1. The document discusses the reflection, refraction, and lenses. It defines key terms like angle of incidence, reflection, refraction, focal length, and refractive index.
2. Total internal reflection and phenomena like mirages are explained. Characteristics of images formed by convex and concave lenses are summarized.
3. Optical instruments like cameras, projectors, and magnifying glasses are described along with their basic components and functions.
The document discusses the reflection and refraction of light. It defines reflection as light rays bouncing off a surface, while refraction is the bending of light rays when passing from one medium to another of different density. The key laws and concepts covered include:
- The law of reflection, where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
- Refractive index, which indicates how much a medium bends light
- Total internal reflection, which occurs when light travels from a dense to less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle
Several examples and applications are provided, such as plane mirrors, mirages, fiber optics, and lenses. Convex lenses form real images while concave lenses form virtual, upright,
The document discusses various physics concepts related to forces, pressure, density and motion. It includes sample exam questions and diagrams related to topics like aerodynamics, buoyancy, atmospheric pressure, hydraulics and more. Several questions analyze diagrams of situations involving forces and ask examinees to compare variables, identify relationships and explain physical phenomena based on key principles. Sample exam responses provide multi-step working to arrive at calculated values or rankings of concepts.
The document summarizes experiments on various wave phenomena including:
- Water wave reflection showing the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
- Water wave refraction as waves pass from deep to shallow water, decreasing wavelength.
- Sound wave reflection also showing the equality of incident and reflection angles.
- Light wave diffraction seen through single slits of varying widths, showing diffraction patterns.
- Sound and light wave interference seen as alternating loud/soft bands and bright/dark fringes.
This document discusses the properties and states of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and defines the three common states of matter as solid, liquid, and gas. It explains the differences between these three states in terms of the arrangement and movement of particles that make up matter. Specifically, it states that in solids the particles are close together and vibrate in a fixed position, in liquids they are closer but can move past each other, and in gases they are far apart and move freely.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang impuls dan daya impuls, termasuk definisi, rumus, contoh perhitungan, dan langkah-langkah mengurangi daya impuls. Secara ringkas, impuls adalah perubahan momentum sedangkan daya impuls adalah laju perubahan momentum. Daya impuls besar dapat menyebabkan kerusakan, oleh karena itu diperlukan pendekatan untuk memperpanjang masa kontak dalam tabrakan.
Tekanan atmosfera dan berbagai unit pengukurannya dijelaskan dalam dokumen ini, termasuk barometer raksa dan bagaimana tekanan atmosfera berkurang dengan kenaikan ketinggian. Berbagai contoh soal juga diberikan untuk mendemonstrasikan pengaruh tekanan atmosfera.
The document discusses the reflection and refraction of light. It defines reflection as light rays bouncing off a surface, while refraction is the bending of light rays when passing from one medium to another of different density. The key laws and concepts covered include:
- The law of reflection, where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
- Refractive index, which indicates how much a medium bends light
- Total internal reflection, which occurs when light travels from a dense to less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle
Several examples and applications are provided, such as plane mirrors, mirages, fiber optics, and lenses. Convex lenses form real images while concave lenses form virtual, upright,
The document discusses various physics concepts related to forces, pressure, density and motion. It includes sample exam questions and diagrams related to topics like aerodynamics, buoyancy, atmospheric pressure, hydraulics and more. Several questions analyze diagrams of situations involving forces and ask examinees to compare variables, identify relationships and explain physical phenomena based on key principles. Sample exam responses provide multi-step working to arrive at calculated values or rankings of concepts.
The document summarizes experiments on various wave phenomena including:
- Water wave reflection showing the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
- Water wave refraction as waves pass from deep to shallow water, decreasing wavelength.
- Sound wave reflection also showing the equality of incident and reflection angles.
- Light wave diffraction seen through single slits of varying widths, showing diffraction patterns.
- Sound and light wave interference seen as alternating loud/soft bands and bright/dark fringes.
This document discusses the properties and states of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and defines the three common states of matter as solid, liquid, and gas. It explains the differences between these three states in terms of the arrangement and movement of particles that make up matter. Specifically, it states that in solids the particles are close together and vibrate in a fixed position, in liquids they are closer but can move past each other, and in gases they are far apart and move freely.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang impuls dan daya impuls, termasuk definisi, rumus, contoh perhitungan, dan langkah-langkah mengurangi daya impuls. Secara ringkas, impuls adalah perubahan momentum sedangkan daya impuls adalah laju perubahan momentum. Daya impuls besar dapat menyebabkan kerusakan, oleh karena itu diperlukan pendekatan untuk memperpanjang masa kontak dalam tabrakan.
