1. The document discusses the computer-aided design of grounding systems for transformer stations to ensure low grounding resistance and safe touch and step voltages. It presents the design of grounding systems for three transformer stations in Croatia using CDEGS software.
2. The design process involves measuring soil resistivity on site, modeling the soil as multiple layers, designing the grounding grid geometry, and simulating fault conditions to analyze touch and step voltages.
3. For a sample 110x80m grounding grid, the analysis shows that touch voltages are highest in the station corners. Additional measures like an outer ring conductor are recommended to improve safety.
To perform geological exploration by the geophysical method of electrical resistivity.
The objective of this research is to evaluate the water potential of the study area by investigating the shallow subsurface aquifer material properties and moisture distribution using 2D ERT techniques. During the shallow tube well design and development in the study area, some patches of land does have good potential and some does not, which motivated to understand the aquifer properties, aquifer material, and response. Hence the 2D ERT was carried out, oriented around the pond in the center and five ERT profiles.
Impact of Buried Conductor Length on Computation of Earth Grid ResistanceIJAPEJOURNAL
Effective design of substation earth grid implies achieving low earth grid resistance and fulfillment of the safety criteria at the lowest possible cost. This paper presents an evaluation of IEEE Standard 80-2000 Equations 50 to 52 to determine the impact of buried conductor length on computation of earth grid resistance. Calculated results indicated that a saturation point is reached beyond which further addition of more conductor length does not significantly reduce the earth grid resistance but incurs more economic implications. These were validated by earth grids designed using CDEGS where good agreement between the calculated and simulated results was found.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
To perform geological exploration by the geophysical method of electrical resistivity.
The objective of this research is to evaluate the water potential of the study area by investigating the shallow subsurface aquifer material properties and moisture distribution using 2D ERT techniques. During the shallow tube well design and development in the study area, some patches of land does have good potential and some does not, which motivated to understand the aquifer properties, aquifer material, and response. Hence the 2D ERT was carried out, oriented around the pond in the center and five ERT profiles.
Impact of Buried Conductor Length on Computation of Earth Grid ResistanceIJAPEJOURNAL
Effective design of substation earth grid implies achieving low earth grid resistance and fulfillment of the safety criteria at the lowest possible cost. This paper presents an evaluation of IEEE Standard 80-2000 Equations 50 to 52 to determine the impact of buried conductor length on computation of earth grid resistance. Calculated results indicated that a saturation point is reached beyond which further addition of more conductor length does not significantly reduce the earth grid resistance but incurs more economic implications. These were validated by earth grids designed using CDEGS where good agreement between the calculated and simulated results was found.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of transient enclosure voltages in gis (emtp simulation studies)eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
NON-SPLIT PERFECTLY MATCHED LAYER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR NUMERICAL SOLUTION ...ijeljournal
This paper developed a non - split perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition (BC) for Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation in 2D structure. The
point source for electric field has been exploited for propagation of electromagnetic field through 2D structures to validate developed approach. The identity of resulted field distribution to that obtained for split PML BC have been demonstrated.
Non-split Perfectly Matched Layer Boundary Conditions for Numerical Solution ...ijeljournal
This paper developed a non - split perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition (BC) for Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation in 2D structure. The point source for electric field has been exploited for propagation of electromagnetic field through 2D structures to validate developed approach. The identity of resulted field distribution to that obtained for split PML BC have been demonstrated.
Optimization of Surface Impedance for Reducing Surface Waves between AntennasIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Effect of mesh grid structure in reducing hot carrier effect of nmos device s...ijcsa
This paper presents the critical effect of mesh grid that should be considered during process and device
simulation using modern TCAD tools in order to develop and optimize their accurate electrical
characteristics. Here, the computational modelling process of developing the NMOS device structure is
performed in Athena and Atlas. The effect of Mesh grid on net doping profile, n++, and LDD sheet
resistance that could link to unwanted “Hot Carrier Effect” were investigated by varying the device grid
resolution in both directions. It is found that y-grid give more profound effect in the doping concentration,
the junction depth formation and the value of threshold voltage during simulation. Optimized mesh grid is
obtained and tested for more accurate and faster simulation. Process parameter (such as oxide thicknesses
and Sheet resistance) as well as Device Parameter (such as linear gain “beta” and SPICE level 3 mobility
roll-off parameter “ Theta”) are extracted and investigated for further different applications.
