Measurement of Velocity Gradients of Beds At Unwana, Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Determination of Thickness of Aquifer with Vertical Electrical Sounding iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Measurement of Velocity Gradients of Beds At Unwana, Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Determination of Thickness of Aquifer with Vertical Electrical Sounding iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Lectures describes the Electrical method of Geophysical Prospecting in brief. SP surveying and Occurrence of Self potential and its application is discussed in brief.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Subsurface 2D Image Analyses of the Uyangha Basement Area, South-Eastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
Geo-electric soundings were made in Stella Maris Secondary School, in Uyangha, Nigeria to image
the subsurface and obtain thicknesses and resistivities of different layers. A quantitative interpretation of the
data obtained clearly reveals the presence of four (4) geo-electric sections which are interpreted to be dry
laterite, moist laterite, weathered basement, and saturated basement. The depth probed is about 100m. The
saturated basement is the aquifer unit. Depth to aquifer unit in the area is at about 65m to 80m.The thickness of
the aquifer unit ranges from 20m to 35m. For ground water exploitation, boreholes in the area should therefore
be drilled to the depth of 91m, for reasonable groundwater yield. The lateritic layer makes the study area
suitable for building construction in the area.
Application of Very Low Frequency- Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) Method to Map Fra...theijes
Geophysical survey involving very low frequency electromagnetic technique was applied to investigate possible geologic features like fractured / conductive zones in Auchi and its environs in Edo state, Southwestern Nigeria. The study area is located within latitudes 7o 05’ N.to 7o 10’N. and longitudes 6 o 11’E to 6o 22’E The geologic Formations outcroping in the area are mainly Ajali and Nsukka. Three profiles were taken along the roads from Auchi to Igara, Auchi to Fugar and Auchi to Uloke using Abem Wadi Terrameter. Plots of the profiles were carried out using computer software (Excel) and contouring using Surfer 10 to delineate the fractured/conductive zones. The values range from 0.3 to 22.5 Siemens. Areas of low conductivity values indicate highly massive resistive rocks while Areas of high conductivity indicates the sedimentary terrain/ host rock or mineralized zones. The area is sparsely (few) fractured. Along profile A, two fractured zones were identified with conductivity values of 7.6 to16.8 Siemens between 100m(7.146oN,6.195oE) to 400m (7.150oN, 6.200oE) and 420m to 460m with conductivity value range of 11.0 to 22.5 Siemens. For profile B, one fractured zone was identified and a stretch of massive intrusive from 7.099oN and 7.102oN and 6.357oE to 6.364oE, with conductivity range of 0.9 – 5.2 Siemens at points 400m and 520m – 1000m. Profile C has identifiable fractured zones at 900m – 1100m with conductivity of (35 – 50) Siemens. The intrusive/ host rock conductivity values of (0.3 – 8.7) Siemens located at 380m to 880m 7.156oN and 6.308oE, 1100m to 2000m, 7.148oN and 6.3295oE. A total of five conductive zones were observed.
PIPELINE PLANNING WITH AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETICSBrett Johnson
The costs of constructing a pipeline are highly dependant
on the relative occurrence of consolidated (rock) and unconsolidated (soil) material in the top
three metres of ground. Where rock occurs in the upper 3 metres, it has to be blasted which is far
more expensive than trenching through surficial soils. Helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) surveys are
used to map the electrical and magnetic properties as an aid to characterizing ground conditions in
advance of pipeline construction. An accurate determination of ground conditions can reduce
the planning risk
considerably.