Tekanan atmosfera dan berbagai unit pengukurannya dijelaskan dalam dokumen ini, termasuk barometer raksa dan bagaimana tekanan atmosfera berkurang dengan kenaikan ketinggian. Berbagai contoh soal juga diberikan untuk mendemonstrasikan pengaruh tekanan atmosfera.
This document describes the procedures for several experiments investigating biological processes:
1. An experiment to determine the concentration of sucrose solution isotonic to potato cell sap by measuring changes in length of potato strips in different sucrose concentrations.
2. An experiment examining the effect of albumen concentration on the rate of enzyme reaction by pepsin by measuring the time for solutions to turn colorless.
3. An experiment measuring the energy content of different foods like cashew nuts, peanuts, and bread by recording the increase in temperature of water heated by samples.
4. An experiment determining the vitamin C concentration in different fruit juices like guava, orange, and pineapple by measuring the volume needed to decolorize a
This document provides guidance on answering subjective physics questions in the SPM paper 2 exam. It discusses the following:
1) The 3 sections of the exam - Section A has 8 questions worth 60 marks to be answered in 90 minutes. Section B has 2 questions worth 20 marks each to be answered in 30 minutes. Section C has 2 questions worth 20 marks each also to be answered in 30 minutes.
2) Types of questions in each section - Section A focuses on knowledge, understanding and application. Section B involves conceptualizing. Section C requires problem solving or decision making.
3) Strategies for answering questions effectively such as reading the question multiple times and highlighting key words, answering questions
This document provides information about the human digestive system and nutrition:
1) It includes diagrams of the digestive system labeling parts like the pancreas, liver, and esophagus. An enzyme found in the pancreas and its function are discussed.
2) Other parts of the digestive system are labeled like the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The stomach stores and breaks down food and the small intestine is where digestion ends.
3) Food groups like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and fiber are outlined along with their functions in the body.
4) A diagram shows the average daily energy needs vary between groups like babies, children, and adults. The
Lakaran memainkan peranan penting dalam proses reka bentuk dengan membolehkan pereka mengeksplorasi konsep awal, berkomunikasi dengan pelanggan, dan menghasilkan ilustrasi produk akhir. Terdapat pelbagai jenis lakaran termasuk lakaran peribadi, penerokaan, teknikal, dan digital. Lakaran memberikan kaedah yang pantas untuk merekabentuk dan memajukan konsep sebelum merealisasikan reka bentuk akhir.
The document summarizes science as the systematic study of nature and how it affects the environment through careful observations, studies and investigations. It states that science can explain natural phenomena in the environment. The key details are provided in 3 concise sentences.
1. The document describes an experiment to investigate how the period of a simple pendulum varies with its length. It was found that the longer the pendulum, the longer its period of oscillation.
2. An experiment is described to study how the velocity of a trolley varies with the angle of inclination of a plane. It was found that a higher angle of incline results in a higher velocity.
3. Two experiments are presented to demonstrate inertia - using a saw blade and masses, and using an inertia balance. Both found that objects with larger masses have greater inertia.
Modul ini membahas konsep-konsep gerakan linear termasuk jarak, sesaran, laju, halaju, pecutan dan nyahpecutan serta persamaan dan graf yang berkaitan."
This experiment studied the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant cells. In the experiment, onion epidermal cells were placed in distilled water (hypotonic), 0.5M sucrose solution (isotonic), and 1.0M sucrose solution (hypertonic), and observed under a microscope. The cells placed in distilled water became turgid and large, while the cells in the more concentrated sucrose solutions shrank or crenated. When the cells from the hypertonic solution were returned to distilled water, they regained their turgid appearance. This demonstrated how cell shape is affected by the relative concentrations of solutions on either side of the cell membrane.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang daya gravitasi, berat, dan konsep-konsep fisika lainnya seperti kerja, tenaga, dan keseimbangan daya. Daya gravitasi adalah daya yang menarik objek ke arah Bumi, sedangkan berat adalah daya gravitasi yang bertindak pada suatu objek."
Refraction occurs when light changes speed as it passes from one medium to another, causing the light's path to bend. The ratio of the sines of the incident and refracted angles is a constant called the refractive index, which depends on the densities of the media. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser to a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing all the light to reflect within the denser medium.
This document describes the procedures for several experiments investigating biological processes:
1. An experiment to determine the concentration of sucrose solution isotonic to potato cell sap by measuring changes in length of potato strips in different sucrose concentrations.