MODELING OF PLANAR METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE AND ITS EFFECTIVE PARAMETER EXTRACTIONIAEME Publication
This paper is about designing a Metamaterial structure and the Scattering Parameter Extraction Method that has become a prime tool for Metamaterial characterization so that there is a better understanding of relation between their configuration and associated properties of these materials in terms of negative permittivity and negative permeability to explore application potential. A 2D planar Metamaterial structure has been designed, fabricated and analyzed. It consists of conducting patches and meander lines on a dielectric substrate. Electromagnetic modeling was carried out using Finite Difference Time Domain method based simulation tool EMPIRE XCcel.
Determination of Surface Currents on Circular Microstrip AntennaswailGodaymi1
This work aims to present a theoretical analysis of the electric and magnetic surface current densities of a circular
microstrip antenna (CMSA) as a body of revolution.
The rigorous analysis of these problems begins with the application of the equivalence principle, which introduces
an unknown electric current density on the conducting surface and both unknown equivalent electric and magnetic
surface current densities on the dielectric surface. These current densities satisfy the integral equations (IEs) obtained
by canceling the tangential components of the electric field on the conducting surface and enforcing the continuity
of the tangential components of the fields across the dielectric surface. The formulation of the radiation problems is
based on the combined field integral equation. This formulation is coupled with the method of moments (MoMs) as
a numerical solution for this equation.
Impact of rail impedance intrinsic variability on railway system operation, E...IJECEIAES
Running rails in electrified transportation systems are the interface element for several phenomena related to system performance, electromagnetic compatibility and safety: useful voltage at rolling stock, short circuit current, induced voltage, stray current, and track circuit operation. This work presents the physical and mathematical groundings of rail electrical parameters (DC and AC resistance, AC internal and external inductance) and experimental results available in the literature, discussing variability and reliability for each interface. The results consist thus of the identification of the relevant rails longitudinal electrical parameters, the presentation of a set of reliable experimental values, and the discussion of the best approach to manage their variability and uncertainty.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wide Area Fault Location for Power Transmission Network using Reactance Based...Muhd Hafizi Idris
Download here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332441499_Wide_Area_Fault_Location_for_Power_Transmission_Network_using_Reactance_Based_Method?_sg=Tkk3ur2Kc3XGh3JHwtJdPM3IdJJx_K42N3Zu9kX_ECutHW5j91ExIMtrJFOui4E-RikSYmuYR0uZWEEVHoSaDTPZuRvC29V6GzZ5g9BS.GnmzKNF1XN22czjk5npta57bMn8D2KxxwQsAMEPlK7abE5qGykkxj8CgUcnYHlzpKEZST1ujqv7avTquOi7Aug
With the advancements in smart grid, communication technology, intelligent electronic device and substation automation, wide area applications for monitoring, protection, control and fault location becoming focused nowadays and improved from time to time. This research focuses on using wide area synchrophasor measurements for fault location in transmission network which acts as a backup to conventional fault location method. Simple reactance based methods together with a developed rules system are used to locate the possible affected line and its fault location. Using the developed rules and algorithm, fault location impedance will be compared at each synchrophasor bus connected lines for different fault types, then between connected lines and finally between synchrophasors buses. Faults at various locations with different fault resistances have been simulated and the results prove that the developed method can be used to locate the fault point and can be used as a backup to main fault location method. Future works also discussed how the method can be improved to get the best and accurate fault location results.
