This document summarizes the results of a helicopter electromagnetic survey conducted along a 130km pipeline corridor to map subsurface conductivity and aid in pipeline construction planning. The survey identified areas of shallow bedrock that would require blasting versus deeper overburden that could be trenched. Drill holes along the corridor were used to calibrate the electromagnetic conductivity measurements with actual subsurface conditions. A conductivity value of 6mS/m correlated well with a 2m overburden depth, the depth needed for pipeline trenching. The survey effectively mapped subsurface conditions and reduced costs associated with pipeline planning and construction.
Deep Penetration Radar. Exploration of Geological Substructures. Experimental...Leonid Krinitsky
When developing the "Loza" deep penetration radar, great efforts were taken to make the device's sounding depth attractive for geologists and geophysicists. Loza’s deep penetration radar has the following characteristics; ultrahigh power, signal energy concentration in the low-frequency spectrum area, large dynamic range of reflected signal recording [1], enabling the GPR to be applied in the exploration of subsurface structures to depths of 100-150 meters in heavy-textured low-resistivity soils and up to 200-300 meters in high-resistivity rocks.
Deep Penetration Radar: Hydrogeology and Paleorelief of Underlying MediumLeonid Krinitsky
We discuss geophysical applications of enhanced-power ground penetrating radar. Its technical characteristics assure penetration depth and resolution sufficient for probing weak subsurface boundaries, such as buried riverbeds or interfaces between natural and artificial grounds. Examples of deep GPR scans demonstrate weak protracted echo signals originated at smooth permittivity gradients of the subsurface medium. Their quantitative interpretation can be done with the help of time-domain version of coupled WKB approximation.
Deep Penetration Radar. Exploration of Geological Substructures. Experimental...Leonid Krinitsky
When developing the "Loza" deep penetration radar, great efforts were taken to make the device's sounding depth attractive for geologists and geophysicists. Loza’s deep penetration radar has the following characteristics; ultrahigh power, signal energy concentration in the low-frequency spectrum area, large dynamic range of reflected signal recording [1], enabling the GPR to be applied in the exploration of subsurface structures to depths of 100-150 meters in heavy-textured low-resistivity soils and up to 200-300 meters in high-resistivity rocks.
Deep Penetration Radar: Hydrogeology and Paleorelief of Underlying MediumLeonid Krinitsky
We discuss geophysical applications of enhanced-power ground penetrating radar. Its technical characteristics assure penetration depth and resolution sufficient for probing weak subsurface boundaries, such as buried riverbeds or interfaces between natural and artificial grounds. Examples of deep GPR scans demonstrate weak protracted echo signals originated at smooth permittivity gradients of the subsurface medium. Their quantitative interpretation can be done with the help of time-domain version of coupled WKB approximation.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
The Lectures describes the Electrical method of Geophysical Prospecting in brief. SP surveying and Occurrence of Self potential and its application is discussed in brief.
This Lecture includes the Resistivity survey, field procedure, application advantage, limitaion, Apparant resistivity, VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding), Resistivity Profiling and IP Survey in brief.
Morphometric Studies of Fourth order Sub-Basins (FOSB’s) in North Bangalore M...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Using watershed as a basic unit in morphometric analysis is the most logical choice because all hydrologic and geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The North Bangalore Metropolitan Region is constitutes a part of North Pennar, South Pennar and Cauvery Basins has been selected for the case illustration. Geo-informatics module consists of GIS mapping for location map, drainage map, surface water body map, sub-basin map etc are generated. Morphometric module consists of morphometric analysis for several drainage basin parameters include stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, drainage frequency, form factor, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, texture ratio, length of overland flow and constant of channel maintenance are also calculated. An attempt has been made to utilize the interpretation capabilities of GIS to find out the relationship between the morphometric parameters at sub basin level.
Test of Electrical Resistivity Method Described here.Electrical sounding and electrical profile sub method are depicted in this presentation. It Deals with Exploring the Subsoil strata without digging the soil. This is one of the best method using more frequently these days.