2. An experiment examining the effect of albumen concentration on the rate of enzyme reaction by pepsin by measuring the time for solutions to turn colorless.
3. An experiment measuring the energy content of different foods like cashew nuts, peanuts, and bread by recording the increase in temperature of water heated by samples.
4. An experiment determining the vitamin C concentration in different fruit juices like guava, orange, and pineapple by measuring the volume needed to decolorize a
This document provides guidance on answering subjective physics questions in the SPM paper 2 exam. It discusses the following:
1) The 3 sections of the exam - Section A has 8 questions worth 60 marks to be answered in 90 minutes. Section B has 2 questions worth 20 marks each to be answered in 30 minutes. Section C has 2 questions worth 20 marks each also to be answered in 30 minutes.
2) Types of questions in each section - Section A focuses on knowledge, understanding and application. Section B involves conceptualizing. Section C requires problem solving or decision making.
3) Strategies for answering questions effectively such as reading the question multiple times and highlighting key words, answering questions
This document provides information about the human digestive system and nutrition:
1) It includes diagrams of the digestive system labeling parts like the pancreas, liver, and esophagus. An enzyme found in the pancreas and its function are discussed.
2) Other parts of the digestive system are labeled like the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The stomach stores and breaks down food and the small intestine is where digestion ends.
3) Food groups like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and fiber are outlined along with their functions in the body.
4) A diagram shows the average daily energy needs vary between groups like babies, children, and adults. The
Lakaran memainkan peranan penting dalam proses reka bentuk dengan membolehkan pereka mengeksplorasi konsep awal, berkomunikasi dengan pelanggan, dan menghasilkan ilustrasi produk akhir. Terdapat pelbagai jenis lakaran termasuk lakaran peribadi, penerokaan, teknikal, dan digital. Lakaran memberikan kaedah yang pantas untuk merekabentuk dan memajukan konsep sebelum merealisasikan reka bentuk akhir.
The document summarizes science as the systematic study of nature and how it affects the environment through careful observations, studies and investigations. It states that science can explain natural phenomena in the environment. The key details are provided in 3 concise sentences.
1. The document describes an experiment to investigate how the period of a simple pendulum varies with its length. It was found that the longer the pendulum, the longer its period of oscillation.
2. An experiment is described to study how the velocity of a trolley varies with the angle of inclination of a plane. It was found that a higher angle of incline results in a higher velocity.
3. Two experiments are presented to demonstrate inertia - using a saw blade and masses, and using an inertia balance. Both found that objects with larger masses have greater inertia.
Modul ini membahas konsep-konsep gerakan linear termasuk jarak, sesaran, laju, halaju, pecutan dan nyahpecutan serta persamaan dan graf yang berkaitan."
This experiment studied the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant cells. In the experiment, onion epidermal cells were placed in distilled water (hypotonic), 0.5M sucrose solution (isotonic), and 1.0M sucrose solution (hypertonic), and observed under a microscope. The cells placed in distilled water became turgid and large, while the cells in the more concentrated sucrose solutions shrank or crenated. When the cells from the hypertonic solution were returned to distilled water, they regained their turgid appearance. This demonstrated how cell shape is affected by the relative concentrations of solutions on either side of the cell membrane.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang daya gravitasi, berat, dan konsep-konsep fisika lainnya seperti kerja, tenaga, dan keseimbangan daya. Daya gravitasi adalah daya yang menarik objek ke arah Bumi, sedangkan berat adalah daya gravitasi yang bertindak pada suatu objek."
Refraction occurs when light changes speed as it passes from one medium to another, causing the light's path to bend. The ratio of the sines of the incident and refracted angles is a constant called the refractive index, which depends on the densities of the media. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser to a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing all the light to reflect within the denser medium.
Lens and Mirrors [Autosaved] for Grade 10.pptxMaamKatrynTan
This document discusses the anatomy and properties of lenses and mirrors. It defines key terms like focal point, principal axis, radius of curvature, and types of lenses and mirrors. Ray diagrams are demonstrated as a technique for determining the characteristics of images formed by concave and convex mirrors and converging and diverging lenses based on the position of objects. Reflection and refraction principles are reviewed for understanding image formation.
This document discusses light reflection and refraction. It explains that light reflects off objects, enabling us to see them, and transmits through transparent mediums. Spherical mirrors like those in spoons can form real or virtual images depending on the object position. Concave mirrors converge parallel rays to a focal point, allowing them to ignite objects, while convex mirrors diverge rays appearing to emanate from a focal point. The document explores image formation using spherical mirrors and defines terms like radius of curvature, focal length, and principal focus.