This paper presents an analysis of CFD modelling, using a k-L turbulence model designed for forested areas. Meteodyn and Iberdrola Renovables have undertaken a systematic analysis of measurements data obtained in numerous sites, compared with Computation Fluid Dynamic approach. The analysis has consisted in highlighting the influence of several parameters on the shear defined as the vertical gradient of wind speed and the turbulence intensity at the wind turbine hub height. The influence is studied according to the forest description (density, height, shape of trees) and according to modelling parameters (Turbulent length scales, Dissipation parameter). Evaluation of the error ranges on wind shear and turbulence intensity is made according to the location of the wind turbines regarding the forest. www.meteodyn.com
Investigation of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grid...IJECEIAES
Ground grid system is important for preventing the hazardous effects of overvoltage in high voltage substations due to fault current perhaps from lightning strike or device malfunction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grids with ground rods being distributed in mesh-pattern by using alternate transients program/electromagnetic transients program (ATP/EMTP) program. The models were simulated in the cases that 25 kAfault current being injected into the center or one of the corners of ground grids. The results showed that the highest level of overvoltage (6.3349 kV) was detected at the corner of rectangular ground grid when the fault current was injected into its corner. However, the lowest level of overvoltage was found when the fault current was injected into the center of square ground grid. The results from this study indicated that ATP/EMTP program was useful for preliminary investigation of overvoltage on ground grids of different shapes. The obtained knowledge could be beneficial for further designing of ground grid systems of high voltage substations to receive the minimal damages due to fault current.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
n electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
An electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
Analysis of transient enclosure voltages in gis (emtp simulation studies)eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
NON-SPLIT PERFECTLY MATCHED LAYER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR NUMERICAL SOLUTION ...ijeljournal
This paper developed a non - split perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition (BC) for Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation in 2D structure. The
point source for electric field has been exploited for propagation of electromagnetic field through 2D structures to validate developed approach. The identity of resulted field distribution to that obtained for split PML BC have been demonstrated.
Non-split Perfectly Matched Layer Boundary Conditions for Numerical Solution ...ijeljournal
This paper developed a non - split perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition (BC) for Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation in 2D structure. The point source for electric field has been exploited for propagation of electromagnetic field through 2D structures to validate developed approach. The identity of resulted field distribution to that obtained for split PML BC have been demonstrated.
Optimization of Surface Impedance for Reducing Surface Waves between AntennasIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Effect of mesh grid structure in reducing hot carrier effect of nmos device s...ijcsa
This paper presents the critical effect of mesh grid that should be considered during process and device
simulation using modern TCAD tools in order to develop and optimize their accurate electrical
characteristics. Here, the computational modelling process of developing the NMOS device structure is
performed in Athena and Atlas. The effect of Mesh grid on net doping profile, n++, and LDD sheet
resistance that could link to unwanted “Hot Carrier Effect” were investigated by varying the device grid
resolution in both directions. It is found that y-grid give more profound effect in the doping concentration,
the junction depth formation and the value of threshold voltage during simulation. Optimized mesh grid is
obtained and tested for more accurate and faster simulation. Process parameter (such as oxide thicknesses
and Sheet resistance) as well as Device Parameter (such as linear gain “beta” and SPICE level 3 mobility
roll-off parameter “ Theta”) are extracted and investigated for further different applications.
MODELING OF PLANAR METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE AND ITS EFFECTIVE PARAMETER EXTRACTIONIAEME Publication
This paper is about designing a Metamaterial structure and the Scattering Parameter Extraction Method that has become a prime tool for Metamaterial characterization so that there is a better understanding of relation between their configuration and associated properties of these materials in terms of negative permittivity and negative permeability to explore application potential. A 2D planar Metamaterial structure has been designed, fabricated and analyzed. It consists of conducting patches and meander lines on a dielectric substrate. Electromagnetic modeling was carried out using Finite Difference Time Domain method based simulation tool EMPIRE XCcel.
Determination of Surface Currents on Circular Microstrip AntennaswailGodaymi1
This work aims to present a theoretical analysis of the electric and magnetic surface current densities of a circular
microstrip antenna (CMSA) as a body of revolution.
The rigorous analysis of these problems begins with the application of the equivalence principle, which introduces
an unknown electric current density on the conducting surface and both unknown equivalent electric and magnetic
surface current densities on the dielectric surface. These current densities satisfy the integral equations (IEs) obtained
by canceling the tangential components of the electric field on the conducting surface and enforcing the continuity
of the tangential components of the fields across the dielectric surface. The formulation of the radiation problems is
based on the combined field integral equation. This formulation is coupled with the method of moments (MoMs) as
a numerical solution for this equation.