Finding the Spontaneous/Self Potential of the SurfaceIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Measuring the spontaneous/self potential of the ground at different points in a line to now the subsurface structure.This helps us to show the high potential and low potential points of the ground,actually these are the elevation and steep areas of the subsurface structure.basically,these points together forms in the shape of the countor map of the area which shows the characteristics of the subsurface. This experiment is carried out by the voltmeter.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
The Lectures describes the Electrical method of Geophysical Prospecting in brief. SP surveying and Occurrence of Self potential and its application is discussed in brief.
This Lecture includes the Resistivity survey, field procedure, application advantage, limitaion, Apparant resistivity, VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding), Resistivity Profiling and IP Survey in brief.
Morphometric Studies of Fourth order Sub-Basins (FOSB’s) in North Bangalore M...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Using watershed as a basic unit in morphometric analysis is the most logical choice because all hydrologic and geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The North Bangalore Metropolitan Region is constitutes a part of North Pennar, South Pennar and Cauvery Basins has been selected for the case illustration. Geo-informatics module consists of GIS mapping for location map, drainage map, surface water body map, sub-basin map etc are generated. Morphometric module consists of morphometric analysis for several drainage basin parameters include stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, drainage frequency, form factor, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, texture ratio, length of overland flow and constant of channel maintenance are also calculated. An attempt has been made to utilize the interpretation capabilities of GIS to find out the relationship between the morphometric parameters at sub basin level.
Test of Electrical Resistivity Method Described here.Electrical sounding and electrical profile sub method are depicted in this presentation. It Deals with Exploring the Subsoil strata without digging the soil. This is one of the best method using more frequently these days.
Finding the Spontaneous/Self Potential of the SurfaceIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Measuring the spontaneous/self potential of the ground at different points in a line to now the subsurface structure.This helps us to show the high potential and low potential points of the ground,actually these are the elevation and steep areas of the subsurface structure.basically,these points together forms in the shape of the countor map of the area which shows the characteristics of the subsurface. This experiment is carried out by the voltmeter.
A geomatics approach to the interpretation of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)Stuart Glenday
Presentation to Dept. of Geogrpahy, Queen Mary University of London. Use of 3d visualisation and Geomatics techniques to support interpretation of GPR data.
Seawater salinity modelling based on electromagnetic wave characterizationIJECEIAES
Wireless communications have experienced tremendous growth, and improving their performance based on specific parameters requires an accurate model. Salt seawater, being an abundant resource, could play a crucial role in various applications such as enhancing electrical conductivity, monitoring security, improving battery power efficiency, and creating liquid antennas. Salinity is an essential factor to consider when developing these applications. This paper focused on investigating the electromagnetic properties of seawater salinity in the context of marine wireless communications. The results of the study showed that salinity has a significant impact on the Fresnel reflection coefficient in terms of magnitude, phase shift, and polarization, and can either constructively or destructively affect it. The new model paved the way for the development of an integrated salt seawater model that addressed the complex salinity issues involved in these applications.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
PIPELINE PLANNING WITH AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETICS
1. Greg Hodges, Chief Geophysicist, Geoterrex-Dighem
Jonathan Rudd, P.Eng., Geophysicist, Geoterrex-Dighem
Dominique Boitier, Compagnie General de Geophysique
ABSTRACT
Helicopter EM surveys have been used to map apparent
conductivity as an aid to characterizing ground conditions in
advance of pipeline construction. The cost of pipeline
construction is strongly dependent on the ground conditions
encountered, and accurate prediction of these conditions
can reduce the planning risk considerably.
A DIGHEM
V
conductivity survey was used to map ground
conditions along approximately 130km of prospective
pipeline corridor, 400m in width. The survey took about two
days to complete, providing a map of apparent conductivity
with a resolution of approximately 10m. The results are
interpreted to determine the extent of shallow bedrock
(which would require blasting) and deeper overburden
which could be trenched to the depth necessary for the
pipeline. Over much of the survey area it is possible to
define a single apparent conductivity value as the borderline
between soils, which could be trenched, and rock which
would have to be blasted. The survey maps the depth to
bedrock, and gives some indication of the soil types based
on ground conductivity measurements.