Lithological Investigation at Tombia and Opolo Using Vertical Electrical Soun...IJLT EMAS
Vertical electrical soundings (VES) was carried out in Opolo and Tombia all in Yenagoa local government area, Bayelsa state, Nigeria to understand the resistivity distribution of its subsurface which serves as a tool in investigating subsurface lithology. All VES sounding were stacked together to generate 1D pseudo tomogram and was subsequently interpreted. The interpreted VES curve results shows that Opolo consists of three layers within the depth of investigation. Sandy clay with mixture of silt make up the first layer (Top layer) with resistance value ranging from 24-63Ωm. The second layer is made up of thick clay with very low resistivity values ranging from 3-19Ωm. The third layer is sandyclay with its resistance value ranging from 26-727Ωm.Tombia also reveals that the area is in three layers within the depth of investigation. Sandy clay with a mixture of fine sand made up the first layer (Top soil) with its resistance values ranging from 40-1194Ωm. The second layer is made up of fine sand with resistivity value ranging from 475-5285Ωm. The third layer is made up of sandy clay/sand with its resistance value ranging from 24-28943Ωm.The results of the 1D pseudo tomogram also reveals that Tombia and Opolo consists of three layers within the depth of investigation and pseudo tomograms serves as a basis tool for interpreting lithology and identifying lithological boundaries for the subsurface
The Lectures describes the Electrical method of Geophysical Prospecting in brief. SP surveying and Occurrence of Self potential and its application is discussed in brief.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Subsurface 2D Image Analyses of the Uyangha Basement Area, South-Eastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
Geo-electric soundings were made in Stella Maris Secondary School, in Uyangha, Nigeria to image
the subsurface and obtain thicknesses and resistivities of different layers. A quantitative interpretation of the
data obtained clearly reveals the presence of four (4) geo-electric sections which are interpreted to be dry
laterite, moist laterite, weathered basement, and saturated basement. The depth probed is about 100m. The
saturated basement is the aquifer unit. Depth to aquifer unit in the area is at about 65m to 80m.The thickness of
the aquifer unit ranges from 20m to 35m. For ground water exploitation, boreholes in the area should therefore
be drilled to the depth of 91m, for reasonable groundwater yield. The lateritic layer makes the study area
suitable for building construction in the area.
Application of Very Low Frequency- Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) Method to Map Fra...theijes
Geophysical survey involving very low frequency electromagnetic technique was applied to investigate possible geologic features like fractured / conductive zones in Auchi and its environs in Edo state, Southwestern Nigeria. The study area is located within latitudes 7o 05’ N.to 7o 10’N. and longitudes 6 o 11’E to 6o 22’E The geologic Formations outcroping in the area are mainly Ajali and Nsukka. Three profiles were taken along the roads from Auchi to Igara, Auchi to Fugar and Auchi to Uloke using Abem Wadi Terrameter. Plots of the profiles were carried out using computer software (Excel) and contouring using Surfer 10 to delineate the fractured/conductive zones. The values range from 0.3 to 22.5 Siemens. Areas of low conductivity values indicate highly massive resistive rocks while Areas of high conductivity indicates the sedimentary terrain/ host rock or mineralized zones. The area is sparsely (few) fractured. Along profile A, two fractured zones were identified with conductivity values of 7.6 to16.8 Siemens between 100m(7.146oN,6.195oE) to 400m (7.150oN, 6.200oE) and 420m to 460m with conductivity value range of 11.0 to 22.5 Siemens. For profile B, one fractured zone was identified and a stretch of massive intrusive from 7.099oN and 7.102oN and 6.357oE to 6.364oE, with conductivity range of 0.9 – 5.2 Siemens at points 400m and 520m – 1000m. Profile C has identifiable fractured zones at 900m – 1100m with conductivity of (35 – 50) Siemens. The intrusive/ host rock conductivity values of (0.3 – 8.7) Siemens located at 380m to 880m 7.156oN and 6.308oE, 1100m to 2000m, 7.148oN and 6.3295oE. A total of five conductive zones were observed.
PIPELINE PLANNING WITH AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETICSBrett Johnson
The costs of constructing a pipeline are highly dependant
on the relative occurrence of consolidated (rock) and unconsolidated (soil) material in the top
three metres of ground. Where rock occurs in the upper 3 metres, it has to be blasted which is far
more expensive than trenching through surficial soils. Helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) surveys are
used to map the electrical and magnetic properties as an aid to characterizing ground conditions in
advance of pipeline construction. An accurate determination of ground conditions can reduce
the planning risk
considerably.
