This document discusses post-tensioning devices and systems. Post-tensioning involves applying tension to tendons placed in ducts within hardened concrete. There are two main types: bonded uses grout in the ducts while unbonded does not. Key devices include ducts, anchoring devices, jacks and optional couplers and grouting equipment. Common anchoring principles are wedge action, direct bearing and looping wires. More than 64 post-tensioning systems have been patented worldwide with the Freyssinet system most common in India.
This document discusses losses in prestressed concrete, including short-term and long-term losses. It describes the differences between pre-tensioned and post-tensioned concrete. Losses include elastic shortening, friction, anchorage slip, creep, shrinkage, and relaxation. Total losses can be 15-20% of the initial prestress. Post-tensioned concrete experiences more types of losses but lower overall losses compared to pre-tensioned concrete. Proper design and materials are needed to minimize losses in prestressed concrete.
Analysis of simple beam using STAAD Pro (Exp No 1)SHAMJITH KM
The document describes analyzing a simple beam using STAAD.Pro software. It discusses the steps taken, which include generating the beam model geometry by adding nodes and a member, specifying member properties and support types, applying loads, performing analysis, and viewing the results in the form of structure diagrams showing values like bending moment and shear force. The overall aim was to familiarize the user with STAAD.Pro's interface and analyze a basic beam structure.
Prestressed concrete combines high-strength concrete and high-strength steel in an active manner by tensioning steel tendons and holding them against the concrete, putting it into compression. This transforms concrete from a brittle to a more elastic material. It allows for optimal use of each material's properties and better behavior under loads. Prestressed concrete was pioneered in the 1930s and its use has expanded, finding applications in bridges and other structures. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning, using various tendon types, with bonded or unbonded configurations. Tensioning is done using mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or chemical devices.
The document discusses the design of slender columns. It defines a slender column as having a slenderness ratio (length to least lateral dimension) greater than 12. Slender columns experience appreciable lateral deflection even under axial loads alone. The design of slender columns can be done using three methods - the strength reduction coefficient method, additional moment method, or moment magnification method. The document outlines the step-by-step procedure for designing a slender column using the additional moment method, which involves determining the effective length, initial moments, additional moments, total moments accounting for a reduction coefficient, and redesigning the column for combined axial load and bending.
Design of shallow foundation slide sharezameer1979
1. The document discusses various types of shallow foundations including spread footings, combined footings, strap or cantilever footings, and mat or raft foundations.
2. Design of foundations involves determining the safe bearing capacity of soil and proportioning the size, thickness, and reinforcement of footings based on bending moment and shear force calculations.
3. Numerical examples show how to calculate the required width, length, or depth of different footings given soil properties and applied loads using bearing capacity equations.
Shear, bond bearing,camber & deflection in prestressed concreteMAHFUZUR RAHMAN
This Presentation was presented as a partial fulfillment of Prestressed Concrete Design Lab Course. Behavior & Design of Prestress on above topic is shortly discussed on the presentation. The part "Shear & Shear Design in Prestressed" Concrete was prepared by me. Other topics were prepared by other members of my group. Thanks to all my teachers & friends who helped us in different stages during preparation of the total presentation.
This document discusses different types of machine foundations. It describes three main types: block foundations, which are used for reciprocating machines; box foundations, which are hollow and have a higher natural frequency than block foundations; and wall foundations, which use vertical columns and horizontal frames for larger machines. It also discusses determining soil parameters through laboratory tests, vibration analysis for single and multi-degree of freedom systems, Indian code of practice IS 2974 for designing rotary machine foundations, and common design considerations like foundation mass and isolation.
This document discusses post-tensioning devices and systems. Post-tensioning involves applying tension to tendons placed in ducts within hardened concrete. There are two main types: bonded uses grout in the ducts while unbonded does not. Key devices include ducts, anchoring devices, jacks and optional couplers and grouting equipment. Common anchoring principles are wedge action, direct bearing and looping wires. More than 64 post-tensioning systems have been patented worldwide with the Freyssinet system most common in India.
This document discusses losses in prestressed concrete, including short-term and long-term losses. It describes the differences between pre-tensioned and post-tensioned concrete. Losses include elastic shortening, friction, anchorage slip, creep, shrinkage, and relaxation. Total losses can be 15-20% of the initial prestress. Post-tensioned concrete experiences more types of losses but lower overall losses compared to pre-tensioned concrete. Proper design and materials are needed to minimize losses in prestressed concrete.
Analysis of simple beam using STAAD Pro (Exp No 1)SHAMJITH KM
The document describes analyzing a simple beam using STAAD.Pro software. It discusses the steps taken, which include generating the beam model geometry by adding nodes and a member, specifying member properties and support types, applying loads, performing analysis, and viewing the results in the form of structure diagrams showing values like bending moment and shear force. The overall aim was to familiarize the user with STAAD.Pro's interface and analyze a basic beam structure.