The airborne EM survey reduced the time and cost
associated with gaining land access and permission for
drilling. The survey also served as a check for buried,
unknown power lines and pipelines. Airborne EM surveys
have also been used to map ground conductivity after the
pipelines have been constructed to detect areas of high
ground conductivity due to clays or saline soils. These soils
can create conditions in which pipeline corrosion is
accelerated.
Airborne EM surveys are an effective means of reducing
cost and risk in the planning, construction and monitoring of
pipelines. Integrated with ground-based measurements and
a drilling program, airborne EM apparent conductivity
results can serve to gain a more complete understanding of
ground characteristics across the areas of interest.
INTRODUCTION
The costs of constructing a pipeline are highly dependant
on the relative occurrence of consolidated (rock) and
unconsolidated (soil) material in the top three metres of
ground. Where rock occurs in the upper 3 metres, it has to
be blasted which is far more expensive than trenching
through surficial soils. Helicopter electromagnetic (HEM)
surveys are used to map the electrical and magnetic
properties as an aid to characterizing ground conditions in
advance of pipeline construction. An accurate determination
of ground conditions can reduce the planning risk
considerably.
A DIGHEM
V
HEM survey was completed along a pipeline
corridor approximately 130 km in length and 400 m wide in
southern Quebec, Canada, as shown in Figure 1. The data
took four days to acquire. Drill results at several locations
along this corridor are used in conjunction with the HEM
survey results to delineate the depth of the interface
between soil and rock throughout the survey area.
Figure 1: Survey Area
THE DIGHEM
V
HEM SYSTEM
The Dighem
V
HEM system is a frequency domain system,
with five transmitter/receiver coil pairs in a bird slung below
the helicopter at a ground clearance of about 30m. The
standard system has a frequency range from about 380Hz
up to 56,000Hz, with coils oriented in both coplanar
configuration for high sensitivity resistivity mapping, and
vertical-coaxial coils for sensitivity to vertical conductors.
A new system developed since this survey, and designed
for this type of conductivity mapping work is available, which
employs 5 coplanar coil pairs with a frequency range up to
over 100,000Hz. This system provides more detailed
measurements in the near-surface layers, which will
improve the accuracy of this type of engineering survey.
The transmitted field energises the ground below, inducing
electric currents which change depending on the resistivity
of the ground. Variations in the soil and rock conductivity,
which are usually calculated as the apparent resistivity,
change the strength and phase relationship of the returned
secondary field measured with the receiver.
The HEM survey is carried out at about 30m per second,
with the HEM bird carried at about 30m ground clearance.
This survey speed provides for very rapid ground coverage,
and much reduced cost relative to ground geophysics on
MAPPING CONDUCTIVITY WITH
HELICOPTER ELECTROMAGNETIC
SURVEYS AS AN AID TO PLANNING
AND MONITORING PIPELINE
CONSTRUCTION
2. larger surveys. The entire 130km of pipeline corridor
surveyed for this project required only four days of data
acquisition. Increasing the width of the corridor surveyed
would only marginally increase the survey time, as it would
increase the size of each small block, improving the
efficiency of the survey process.