Impact of rail impedance intrinsic variability on railway system operation, E...IJECEIAES
Running rails in electrified transportation systems are the interface element for several phenomena related to system performance, electromagnetic compatibility and safety: useful voltage at rolling stock, short circuit current, induced voltage, stray current, and track circuit operation. This work presents the physical and mathematical groundings of rail electrical parameters (DC and AC resistance, AC internal and external inductance) and experimental results available in the literature, discussing variability and reliability for each interface. The results consist thus of the identification of the relevant rails longitudinal electrical parameters, the presentation of a set of reliable experimental values, and the discussion of the best approach to manage their variability and uncertainty.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wide Area Fault Location for Power Transmission Network using Reactance Based...Muhd Hafizi Idris
Download here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332441499_Wide_Area_Fault_Location_for_Power_Transmission_Network_using_Reactance_Based_Method?_sg=Tkk3ur2Kc3XGh3JHwtJdPM3IdJJx_K42N3Zu9kX_ECutHW5j91ExIMtrJFOui4E-RikSYmuYR0uZWEEVHoSaDTPZuRvC29V6GzZ5g9BS.GnmzKNF1XN22czjk5npta57bMn8D2KxxwQsAMEPlK7abE5qGykkxj8CgUcnYHlzpKEZST1ujqv7avTquOi7Aug
With the advancements in smart grid, communication technology, intelligent electronic device and substation automation, wide area applications for monitoring, protection, control and fault location becoming focused nowadays and improved from time to time. This research focuses on using wide area synchrophasor measurements for fault location in transmission network which acts as a backup to conventional fault location method. Simple reactance based methods together with a developed rules system are used to locate the possible affected line and its fault location. Using the developed rules and algorithm, fault location impedance will be compared at each synchrophasor bus connected lines for different fault types, then between connected lines and finally between synchrophasors buses. Faults at various locations with different fault resistances have been simulated and the results prove that the developed method can be used to locate the fault point and can be used as a backup to main fault location method. Future works also discussed how the method can be improved to get the best and accurate fault location results.
This paper presents an analysis of CFD modelling, using a k-L turbulence model designed for forested areas. Meteodyn and Iberdrola Renovables have undertaken a systematic analysis of measurements data obtained in numerous sites, compared with Computation Fluid Dynamic approach. The analysis has consisted in highlighting the influence of several parameters on the shear defined as the vertical gradient of wind speed and the turbulence intensity at the wind turbine hub height. The influence is studied according to the forest description (density, height, shape of trees) and according to modelling parameters (Turbulent length scales, Dissipation parameter). Evaluation of the error ranges on wind shear and turbulence intensity is made according to the location of the wind turbines regarding the forest. www.meteodyn.com
Investigation of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grid...IJECEIAES
Ground grid system is important for preventing the hazardous effects of overvoltage in high voltage substations due to fault current perhaps from lightning strike or device malfunction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grids with ground rods being distributed in mesh-pattern by using alternate transients program/electromagnetic transients program (ATP/EMTP) program. The models were simulated in the cases that 25 kAfault current being injected into the center or one of the corners of ground grids. The results showed that the highest level of overvoltage (6.3349 kV) was detected at the corner of rectangular ground grid when the fault current was injected into its corner. However, the lowest level of overvoltage was found when the fault current was injected into the center of square ground grid. The results from this study indicated that ATP/EMTP program was useful for preliminary investigation of overvoltage on ground grids of different shapes. The obtained knowledge could be beneficial for further designing of ground grid systems of high voltage substations to receive the minimal damages due to fault current.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
n electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
An electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
Performance Analysis of Actual Step and Mesh Voltage of Substation Grounding ...Editor IJCATR
The performance of Earthing grid system is very important to ensure the human and protective devices in safe environment. Actual
Step and Mesh voltage of a substation must keep under the maximum allowable limits under fault condition. Ground potential rise, GPR is
greatly influence on actual step and mesh voltage of substation grounding system. Ground potential rise also mainly depends on the length and
numbers of ground rods and grid spacing. This paper presents performance analysis of actual step and mesh voltages of a substation grounding
system under the variance of length and number of ground rods. The performance result is also carried out by using current injection method and
with the help of MULTISIM simulation software.