The document discusses several optical phenomena including reflection, refraction, diffraction, and polarization of light. It describes the properties of images such as whether they are real or virtual, upright or inverted, and larger, smaller, or the same size as the object. It also discusses the characteristics and applications of plane mirrors, concave mirrors, convex mirrors, refraction through different media, total internal reflection, optical fibers, mirages, prisms, rainbows, and why the sky appears blue and sunsets appear red.
1. The document discusses optics and electromagnetics waves, including the laws of reflection and refraction of light, and properties of lenses and mirrors. Reflection follows the law that the incident, reflected, and normal lines are in the same plane, with the incident and reflection angles being equal. Refraction follows Snell's law, with the ratio of sines of the incident and refracted angles being a constant called the index of refraction.
2. Concave and convex mirrors and lenses are described. Concave mirrors can form real or virtual images, depending on the position of the object. Convex mirrors always form virtual images. Lenses follow principal rays to determine image characteristics.
3. Total
The document discusses optics and electromagnetics waves. It covers the topics of reflection, refraction, lenses, and mirrors. Key points include:
- Reflection follows the law that the incident, reflected, and normal lines all lie in the same plane, with the incident angle equaling the reflection angle.
- Refraction follows Snell's law, with the ratio of sines of the incident and refracted angles staying constant depending on the medium. Total internal reflection can occur when the incident angle exceeds the critical angle.
- Lenses are classified as converging or diverging based on whether they focus or spread light. Their focal lengths and image properties can be determined using lens formulas that involve the
The document discusses optics and electromagnetics waves. It covers the laws of reflection and refraction, including the reflection and refraction of light by mirrors and lenses. Several examples are provided on determining image formation and properties using the lens and mirror formulas. Reflection is discussed for flat, concave, and convex mirrors. Refraction addresses Snell's law, total internal reflection, and refraction through parallel planes and spherical surfaces. Lens types and their focal properties are also outlined. Exercises at the end provide problems to calculate variables like image distance, magnification, and focal length.
Light - Reflection and Refraction, Class X, CBSE, ScienceDevesh Saini
PowerPoint Presentation covering all the concepts and topics of the chapter : Light- Reflection and Refraction of class X (CBSE).
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Light travels as waves and can undergo various phenomena including reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. Reflection occurs when light hits a surface, causing it to bounce off at the same angle. Refraction happens when light passes from one medium to another of different density, causing it to change speed and bend. This bending is described by Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from a denser to less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing it to reflect back inside the denser medium. This principle is applied in devices like optical fibers.
This document provides information about ray optics and optical instruments. It begins by defining key concepts in ray optics like reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, and dispersion. It then discusses these phenomena through examples like mirages, diamonds, and prisms. The document also covers topics in geometric optics like mirrors, lenses, the lens maker's formula, and optical instruments like microscopes and telescopes. It provides formulas for magnification, focal length, and angular magnification. In summary, the document is an overview of ray optics concepts and how they apply to the design and use of common optical instruments.
This document provides information about light reflection and refraction. It defines key concepts such as the ray and beam of light. It describes the laws of reflection, including that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Plane mirrors form virtual, erect, and laterally inverted images. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex and form real or virtual images depending on the position of the object. The document also covers the laws of refraction, including Snell's law, and discusses image formation using lenses. Convex lenses form real, inverted images while concave lenses form virtual, erect images. Lens formula and magnification are also defined.
Various optical instruments have been designed, using the property of reflection and refraction. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Introduction Of Ray Optics and Optical Instruments www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-ray-optics/introduction-of-ray-optics-and-optical-instruments/
This document discusses reflection and refraction at surfaces and curved surfaces. It begins by explaining the fundamentals of reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It then discusses the laws of reflection and refraction. Specific examples of reflection and refraction are provided for plane mirrors, convex mirrors, concave mirrors, and refraction through lenses and the cornea. Clinical applications of reflection and refraction in the eye and optical instruments are described.
The document discusses key concepts about light, including that it travels as a wave, undergoes reflection and refraction, and has different speeds in different materials. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, following the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction is when light changes speed and bends as it passes from one material to another with a different density, according to Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light traveling through a denser medium hits the boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle and is reflected back inside.
Optics is the branch of physics that studies light, including its properties, production and propagation. There are three main branches: geometrical optics deals with laws of reflection and refraction, physical optics studies the nature of light, and quantum optics applies quantum theory to light. Optical instruments like microscopes use lenses, mirrors and prisms to observe objects. Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light signals for communication. They have advantages over copper cables by being lighter, more flexible and having greater information carrying capacity.