The system is positioned by real-time differential GPS, and
magnetic data and a video of the ground track are collected
with the EM. The magnetic data can help interpret the
changes in bedrock, as well as cultural interference. The
ground track video helps to verify position, and to identify
surficial features and culture. A 60Hz detector will identify
artificial power sources - power lines and buildings.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SURVEYS FOR
OVERBURDEN
The depth of exploration depends on several factors - the
frequency of the EM signal, the sensitivity of the receiver
and the conductivity of the ground. The penetration
increases as the EM frequency decreases. By employing
five different frequencies, the standard DIGHEM
V
system is
able to sample the ground at different depths, building a 3
dimensional picture of the distribution of resistivity in the
ground. For example, in ground of 100 mS/m conductivity,
the spread of frequencies will roughly sample between
surface and 60m deep. Sensitivity is controlled by the
quality of the electronics, and by the ability to see the weak
secondary field through the powerful primary field. The
DIGHEM systems accomplish this by moving the receivers
as far as practical from the transmitters, 8m. Decreasing
conductivity allows the EM fields to penetrate deeper into
the earth, increasing the depth of exploration (Fraser,
1978).
The strength of the anomaly depends on the conductivity
and thickness of the layers of overburden and geology. For
the purposes of this work, we are looking only at the near
surface, so we simplify the geology to overburden and
bedrock – two layers. Overburden is generally, although
not always, more conductive than the under-lying bedrock
(McNeill, 1980). This is due to the higher porosity and
hence higher water content of the overburden relative to the
bedrock, and to a generally higher content of electrically
conductive clay minerals in the soils. This is particularly true
of glacial tills, such as are common in the area of this
survey. Deeper overburden occupies a greater proportion of
the ground being sampled by the electromagnetic system,
and so creates a more conductive response than if the
system were sampling a higher percentage of bedrock.
In areas of relatively consistent overburden type, the
apparent conductivity measured can be correlated to the
overburden depth, and the shape of the conductivity
anomalies shows the distribution of the overburden.
The HEM system is complemented by a magnetic survey.
The magnetic data sets can be used in some cases to
discriminate conductive bedrock from conductive surficial
geology.
PROGRAM RESULTS
The results from two portions of the pipeline corridor are
discussed following. Block 22-26 represents approximately
8 percent of the surveyed corridor and block 12-13
represents approximately 4 percent. These areas were
chosen because they represent the areas for which drill
information was available.
Figure 2: Block 22-26
BLOCK 22-26
The first detail block covers a planned pipeline length of
approximately 11 km, surveyed as five linear segments. The
apparent conductivity from the 56,000 Hz coplanar EM data
set is presented over the topography in Figure 2. The
conductivity ranges from less than 1 to over 1000 mS/m.
Cultural features within planned pipeline corridors are
common since these routes are often planned along
existing infrastructure. The corridor which is presented here
runs through a relatively populated area and much of it
extends parallel with roads and transmission lines. The
56,000 Hz data set is relatively immune to these noise
sources and their effect is largely insignificant in the survey
results.
3. The general correlation of the conductive portions of the
surveyed area with low topographic relief supports the
interpretation that the variation in the conductivity is caused
primarily by conductive cover. A good example of this
correlation can be seen in the far north of the area, where a
stream with associated sediment causes a conductivity high
in the data set.
Conversely, topographic highs are generally seen to
correlate with conductivity lows. An interpreted bedrock
outcrop in the northern portion of the survey area and a
prominent topographic ridge in the south both produce
marked conductivity lows.
Exceptions to the general relationship of high conductivity
with thick soil cover are present in this area. A linear
conductivity high within the area indicated as a ridge, reflect
a conductive bedrock unit. The magnetic data sets can be
useful for the confirmation of bedrock sources, because the
magnetic data sets generally reflect bedrock sources only,
as surficial soils do not usually contain significant
concentrations of magnetic minerals.
Figure 3: Detail A
Drill hole information is available for two vicinities within this
block - within detail A and detail B. In detail A (see Figure
3), two drill holes have tested the boundary zone between
resistive bedrock to the west and conductive soils to the
east. The EM data sets indicate a conductivity of 5 to 6
mS/m for hole 57 and 4 to 5 mS/m for hole 52. These low
conductivities indicate a relatively thin layer of soil. Both drill
holes indicate a depth to bedrock of 1.5 m and depth to
water table of greater than 1.5m. At this shallow depth to
bedrock, the EM data sets are responding primarily to the
resistive bedrock beneath the soil. Toward the east, the soil
cover is interpreted to thicken significantly as indicated by
higher conductivities of 200 mS/m and more.