Analysis of transient enclosure voltages in gis (emtp simulation studies)eSAT Journals
Abstract Transient Enclosure voltage is special case of very fast transient overvoltages which occurs due to disconnect switch operation or earth ground. Transient Enclosure Voltage appears on external of earthed enclosure of Gas Insulated Systems. Despite of proper grounding, this phenomenon indicates presence of high potentials on Gas Insulted System enclosures so the grounding system impedance is thoroughly examined and designed. In this study EMTP Software is used for analysis. Simulation was done by varying the different parameters. Variations of waveforms of the Transient Enclosure Voltage with various parameters have been studied. Index Terms: Transient Enclosure Voltage (TEV), Gas Insulated System (GIS), Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTO) Transient Ground Potential Rise (TGPR), Disconnector Switch
ESDEMC_PB2009.08 A Measurement Technique for ESD Current Spreading on A PCB u...ESDEMC Technology LLC
Abstract—Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can cause interference or damage in circuits in many ways e.g., by E- or Hfield coupling or via conduction paths. Although we can roughly estimate the voltage and current at the injection point during an ESD event, the real offending parameter is mostly the ESD current spreading throughout the system. Those currents can be simulated if great simplifications of the system are accepted.
However, even in moderately complex systems the ability to simulate is limited by lack of models and computational resources. Independent of the complexity, but obviously not free of its own limitations is a measurement technique that captures the current as a function of time and location through the system.
This article describes the proof on concept of ESD such a measurement technique that allows reconstructing the spreading current as a movie from magnetic field measurements. It details the technique, question of probe selection and how to process the data to present the current spread as a movie.
This paper presents 230 66 kV, substation grounding system and calculation results of required parameters. The grounding system is essential to protect people working or walking in the vicinity of earthed facilities and equipments against the danger of electric shock. This paper provides the floor surface either assures an effective insulation from earth potential or effectively equipment to a close mesh grid. Calculations of grounding grid system in the substation area which the top soil layer resistivity is less than the bottom layer resistivity, can lessen the number of ground rod used in the grid because the value of Ground Potential Rise GPR is insignificantly different. Essential equations are used in the design of grounding system to get desired parameters such as touch and step voltage criteria for safety, earth resistance, grid resistance, maximum grid current, minimum conductor size and electrode size, maximum fault current level and resistivity of soil. Calculations of three separate earthing body earth, neutral earth and main earthing are described. Zin Wah Aung | Aung Thike "Design of Grounding System for Substation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26641.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26641/design-of-grounding-system-for-substation/zin-wah-aung
Evaluation of earth fault location algorithm in medium voltage distribution n...IJECEIAES
This paper focused on studying an algorithm of earth fault location in the medium voltage distribution network. In power system network, most of the earth fault occurs is a single line to ground fault. A medium voltage distribution network with resistance earthing at the main substation and an earth fault attached along the distribution network is modeled in ATP Draw. The generated earth fault is simulated, and the voltage and current signal produced is recorded. The earth fault location algorithm is simulated and tested in MATLAB. The accuracy of the earth fault location algorithm is tested at several locations and fault resistances. A possible correction technique is explained to minimize the error. The results show an improvement fault location distance estimation with minimum error.
An Upgraded Transverse Electromagnetic Parallel Plates for Dielectric Measure...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new version of transverse electromagnetic parallel plates with irregular plates’ width and plate separation has been developed for dielectric measurement. The separations between the plates are supported by four rectangular Teflon block and 1 mm of groove is proposed at the center of the upper plate to maintain the measurement repeatability. The groove enables the samples which are slightly higher than 2 cm to be fitted well between the plates without introducing extra force to the plates. The performance of both parallel plates has been compared in the frequency range from 100 MHz to 1.1 GHz. It is found that the upgraded parallel plate offers better return loss and insertion loss above 500 MHz compared to the previous parallel plate. It is reported from this work that the return loss of the parallel plate must be lower than -15 dB in order to achieve accurate dielectric constant. However, the insertion loss of the parallel plates does not influence the real permeability significantly. The upgraded TEM parallel plate produces a consistent reading with a standard deviation of less than 0.05 above frequency 200 MHz. The dielectric measurement of Polypropylene (PP) has proven the capability of this upgraded TEM parallel plate.
The main stake is to detect a defective component or likely to become it during manufacture or inservice inspections, while improving control productivity. In this context, we develop a simulation tool of EC fastened structures testing, integrated to the ANSYS platform, aimed at conceiving testing methods, optimizing and qualifying it. The finite element method has been chosen, it is suitable for this type of problem. Various configurations have been considered for the inspection of a target with a defect in different thicknesses. Due to the impossibility to detect a defect located at a distance much greater than the skin depth δ. Indeed, the eddy currents amplitude are less than 95% of the maximum amplitude beyond a depth greater than 3 δ. We are interested in the detection of defects located at depths higher to three times the skin depth.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.