1. Reflection is the bouncing back of light from a smooth surface, while refraction is the bending of light when passing from one medium to another.
2. Plane mirrors reflect light such that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, forming virtual, upright images behind the mirror. Spherical mirrors like concave and convex mirrors can form real or virtual images depending on the position of the object.
3. Refraction follows Snell's law where the ratio of sines of the angle of incidence and refraction is a constant depending on the refractive indices of the two media. Lenses use refraction to form real images of objects.
This document provides an overview of the grade 11 physical science topic of light, including geometrical optics. It discusses the nature of light, reflection of light, refraction of light, and lenses. Reflection is defined as the bouncing of light off a surface, while refraction is the bending of light when passing from one medium to another. Examples of refraction include light bending as it passes from air to water. Lenses are able to refract light in a way that converges or diverges the beams, with converging lenses bringing light to a focus and diverging lenses spreading it out. Diagrams are provided to illustrate reflection, refraction, and the use of lenses to form images.
Light travels as waves and can undergo various interactions as it travels, such as reflection, refraction, and interference. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, following the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction happens when light passes from one medium to another of different density, causing it to change speed and bend according to Snell's law. Refraction is responsible for phenomena like dispersion and the apparent bending of objects in water.
Additional Mathematics form 4 (formula)Fatini Adnan
This document provides a summary of various math formulae for Form 4 students in Malaysia, including:
1. Functions, quadratic equations, and quadratic functions
2. Simultaneous equations, indices and logarithms, and coordinate geometry
3. Statistics, circular measures, and differentiation
It lists common formulae for topics like the quadratic formula, completing the square, differentiation rules, and measures of central tendency and dispersion. The document is intended as a study guide for students to review essential formulae.
This document defines various physical quantities and concepts related to physics. It discusses base and derived quantities, scalar and vector quantities, errors in measurement, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, mass, acceleration, momentum, forces, work, energy, power, elasticity, Hooke's law, conservation principles, and key concepts related to forces and motion, heat, light, and pressure. Key principles defined include Newton's laws of motion, gas laws, laws of reflection and refraction, Archimedes' principle, and Pascal's principle.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment. It allows cells to function properly through regulatory processes like negative feedback. The skin, kidneys, liver, endocrine and nervous systems all work to keep conditions like temperature, pH, water concentration, and glucose levels within narrow limits. When deviations occur, feedback mechanisms activate processes like sweating or vasoconstriction to return the internal environment to its optimal range for cellular activity.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
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Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
1. Reflection of Light
Reflection of Light
Note: Both the angle of incident and angle of reflection must be measured from the
normal.
Laws of Reflection
1. The law of reflection state that
a. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection; the ray
leaves the surface at the same angle as it arrives.
b. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same
plane; all three could be drawn on the same flat piece of paper
Type of Mirror
2. Plane Mirror
(Reflection of light on a plane mirror)
Plane Mirror
Images in plane mirrors
1. Figure to the right shows how, by reflecting light, a plane mirror forms an
image of a point source of light such as a small light bulb.
2. The image forms in a mirror is
a. Upright
b. Virtual
c. Laterally inverted
d. Same size as the object
3. Steps to draw a ray diagram for an image in a plane mirror
Step 1
( Draw the virtual image. Distance of object = Distance of image )
Step 2
( Draw 2 reflected rays, one from the image to the top of the eye and the other one from the
image from the bottom of the eye. )
Step 3
( Draw the respective incident rays for the reflected rays you draw in step 2. )
4. Curved Mirror
Curved Mirror
1. A curve is part of a circle. Therefore
a. the centre of the circle will also be the centre of the curve and is
called the centre of curvature, and
b. the radius of the circle will be equal to the radius of the curve, called
the curvature radius.
Important Terms
All rays parallel to the principle axis will focus at F
5. Centre of
curvature, C
The geometric centre of a hollow sphere of which the concave or
convex mirror is a part.
Pole of mirror, P The centre point on the curved mirror.
Principal axis A line which passes through the centre of curvature, C and the pole
of a curved mirror, P.
Radius of
curvature, r
Distance between the pole, P and the centre of curvature, C.
Principal focus, F A point through which all rays travelling parallel to the principal
axis converge to or appear to diverge from after reflection by the
mirror.
Focal length, f The distance between the principal focus, F and the pole of the
curved mirror, P.
Aperture of mirror The portion of the surface of the mirror that reflects light.
Object distance, u Distance of object from the pole of the mirror, P.
Image distance, v Distance of image from the pole of the mirror,
6. Drawing Ray Diagram for Concave Mirror
Rules in Drawing Ray Diagram
Rule No. 1
The ray of light through C will be reflected back through C.