Two holes have been drilled in the detail area B (see Figure
4) where the topography slopes gradually toward the east
southeast. The two holes test an area where the EM data
sets indicate a moderately conductive response of between
5 and 15 mS/m. The first drill hole, 53, has an associated
conductivity of approximately 10 mS/m and has a depth to
bedrock of 3.35m. Hole 54 has an associated conductivity
of approximately 8 mS/m and a depth to bedrock of 1.75m.
Figure 4: Detail B
BLOCK 12-13
The second block covers a planned pipeline length of
approximately 5 km, surveyed as two linear segments. The
apparent conductivity from the 56,000 Hz coplanar EM data
set is presented over the topography in Figure 5. The
conductivity of this block is generally lower than Block A and
ranges from much less than 1 to approximately 100 mS/m.
Cultural features within this block occur in the central
portion through detail area C. A railway line, power
transmission line, and two roads extend from west to east
through this area. Again, the effect of these cultural features
is not significant in the 56,000 Hz data set and has little
bearing on the interpretation of the data set.
The topography in this block slopes gently downward from
the northern limit to the north-central portion of the area,
flattens to the middle of the area, and then slopes gently up
to the southern limit of the block. There is no general
correlation of the conductive portions of the surveyed area
with low topographic relief. Indeed, only three areas have
anomalously high conductivities indicative of significant
accumulations of soil. These three conductive areas are in
the extreme northeast of the area, across the central portion
of the area in detail A, and in the southern portion of the
area. The stream in the northern portion of the block does
have a correlating weak conductivity high, indicating some
accumulation of soils.
4. Figure 5: Block 12-13
The generally lower conductivity in this block suggests that
either the soils in this area are more sandy and therefore
less conductive, or that there is less soil cover.
Two holes have been drilled in the detail area A, where a
conductive feature in the EM data sets extends across the
Figure 6: Detail C
corridor. Hole 46 tests the centre of this conductive feature
where the apparent conductivity is 13 mS/m. The depth to
bedrock is quite deep at 8.35 m. Hole 45 tests the same
conductive feature, but on its southern flank. The apparent
conductivity at this location is 7 mS/m and the depth to
bedrock was found to be 4.95 m. The primary constituent of
the soil is till with near surface layers of silt, sand and
gravel. The water table is at surface.
As we expect, the decrease in conductivity (from 13 to 7
mS/m) correlates with a decrease in the thickness of the
surficial soils (from 8 to 5 m). This relationship will be
predictable where the conductivity of the surficial soils is
known to be relatively constant.
Figure 7: Conductivity vs. Soil Depth
CONDUCTIVITY TRENDS
The relationship between depth to bedrock and conductivity
is presented in graphical form in Figure 7. The general trend
in the data confirm that the conductivity increases with
increasing depth to bedrock. This trend is clear with 8 of the
10 drill holes. The remaining two holes, however, do not fit
this general trend.
Hole 29 has a low apparent conductivity of 7 mS/m and a
great depth to bedrock of over 20 m. This hole was drilled at
the edge of a large river bed where the major soil
constituent is sand. Very little clay is identified in the drill
logs. The absence of clay in the soil will serve to decrease
the overall conductivity and does, in fact, entirely account
for the low apparent conductivity in the EM response. In all
of the other drill holes, clay is a significant constituent of the
soil either as discrete layers or within till.
Hole 40 has a relatively low apparent conductivity of 10
mS/m and a depth to bedrock of 17 m. The hole was drilled
on the edge of a narrow, linear conductive feature which
reflects river sediments. The apparent conductivity is high
29
40
55
51
52
57
54
53
45
46
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
DEPTH TO BEDROCK
CONDUCTIVITY
5. because it is computed at the margin of the river bed and is
averaging the very low conductivity rock to the east with the
conductive soils in the river bed. The result of this averaging
is that the conductivity is understated.