Lithological Investigation at Tombia and Opolo Using Vertical Electrical Soun...IJLT EMAS
Vertical electrical soundings (VES) was carried out in Opolo and Tombia all in Yenagoa local government area, Bayelsa state, Nigeria to understand the resistivity distribution of its subsurface which serves as a tool in investigating subsurface lithology. All VES sounding were stacked together to generate 1D pseudo tomogram and was subsequently interpreted. The interpreted VES curve results shows that Opolo consists of three layers within the depth of investigation. Sandy clay with mixture of silt make up the first layer (Top layer) with resistance value ranging from 24-63Ωm. The second layer is made up of thick clay with very low resistivity values ranging from 3-19Ωm. The third layer is sandyclay with its resistance value ranging from 26-727Ωm.Tombia also reveals that the area is in three layers within the depth of investigation. Sandy clay with a mixture of fine sand made up the first layer (Top soil) with its resistance values ranging from 40-1194Ωm. The second layer is made up of fine sand with resistivity value ranging from 475-5285Ωm. The third layer is made up of sandy clay/sand with its resistance value ranging from 24-28943Ωm.The results of the 1D pseudo tomogram also reveals that Tombia and Opolo consists of three layers within the depth of investigation and pseudo tomograms serves as a basis tool for interpreting lithology and identifying lithological boundaries for the subsurface
Hydrogeological Application of Refraction Seismicsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4
Engineering geophysical study of unconsolidated top soil using shallow seismic refraction and electrical resistivity techniques
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
120
Engineering Geophysical Study of Unconsolidated Top Soil Using
Shallow Seismic Refraction and Electrical Resistivity Techniques
Muhammad Younis Khan
National Centre of Excellence in Geology University of Peshawar, Pakistan
E-mail: quaidian2007@gmail.com
Abstract
A near-surface geophysical study was conducted at University of Peshawar (UOP), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan, using an integrated approach including seismic refraction and electrical resistivity survey (ERS)
techniques in order to image the shallow subsurface in terms of main geological and geophysical properties
covering the study area. Seismic longitudinal wave velocities (Vp) were determined within four meters beneath
ground surface which indirectly provided us with critical subsurface information about depth of layers,
morphology and stratigraphic sequence without borehole information. The results of the seismic refraction
survey along profile AB, showed two-layers separated by a refractor having gentle slope and P-wave velocity
values (223m/sec & 316 m/sec) for overlying and underlying layers respectively indicating loose soil filled in
top four meters underneath the surveyed seismic profile. Seismic refraction data demonstrated shallow
subsurface structure characterized by longitudinal wave velocities less than 330 m/s.Apparant resistivity data
was acquired along two profiles (CD & DE) using four shlumberger vertical electrical soundings with maximum
spread length of 10m. Electrical resistivity survey validated the results obtained from seismic refraction data
analysis by detecting bi-layer near-surface geologic model at all VES stations with distinct characteristics. These
geoelectric layers included top soil/dry unconsolidated surface material ranging in thickness from 1.11m to 1.3m
with true resistivity values (38.08 - 52.70 Ωm) and less resistive (13.13-18.38 Ωm) clayey layer. Integrated
geophysical approach showed that overburden terrain in the target zone is characterized by a relatively thin
superficial layer (dry unconsolidated sediments) underlain by a clay layer having high porosity and saturation.
Based on seismic velocities (223m/sec & 316 m/sec) and resistivity values (13.13 - 52.70 Ωm), it is derived that
sub surface soil conditions within studied depth interval are poor and should be considered seriously as this may
put the high rise buildings at risk.
Keywords: Shallow seismic refraction, Compressional wave velocity (Vp), time-term inversion, electrical
resistivity survey (ERS), top soil.