Rule No. 2
The ray of light parallel to the principal axis will be reflected through F.
Rule No. 3
The ray of light through F will be reflected parallel to the principal axis.
7. Drawing Ray Diagram of a Convex Mirror
Rules in Drawing Ray Diagram
Rule No. 1
A ray towards C is reflected back along its own path.
Rule No. 2
A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected as if it came from F.
Rule No. 3
8. A ray towards F is reflected parallel to the principal axis.
Finding the Position and Size of the Image
1. Any two rays are sufficient to fix the position and size of the image. Look
for the point where the rays cross after reflection from the mirror.
2. The interception of the two rays is the focus of the ray.
Example
9. Refraction of Light
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of a light ray at the boundary of two medium as
the light ray propagates from a medium to another with difference optical
density.
1. Light rays are bent when they pass at an angle in or out of materials such as
glass and water. The effect is called refraction.
2. Light passing into an optically denser medium is bent towards the normal;
light passing into an optically less dense medium is bent away from the normal.
3. Materials such as glass, water and paraffin are said to be optically denser
than air.
Refraction of Light - Snell's Law
The laws of refraction
1. The incident and refracted rays are on opposite sides of the normal at the
point of incidence, and all three lie in the same plane.
2. The value of sinisinr is constant for light passing from one given medium into
another. This is known as Snell's law.
Snell's law states that the value of (sin i) / (sin r) is constant for light
passing from one given medium into another.
Sin r/Sin i=constant
10. Refractive Index
Refractive index
1. The value of sin i/sin r is called the refractive index of the medium and it
gives you an indication of its light-bending ability.
n=sin i/sin r
n= refractive index
2. In SPM, when we say “refractive index”, what we mean is the absolute
refractive index of a substance. The absolute refractive index of a substance is the
refractive index where light ray travels from vacuum (or air) into the substance.
Refractive index = speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in medium
or
n=c/v
( Note that the greater the refractive index of a medium, the lower is the speed of
light. The more light is slowed, the more it is bent. )
Real and Apparent Depth
1. The bending of light can give you a false impression of depth.
2. Figure to the left shows two rays of light leaving a point on the bottom of a
swimming pool.
3. The rays are refracted as they leave the water. To the observer, the rays
seem to come from a higher position, and the bottom looks closer to the surface
than it really is.
11. 4. The real depth of the water and its apparent depth are marked on the
diagram. These are related to the refractive index of the water by the following
equation:
Refractive index = real depth/apparent depth
or
n=D/d
Summary:
Refractive index
n=sin i/sin r
n=D/d
n=c/v
12. Natural Phenomenon due to Refraction of Light
Bending of Object in a Glass
A straw in a glass with water looks bended or broken. This is due to refraction of
light
Shallower Swimming Pool
A swimming pool appears shallower than it actual is. This is because the light from
the pool is refracted away from the normal when moving from water to the air.
Atmospheric Refraction and Setting sun
The setting sun looks oval in shape because the light from the sun is refracted at
different rate when passes through the atmosphere.
13. Twinkling Star
The light of stars is refracted when passes through different region in the
atmosphere. The angle of refraction varies a little from time to time. As a result, the
stars look twinkling.
Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle
Total Internal Reflection and the Critical Angle
1. In figure (a) above, the light ray is refracted away from the normal when
moving from denser medium to less dense medium.
2. Figure (b) shows that, at a specific angle, the light ray is refracted 90o from
the normal. It is refracted so much that it is only just able to leave the water. In
such condition, the incident angle is called the critical angle.
3. The critical angle is the angle of incident in an optically denser medium for
which the angle of refraction is 90°.
4. In figure (c), the light ray strikes the surface at an angle of incidence greater
than c. There is no refracted ray; the surface of the water acts like a perfect mirror,
and the ray is said to have been totally internally reflected.
14. The Equation Relates the Critical angle (c) with the Refractive Index
The critical angle can be calculated by using the following equation:
Requirements for Total Internal Reflection to occur.
1. The light ray must propagate from an optically denser medium to an
optically less dense medium.
2. The angle of incident must exceed the critical angle.
15. Phenomena Related to Total Internal Reflection
Mirage
1. The occurrence of mirage can be explained as follows.
2. The air on the road surface consists of many layers. On a hot day, the air
near the ground has a low specific heat capacity, hence the temperature increase
faster.
3. The hot air becomes less dense than the cold air higher up.
16. 4. A ray of light originated from the sky is refracted away from the normal as
the light is travel from denser to less dense air.