We can look at these data in more detail by associating drill
holes which are in close proximity with each other, say
within a few hundred metres. In the figure, the data from drill
holes which are proximal to each other are joined by lines. It
is reasonable to expect that the closer the holes are to each
other, the less variation there will be in the composition of
the surficial soils. We would expect then, that for proximal
holes, the relationship between depth to bedrock and
conductivity would be better defined. This expectation is
confirmed in the three proximal hole pairs in Figure 7.
CREATING AN OVERBURDEN/BEDROCK
MAP
While the correlation between apparent resistivity and
overburden depth is affected by many more parameters
than just the depth of the overburden, in most cases the
overburden depth is the controlling factor on the apparent
resistivity of the near surface. The factors affecting the
direct relationship between overburden depth and apparent
resistivity are the type of overburden (which affects its
resistivity), the groundwater conditions and, to a lesser
degree, the bedrock type. Where these can be assumed to
be relatively constant, the overburden depth to conductivity
relationship will be predictable. This relationship can be
used to create a simple map distinguishing where the
overburden is deep enough for the pipeline trench to be
excavated by a backhoe, and where blasting will be
required. In the field, only a few drill holes along a very long
corridor for ground truth, or “calibration” of the results, can
allow a map to be created empirically, which can be used
for planning the pipeline route.
USING 2-LAYER INVERSION
In the case of this survey, it was found by comparison of
apparent conductivity to pre-existing drill holes that the
6mS/m (170 ohm-m) contour correlated quite well with a 2
metre depth of overburden, the depth of excavation needed
for the pipeline (Bouvier et al, 1999). This correlation was
established using only about a dozen drill holes, including
those previously described in this paper, over the 130km
length of the planned corridor. Any area with an apparent
resistivity of more than 170 ohm-m had insufficient
overburden to allow the pipeline to be placed without
blasting bedrock. If this correlation can be established
before the survey (from ground geophysics and test drilling,
for example), or in the field during the survey, it is possible
in the field to colour an apparent resistivity map to show two
basic colours, one for deep overburden and one for areas
which will require blasting.
In post-processing of the data, we use a multi-layer
inversion process to model the actual layer depth from the
highest frequency (Huang and Palacky, 1991). Such a map
is shown here in Figure 8. The map shows the depth to the
overburden in metres, derived by using a multi-layer
inversion of the 56,000 Hz data. The same features are
visible as were pointed out in the apparent resistivity map in
Figure 2, but now these features are measured in metres to
bedrock. The darkest black shows those areas for which
the interpreted depth to bedrock is less than the 2 metres
required for trenching with a backhoe. Also shown on the
depth map are the four drill holes on this segment of the
survey. The depths measured in the drill holes are within
0.5m of those measured from the HEM data inversion.
Figure 8: Depth to Bedrock
Because one frequency of the DIGHEM
V
system is highly
sensitive to this very shallow layer, the parameters inverted
must be limited, or the results will be unstable and the depth
section along the line will not be realistic. Where the soil
conductivity varies greatly over the area of the survey,
inversion parameters will have to be determined and
applied separately to different areas of the data. Any
additional information which can be used to define some
parameters of the inversion, such as overburden resistivities
measured with ground systems, can also be used to
improve the results. A DIGHEM
RES
resistivity system will
provide at least two frequencies sensitive to the near
surface, and an accurate inversion section can be
automatically calculated with corrections for variation in soil
conductivities.
6. Figure 9: Depth Section
It must be recognized that these results are derived from a
system 30m in the air, moving at 30m/s. At that altitude, the
system has a footprint of about 50 to 100 metres, so there is
a certain amount of averaging of the actual depth, and limit
to the resolution (Kovacs et al, 1995). A single drill hole may
not match the measured value from the HEM because of
the difference in sample size. This was demonstrated earlier
in the description of hole 40, Figure 7, where the hole was
on the edge of a bedrock ridge. If the HEM were matched to
a statistical average of many holes spaced only a few
metres apart, the match may be much more meaningful.