1. Introduction
Seismic refraction method is one of the best tool for investigation of ground water, bedrock mapping, type and
associated changes (lateral and vertical) in lithology. The compressional P-waves can be used to detect the
cavities and resolve many other problems in shallow subsurface. Seismic refraction technique is also
successfully used for several engineering problems such as dam sites as well as determination of the physical
characteristics of ground, investigation of the deep earth layers and for geotechnical purposes ,demonstrated by
(Tezcan et al., 2006; Budhu &Al-Karni 1993; Othman 2005; Dormieux & Pecker 1995.,Richards et al., 1993;
Turker 2004; Paolucci & Pecker 1997).Seismic refraction method is used to study the physical properties of site
presented by (Dutta 1984; Hatherly & Neville 1986).Several studies demonstrated that longitudinal velocity is
less than 330 m/s in shallow sub-surface e.g. low compressional velocities were discussed quantitatively by
Bachrach & Nur 1998. Similarly Bachrach et al. (1998) found low longitudinal wave velocity (<100 m/s) of
beach sand. Baker et al. (1999) showed that compressional (P) wave velocities in the shallow sub-surface are
lower than the velocity in the air.
Shallow electrical resistivity technique is used to address the geological ,hydro-geological and environmental
problems. Some recent studies focused on the delineation of the geometry of the uppermost layers of shallow
sub-surface (Lamotte et al. 1994; Robain et al. 1995, 1996).
2. Materials & Methods
The study was accomplished for each geophysical method, following the three steps given below
2.1 Data Acquisition/Field operations
Field study was performed at campus of university of Peshawar,Khyber pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan located between
Latitudes 33˚56’0” N - 34˚40’0” N and Longitudes 71˚27’0” E - 71˚33’0” E (fig.1). In seismic-profiling method
a seismic source and geophones planted at regular intervals across the ground surface is used for data acquisition
(Beck 1981; Reynolds 1997; Sharma 1997). For seismic refraction data acquisition, profile-shooting technique is
used to acquire the data which consists of all the common seismic refraction survey modes in a single profile.
The refraction work was based on measuring the travel time of longitudinal wave passed through the subsurface,
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
121
generated by striking sledge hammer of 7kg on aluminum plate as a source of seismic energy, refracted from an
interface and detected via vertical component geophones (10 Hz) spaced at 1m interval on the surface. All these
geophones are connected through seismic cable to a 24-channel Geometrics digital seismograph
(Geode).Specific geophysical survey geometry is used based on five shots in appropriate fashion along the
spread. At minimum there should be two shots located at either end of the seismic line. We planted the very first
geophone at 0-m along the seismic line. First shot is fired at distance of 0.5m in start of seismic line before
geophone (G1), the second one located at a 5.75 m, third at 11.5 m ,the fourth shot at a 17.25 m, and the last shot
is at 23.5 m along profile AB while going from 0m towards end of spread length (23m) as shown in (fig.2). The
total spread length of seismic refraction profile is 23 m containing an array of 24 geophones spaced evenly at 1
m. This specific physical layout of geophones and shots provides better coverage to generate an interpretable
stacked profile.
Shallow electrical resistivity data is acquired along two resistivity profiles along profiles (CD & DE) based on
four vertical electrical soundings using Shlumberger configuration. ABEM Terrameter (SAS 1000/4000) is used
to for apparent resistivity readings on plain area with maximum electrode separation of 10m for each traverse in
order to clearly image the target at very shallow depth within top four meters zone from ground surface. The
primary acquisition parameters for both methods are given in table 1.
2.2 Data processing
Seismic refraction data is always processed to enhance the data quality by suppressing noises from different
sources to generate final velocity model. The recorded seismic data saved in laptop PC were imported to one of
the module (Pickwin95) of commercial software package, seisImager.All traces were normalized and clipped.
Also some bad records were killed in order to extract meaningful information. Finally first breaks were carefully
picked using Pickwin. The picked first-arrival time data were uploaded to another module (Plotrefa).Thereinafter
inversion method (time-term inversion) was used to get the velocity structure (fig.6) with root mean square
(RMS) error of 1.5%.
ERS data (apparent resistivity) obtained from each station was uploaded to ipiwin2 software and plotted against
electrode spacing (AB/2) on double logarithmic scale to get the VES sounding curves. The sounding curves,
models and their respective geoelectric sections are prepared for each profile (fig.4 & 5).
2.3 Interpretation/Conclusions
There are different techniques in use for refraction data analysis and interpretation e.g. ray-tracing method
(Whiteley 2002, 2004), delay-time method (Wyrobek 1956; Palmer 1980; Sjogren 2000).Some other scientists
(Hales 1958; Barton & Barker 2003) discussed the intercept−time method. Recently researchers have focused on
inversion and tomography method (Zhang & Toksöz 1998;Watanabe et al. 1999; Hecht 2003).
There is no subsurface ground model available about the thickness, depth, velocity distribution in the top soil and
weathering layer in the surveyed area. The Main purpose of the study was to determine shallow sub-surface
structure using shallow seismic refraction method and its confirmation by another surface geophysical tool
(ERS). Keeping in mind the objective, receiver interval of only 1m in case of refraction and maximum resistivity
profile length of 10m was chosen during data acquisition to get the improved subsurface image. Although the
delineated geologic strata has small variations in terms of geophysical properties like P-wave velocities and
electrical resistivities but are being mapped in this research work because of special geophysical configurations.
An integrated geophysical approach including electrical resistivity and seismic refraction is used to delineate
shallow sub-surface. Each method responds to different geophysical property with varying resolution however
interpreted results in both cases can be combined and correlated to get comprehensive geological information for
site under investigation.
First compressional wave velocity (Vp) –depth model is derived from time-distance (T-D) plots after assigning
layers by employing two-layer model to represent the shallow subsurface structure on the studied area. Taking
the seismic profile AB, for example two layers are observed. A thin layer of loose sediments is noticed
corresponding to the first arrivals (direct waves close to the seismic energy source) marking the superficial layer
with very low velocity (223 m/sec) and thickness (0.2 to 1.7 m) approximately along the seismic line. The first
layer is thinner on margins of the profile AB while gets thicker relatively in central part. Low acoustic
impedance contrast and an undulating trend are shown by the contact between layers. Difference is observed in
depth of the refractor along the seismic line. In general the refractor is gently dipping in study area. The deepest
layer (layer2) in the geo-seismic section is appeared at depth of 1.7m exactly below the midpoint (11.5 m) of
seismic profile, characterized by comparatively high P-wave velocity (316 m/sec).
A resistivity survey was also conducted on warm and sunny day of May 14, 2013. The ERS data results are
displayed in form of table 2 and corresponding resistivity - cross sections under depth sounding curves (fig.4 &
5), which confirmed the two layer geologic structure. Interpretation of both resistivity lines showed the
heterogeneous nature of studied part of vadose zone. For example; location 1 consists of two layers with
resistivity values of 18.40 Ωm &13.13 Ωm while location 2 is characterized by 19.50 Ωm & 15.0 Ωm for first
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and second layer respectively. First layer is more thicker (1.28m) and deeper at location1 than at location 2
where its thickness is 1.11m.VES curves of Location 3 showed the same sub-surface geologic sequence having
resistivity values (52.70 Ωm & 20.72 Ωm) for overlying and underlying geologic layers respectively. At
Location 4 top most geo-electric layer has 38.08 Ωm resistivity while lower layer is characterized by 18.38
Ωm.It is deduced from the interpreted sounding curves of location 3 & 4 that first geologic layer is 1.259m &
1.059m thick respectively. Here both stations have almost same thickness value of layer 1.
Both types of geophysical traverses revealed approximately same thickness of first layer and depth of interface
appeared across the studied site but low resistivity contrast is observed along profile line CD as compared to
profile EF.
It is concluded that top overburden material within four meters is divided in two sub-layers, a superficial layer
composed of unconsolidated sediments with high resistivity because of dry nature underlain by a thicker, slightly
compact but more conductive indicating relatively high moisture content and clay component concentrated in
this part of geological model.
There is good correlation between seismic refraction and electrical resistivity as both methods mapped the same
stratigraphic sequence with the equal number of layers but a depth variation still detected, due to the different
physical properties measured by the two geophysical tools ,employed while field operations. From resistivity
cross sections it is clear that an interface is appeared at 1.28 m from the surface. On average an interface is
appeared slightly below 1m along depth axis on resistivity cross section as well as in case of velocity structure.