5. As the air passes through the lower layers, the angle of incidence increases
and the refracted ray is getting further away from the normal.
6. Finally, at a layer of air close to the road surface, the angle incidence
exceeds the critical angle. Total internal occurs and the light ray bends upward
towards the eye of the observer.
7. The observer sees the image of the sky and the clouds on the surface of the
road as a pool of water.
Rain Bow
1. The spectrum of a rainbow is caused by total internal reflection in the water
droplets.
2. Different angles of total internal reflection produces different colours.
17. Lenses
Lenses
1. There are 2 types of lenses, namely the
a. Convex lens
b. Concave lens
2. Convex lenses are thickest through the middle, concave lenses are thickest
around the edge, but several variations on these basic shapes are possible, as
shown in figure 1.
3. Light rays passing through a convex or converging lens are bent towards the
principal axis, whereas rays passing through a concave or diverging lens are bent
away from the principal axis.
Figure 1: Convex Lenses
Figure 2: Concave Lenses
Important Terms
Optical centre, P Light passing through the central block emerges in the
same direction as it arrives because the faces of this
block are parallel. P marks the optical centre of the
lens.
Principle Axis The principle axis of a lens is the line joining the
centres of of curvature of its surfaces.
Principle focus, F The principle focus of a lens is the point on the priciple
axis to which all rays originally parallel and close to the
axis converge, or from which they diverge, after passing
through the lens.
Focal length, f The focal length of a lens is the distance between the
optical centre an the principle focus.
18. Rays of light can pass through a lens in either direction, so every lens has two
principal foci, one on each side of the optical centre.
19. Power of Lenses
The Power of a Lens
1. The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length in unit
meter.
P=1/f
Important Note: f is in meter
2. The unit of power is diopter (D).
3. The relationship of the power with the thickness and types of lens are shown in the
diagram below.
Lens Power of the Lens
Converging (Convex) Positive
Diverging (Concave) Negative
Thick, with short focal length. High
Thin, with long focal length. Low
Thinner – Lower Power – Longer Focal Length
Thicker – Higher Power – Shorter Focal Length
20. Example:
The power of a lens is labeled as +5D. What is the focal length of the lens (in cm)?
Is this a concave lens or a convex lens?
Answer:
P=1/f
(+5)=1/f
f=1/5=0.2m = 20cm
The power of the lens is positive. This is a convex lens.
Convex Lens
Rules for Drawing Ray Diagram for Convex Lenses
1. A light ray passes through the optical centre of the lens will not be refracted.
2. A light ray parallel to the principle axis of the lens will be refracted passes
through the principle focus.
3. A light ray passes through principle focus will be refracted parallel to the
principle axis.
21. Characteristics of the Image Formed by a Convex Lens
Characteristics of the Image Formed by a Convex Lens
1. As with a curved mirror, the position and size of an image can be found by
drawing a ray diagram.
2. Any two of the following three rays are sufficient to fix the position and
size of the image.
3. The characteristics, position and size of the image formed by a convex lens
depends on the object distance (u) relative to the focal length (f)
Position of Object: u > 2f
Characteristics of the Image: Real, inverted, diminish
Distance of image: v < 2f
Position of Object: u = 2f
22. Characteristics of the Image: Real, inverted, same size
Distance of image: v = 2f
Position of Object: f < u < 2f
Characteristics of the Image: Real, inverted, magnified
Distance of image: v > 2f
Position of Object: u = f
23. Characteristics of the Image: -
Distance of image: At infinity
Position of Object: u < 2
Characteristics of the Image: Virtual, uprigh, magnified
Position of image: at the same side of the object
24. Concave Lens
Rules in Drawing Ray Diagram for Concave Lens
1. A light ray passes through the optical centre of the lens will not be refracted.
2. A light ray parallel to the principle axis will be refracted away from the
principle focus
3. A light ray moving towards the optical centre will be refracted parallel to
the principle axis.
25. Characteristics of the Image Formed by a Concave Lens
1. The image formed by a concave lens always has the same characteristics,
namely
a. virtual
b. upright
c. diminish
2. Figure below shows the ray diagram for the formation of image of a
concave lens.
26. The Lens Equation
The Lens Equation
1. The following is the lens equation that relates the object distance (u), image
distance (v) and the focal length.
1/u+1/v=1/f
2. When using the lens equation to solve problem, it's important to note the
positive negative sign of u, v and f.
3. Table below give the conventional symbol and sign for u, v and f.
Positif Negatif
u Real object Virtual object
v Real image Virtual image
f Convex lens Concave lens
Linear Magnification
The linear magnification is a quantity that indicates the ratio of the height of the
image to the height of the object.
m=v/u=hi/ho
m = linear magnification
u = distance of object
v = distance of image
hi = heigth of image
ho = heigth of object
27.
28. Magnifying Glass
Magnifying Glass
1. Magnifying glass is also known as simple microscope.
2. A magnifying glass is a single convex lens with short focal length.
3. The image formed is
a. virtual,
b. magnified
c. upright
4. A magnifying glass enlarges the image of an object by increasing the virtual
angle at the eye when the object is viewed.
Angular magnitude and apparent size
1. The angular magnitude of an object is the virtual angle at the eye. It is the
angle the object subtends at the eye.
2. This angle determines the size of the image (apparent size) formed on the
retina and hence governs the apparent size of the object
29. Optical Instruments - Camera
Camera
Functions
Convex lens To focus the light of an object onto the film so that a sharp image can
be produced.
Diaphragm To control the size of the aperture and hence control the amount of
light move into the camera.
Focusing Ring To adjust the distance between the lens and the film so that the image
is sharply focus on the film.
Film 1. Acts as a screen for the image to form onto it.
2. Chemical on it will react when exposed to light and produce a
photograph.
Shutter Open when picture is taken to allow light move onto the film.
The shutter speed is the length of time when the shutter is open. It
control the amount of light move onto the film.
Aperture Open when picture is taken to allow light move onto the film.
The shutter speed is the length of time when the shutter is open. It
control the amount of light move onto the film.
Note:
1. The film, which is normally kept in total darkness, contains a light-sensitive
chemical called silver bromide.
2. When you press the camera button, a shutter in front of the film opens then
shuts again, exposing the film to light for a brief moment only.
3. Different intensities and colours of light across the image cause varying
chemical changes in the film, which can later be developed, 'fixed', and used in
printing a photograph.
4. The image formed on the film is
a. Real
b. Inverted
c. Smaller than the object.
30. Optical Instruments - Projector
Projector
Function
Bulb 1. Bulb with high brightness is used.
2. The bulb must be placed at the centre of curvature of the
concave mirror.
Concave mirror 1. The function of the concave mirror is to reflect and focus
light that shines on it to the direction of the condenser.
2. This is to increase the brightness of the image.
Condenser 1. The condenser consists of two Plano-convex lenses.
2. The function of the condenser is to focus all the light that
brightens the whole slide.
3. It also acts as a heat insulator to stop heat from the bulb so it
does not spoil the slide.
Slide 1. The slide acts as the object.
2. It is located at a distance between f and 2f from the projector
lens so that the image produced is real and magnified.
3. It is purposely placed upside down so that the image forms on
the screen looks upright.
Projector Lens 1. The projector lens projects the image on the screen that is
placed a few meters away.
2. It can be adjusted to focus a sharp image.
Image The image produced is
1. real (it form on a screen)
2. magnified
3. inverted (Since the slide is placed upside down, hence the
image looks upright)
31. Optical Instruments - Astronomical Telescope
Astronomical Telescope
Astronomical Telescope
Objective lens Lower power
Eye lens Higher power
Position of the object At infinity
Nature of the image, I1 Real, inverted and magnified
Position of the image,
I1.
At the principle focus of object lens, fo.
Nature of the image, I2 Virtual, inverted and smaller in size.
Distance in between the
two lens
1. The distance between the object lens and the eye
lens in a compound microscope is equal to the sum
of the focal length (fo + fe).
2. If the distance between both lenses are bigger than
(fo + fe), no image can be seen.
Magnification of the
compound microscope.
m = Focal length of the object lens, fo
Focal length of the eye lens, fm
32. Optical Instruments - Compound Microscope
Compound Microscope
Compound Microscope
Object lens Higher power
Eye lens Lower power
Position of
the object
The object is placed at a position between fo and 2fo.
Nature of the
image, I1
Real, inverted and magnified
Position of
the image, I1.
The first image, I1 must be placed between the optical center of the eye lens with
the eye lens principle focus point, fe.
Nature of the
image, I2
Virtual, inverted and magnified
Distance in
between the
two lens
The distance between the object lens and the eye lens in a compound
microscope is bigger than the sum of the focal length (fo + fe).
If the distance between both lenses are adjusted to less than (fo + fe), no
image can be seen.
Magnificatio
n of the
compound
microscope.
m = m1×m2
= Height of first image ,I1 × Height of second image, I2
Height of object Height of first image , I1
= Height of second image, I2
Height of object
m1 = Linear magnification of the object lens
m2 = Linear magnification of the object lens