The accuracy of the results is also dependent on the
consistency of the match between the model(s) used in the
inversion and the ground conditions. While enough follow-
up information was not available to the authors to create a
statistically meaningful comparison of the predicted depths
and the final overburden depths measured during
construction, the results appear to have been accurate to
approximately 0.5m in the upper 3m. While this may not be
accurate enough to exactly define locations and depths at
which blasting must be used, it is sufficient to define the
total amount of blasting necessary, the locations at which it
clearly will or will not be needed, and preferable routes to
avoid bedrock. In areas where the indicated depth of
overburden is clearly much greater, or much less than the
planned depth only a few confirmatory drill holes will be
needed, to establish the margin of error. In transitional
zones between deep and shallow overburden closely
detailed drilling will be necessary to identify exact zones
through which trenching will suffice.
If we can create a depth to bedrock map like Figure 8, then
we can also create a depth section. Figure 9 shows a depth
section, demarcating bedrock from overburden, for the
central survey line through block 22-26 shown in the depth
map. Note that there is considerable vertical exaggeration
necessary to show the bedrock depths. We have also
indicated on the section the planned depth of the pipeline,
so the presentation makes it relatively easy to see where
the bedrock depths are marginal, or definitely too shallow
for backhoe trenching.
When actually planning the pipeline corridor, an airborne
resistivity / overburden depth survey is the fastest method of
mapping the overburden conditions over a wide corridor. A
broad area of prospective ground can quickly be mapped to
identify the ideal pipeline route to minimize cost and
environmental disruption.
POST-CONSTRUCTION SURVEY
The survey we have shown was conducted in advance of
any construction. However, the existence of a pipeline does
not prevent a survey from being conducted to map the soil
resistivity or depth. The example in Figure 10 shows a
survey conducted along a 25km section of the Trans
Canada Pipeline in central Canada, to map soil salinity.
The purpose of the survey was to identify highly conductive
soils close to the pipeline, as they increase the risk of
corrosion of the pipeline. The depth of overburden was
great enough that depth was not a factor affecting the
measured apparent resistivity. In this survey two main
Figure 10: Post-Construction Surveys
7. zones of higher conductivity are apparent, marked at A and
B. Zone A correlates to an area where increased soil
salinity is known. (TCPL, Pers comm, 1997) The source of
the increased conductivity at B is not known.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge Entrepose Ltd. for
permission to show the data from this survey, and for the
drill information presented here. We also thank Trans
Canada Pipelines Ltd. for permission to show their data.
The variations in apparent resistivity show that the this can
be measured close to existing pipelines, in this case a
corridor containing several 30” to 40” pipelines several
metres apart. The pipelines do affect the data on flight lines
within about 50m, but outside that corridor the soil resistivity
is accurately mapped.
REFERENCES
Bouvier, A, Elkaim, P., Hodges, G., 1999, Heliborne
Electromagnetic & Magnetic Surveying Applied to a Pipeline
Construction Project in Canada. Presented at EEGS
Annual Meeting, Budapest.
Fraser, D.C., 1978a, Resistivity mapping with an airborne
multicoil electromagnetic system: Geophysics, v. 43, p. 144-
172.
Huang, H, and Palacky, G.J., 1991; Damped Least-Squares
Inversion of Time-Domain Airborne EM Data Based on
Singular Value Decomposition Decomposition. In
Geophysical Prospecting, Vol 39, pp 827-844, 1991
Kovacs, A., Holladay, J.S., Bergeron, C.J, 1995, The
footprint/altitude ratio for helicopter electromagnetic
sounding of sea-ice thickness: Comparison of theoretical
and field estimates. Geophysics, Vol 60, No. 2, March-April
1995
McNeill, J.D. 1980, Electrical Conductivity of Soil and
Rocks. Geonics Technical Note TN-5. Geonics Ltd,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada