the model. The bend was described by 352670 Nodes and
66060 Elements along the Pipe. The bend is subject to bending and internal pressure loading. The pressure
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5. Ovality in Pipe Bends by Finite Element Analysis
applied as a surface load along the bend with attached pipe surface. The system assumed to be fixed at both ends,
such that the internal pressure gives rise to an axial thrust in the system and the same is applied to the pipe end
as an edge pressure, which remains normal to the end of the pipe during deformation. Two loading sequences
were considered in the investigation. The internal pressure and temperature were applied to the model
simultaneously. The internal pressure was applied to a pre-determined value then held constant of ovality for
various percentages.
Temperature–pressure interaction surfaces were constructed by performing analysis of each piping system
for different bend geometry.
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Zero degree Ovality
Fig.7 Max Deformation Fig.8 Von-Misses Stress distribution Fig.9 SCL Curves
Deformation: Max Deformation is 0.808 mm is obtained at ends and shown below
Stress: Max Von-Misses Stress is obtained 1275 MPA at inner layer of tube.
SCL Curves: Membrane, Mem +Bend& Total Stress, are plotted at Maximum Stress. Total Stress
obtained is 961.933MPA
Five degrees Ovality
Fig.10 Max Deformation Fig.11 Von-Misses Stress distribution Fig.12 SCL Curves
Deformation: Max Deformation is 0.167 mm is obtained at ends and shown below
Stress: Max Von-Misses Stress is obtained 1582 MPA at inner layer of tube.
SCL Curves: Membrane, Mem + Bend& Total Stress, are plotted at Maximum Stress. Total Stress
obtained is 966.838 MPA
Eight degrees Ovality
Fig.13 Max Deformation Fig.14 Von-Misses Stress distribution Fig.15 SCL Curves
Deformation: Max Deformation is 0.177 mm is obtained at ends and shown below
Stress: Max Von-Misses Stress is obtained 1585 MPA at inner layer of tube.
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6. Ovality in Pipe Bends by Finite Element Analysis
SCL Curves: Membrane, Mem + Bend& Total Stress, are plotted at Maximum Stress. Total Stress
obtained is 961.933 MPA
10 degrees Ovality
Fig.16 Max Deformation Fig.17 Von-Misses Stress distribution Fig.18 SCL Curves
Deformation: Max Deformation is 0.176 mm is obtained at ends and shown below
Stress: Max Von-Misses Stress is obtained 1580 MPA at inner layer of tube.
SCL Curves: Membrane, Mem+Bend& Total Stress, are plotted at Maximum Stress. Total Stress
obtained is 980.02 MPA
15 degrees Ovality
Fig.19 Max Deformation Fig.20 Von-Misses Stress distribution Fig.21 SCL Curves
Deformation: Max Deformation is 0.258 mm is obtained at ends and shown below
Stress: Max Von-Misses Stress is obtained 1703 MPA at inner layer of tube.
SCL Curves: Membrane, Mem+Bend& Total Stress, are plotted at Maximum Stress. Total Stress
obtained is 929.312MPA.
20 degrees Ovality
Fig.22 Max Deformation Fig.23 Von-Misses Stress distribution Fig.24 SCL Curves
Deformation: Max Deformation is 0.306mm is obtained at ends and shown below
Stress: Max Von-Misses Stress is obtained 1700 MPA at inner layer of tube.
SCL Curves: Membrane, Mem + Bend & Total Stress, are plotted at Maximum Stress. Total Stress
obtained is 936.272MPA
PM=MEMBRANE, PL+PB=MEMBRANE + BENDING, PL+PB+Q=TOTAL
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7. Ovality in Pipe Bends by Finite Element Analysis
Table.2 Case study of degrees of ovality
VIII. CONCLUSION
Hence, from the result table it is concluded that the deformation for the ovality change in the pipe is varied like
a sine wave form as we can see at zero % ovality the deformation is maximum with a value of 0.808 and then
suddenly decreases at 5% ovality and then increases uniformly up to 20% ovality. From the result table it is
concluded that the stress at the zero % ovality is 1275 and then it increases up to 1700 for the 20% ovality of the
pipe bend.
Therefore, it is concluded that the optimum ovality for the pipe bend is stated as the 5%ovality level.
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