It is deduced from the interpretation of geophysical data (seismic refraction & ERS ),that the subsurface
geologic sequence beneath the study area up to 4m depth is composed of material having clayey sand content
with high porosity and high degree of saturation which are indications of poor sub-soil conditions due to its low
load-bearing capacity. In geotechnical applications all these factors are of great importance which must be taken
into account seriously during construction of massive engineering structures.
Joint interpretation of both types of data provided us with more accurate geotechnical model with high
confidence where both methods seem to be in good agreement and areas of some doubtful information, which
could then be confirmed via drilling as several feet’s uncertainty in depth of interface is of great importance in
very near sub-surface studies. Combined geophysical approach helped us in making the interpretation easier by
adding to spatial resolution than separate approach traditionally used in engineering and hydrogeology.
In future the study will be extended to weathering layer by an integrated geophysical approach using both the
seismic refraction and electrical resistivity techniques with new physical layouts for greater depth of penetration.
Also geophysical properties will be correlated with geotechnical parameters in order to better understand the
sub-soil conditions.
Acknowledgement
I express my sincere gratitude towards Mr.Liaqat Ali , Khalid Latif Kaif and Dr.Fazal Rahim for their valuable
guidance in the research work. I am also very thankful to Professor Dr.M.Asif Khan, Director, National Centre
of Excellence in Geology University of Peshawar, Pakistan for his consistent encouragement and providing all
the research facilities in the centre for the geophysical investigations.
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Muhammad Younis Khan born in Lakki Marwat (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Pakistan. He earned his M.sc
and M.Phil degree in geophysics in 2009 and 2011 respectively, from Quaid-i-Azam university
Islamabad,Pakistan.His fields of interest include hydrogeophysics/applied geophysics and petrophysics.
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Fig 1: Map showing location of study area and layout for ERS (CD & EF) & seismic refraction (AB) profiles
Fig 2: Seismic refraction profile AB, arrows highlighted in red are indicating shot points
Table 1: Summary of geophysical acquisition parameters
Acquisition parameters for seismic refraction data
Recording system Geode (24-channel seismograph)
Source Sledgehammer 7 kg
Sampling interval 0.125 ms
Record length 256 ms
Geophones 10 Hz (vertical)
Recording format SEG-2
Geophone interval 1 m
Acquisition parameters for electrical resistivity data
Recording system ABEM Terrameter (SAS 1000/4000)
Configuration type Shlumberger
Mode of survey VES (vertical electrical sounding)
Maximum electrode separation 10m
Profile interval 20m
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Table 2: Summary of the interpreted VES curves
# VES /Location N (# layers) ρ (Ωm) h (m) d (m)
1 2 1 18.40 1.28 1.28
2 13.13 - -
2 2 1 19.50 1.11 1.11
2 15.00 - -
3 2 1 52.70 1.059 1.059
2 20.72 - -
4 2 1 38.08 1.259 1.259
2 18.38 - -
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
T
i
m
e
(m
s
e
c
)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Distance (m)
Source= 0.0m
819.dat
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
T
i
m
e
(m
s
e
c
)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Distance (m)
Source= 5.8m
816.dat
A-Normal shooting at 0.0 m B-Shooting at 5.75m between G6 &G7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Tim
e
(m
sec)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Distance (m)
Source= 11.5m
811.dat
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Tim
e
(msec)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Distance (m)
Source= 18.3m
809.dat
C-Mid-point Shooting at 11.5 m D-Shooting at 18.25 m between G18& G19C-Mid-point
0 2 4 6 8 1
0 12 14 1
6 1
8 2
0 2
2 2
4 2
6
Time
(msec)
0
40
80
1
20
1
60
2
00
Distance (m)
Source= 23.0m
806.dat
E-Reverse shooting at 23.0 m
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Figure 3: Seismograms with picked primary arrivals at study area along traverse AB
VES 1 VES 4
Figure 4: Interpreted VES curves & Resistivity cross section underneath VES1 & VES 2.
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Figure 5: Interpreted VES curves & Resistivity cross section underneath VES3 & VES 4.
Figure 6: Time-distance (T-D) plot and Velocity-depth model of profile AB.
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