Prestressed concrete combines high-strength concrete and high-strength steel in an active manner by tensioning steel tendons and holding them against the concrete, putting it into compression. This transforms concrete from a brittle to a more elastic material. It allows for optimal use of each material's properties and better behavior under loads. Prestressed concrete was pioneered in the 1930s and its use has expanded, finding applications in bridges and other structures. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning, using various tendon types, with bonded or unbonded configurations. Tensioning is done using mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or chemical devices.
The document discusses the design of slender columns. It defines a slender column as having a slenderness ratio (length to least lateral dimension) greater than 12. Slender columns experience appreciable lateral deflection even under axial loads alone. The design of slender columns can be done using three methods - the strength reduction coefficient method, additional moment method, or moment magnification method. The document outlines the step-by-step procedure for designing a slender column using the additional moment method, which involves determining the effective length, initial moments, additional moments, total moments accounting for a reduction coefficient, and redesigning the column for combined axial load and bending.
Design of shallow foundation slide sharezameer1979
1. The document discusses various types of shallow foundations including spread footings, combined footings, strap or cantilever footings, and mat or raft foundations.
2. Design of foundations involves determining the safe bearing capacity of soil and proportioning the size, thickness, and reinforcement of footings based on bending moment and shear force calculations.
3. Numerical examples show how to calculate the required width, length, or depth of different footings given soil properties and applied loads using bearing capacity equations.
Shear, bond bearing,camber & deflection in prestressed concreteMAHFUZUR RAHMAN
This Presentation was presented as a partial fulfillment of Prestressed Concrete Design Lab Course. Behavior & Design of Prestress on above topic is shortly discussed on the presentation. The part "Shear & Shear Design in Prestressed" Concrete was prepared by me. Other topics were prepared by other members of my group. Thanks to all my teachers & friends who helped us in different stages during preparation of the total presentation.
This document discusses different types of machine foundations. It describes three main types: block foundations, which are used for reciprocating machines; box foundations, which are hollow and have a higher natural frequency than block foundations; and wall foundations, which use vertical columns and horizontal frames for larger machines. It also discusses determining soil parameters through laboratory tests, vibration analysis for single and multi-degree of freedom systems, Indian code of practice IS 2974 for designing rotary machine foundations, and common design considerations like foundation mass and isolation.
Cable Layout, Continuous Beam & Load Balancing MethodMd Tanvir Alam
This document provides information on cable layout and load balancing methods for prestressed concrete beams. It discusses layouts for simple, continuous, and cantilever beams. For simple beams, it describes layouts for pretensioned and post-tensioned beams, including straight, curved, and bent cable configurations. It also compares the load carrying capacities of simple and continuous beams. The document concludes by explaining the load balancing method for design, using examples of how to balance loads in simple, cantilever, and continuous beam configurations.
this presentation describes in details the sinking operation of well foundations in different conditions and situations. the content here is suitable only for basic knowledge and educational purposes.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground.Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from top down.It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for excavation support, support of hill cuts, bridge abutments and high ways.This process is effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.
This document provides information about a project involving the construction of pile foundations using the bored cast-in-situ piling method at an English Medium High Madrasha site in Malda. It includes details of the project such as the estimated and tender costs, concrete mix design, pile load testing procedures, and descriptions of the pile classification, boring and concreting process. Reinforcement details and specifications for equipment used in the piling like DMC pipes, tremie pipes, chisel, and casing are also provided.
tunnel lining may be permanent or temporary based upon their use and requirement. design of lining is done in two parts one is temporary or initial lining design and other is permanent design of the lining. empirical and theoretical methods are major design methods.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8a - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.
Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
This document defines and describes various types and concepts related to prestressed concrete. It discusses:
1) Definitions of prestressing steel types like wires, strands, tendons, and cables. It also defines bonded and unbonded tendons.
2) Advantages of prestressing like increased strength, reduced cracking, and suitability for precast construction.
3) Limitations include needing skilled technology and higher material costs.
4) Types of prestressing based on force source, location, sequence, member shape, and direction. It provides examples of pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, internal and external prestressing, and linear and circular prestressing.
This document provides information about the course "Design & Detailing of RC Structures 10CV321" taught by Dr. G.S. Suresh at NIE Mysore. It lists several reference books for the course and provides the evaluation pattern for both theory and drawing components. It also outlines the course content which includes limit state design method, stress-strain behavior of materials, assumptions in limit state design, behavior of reinforced concrete beams, stress block parameters, and calculation of ultimate flexural strength.
This document provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, beginning in 1824 with the development of Portland cement. It then outlines several important developments in prestressed concrete technology from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century by innovators from various countries. These include early uses of steel in concrete, prestressing methods like pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, and development of high-strength steel and anchoring systems. It also mentions increased use of prestressed concrete during World War 2 and establishment of professional organizations to support the field.
Bridges provide passage over obstacles without blocking the way below. They carry traffic and loads over channels, roads, or railways. Bridges are classified based on their function, materials, form, position, construction method, and more. Common types include girder, truss, arch, cable-stayed, and suspension bridges, which vary in their typical spans and forces. Joints are often included to allow for movement from temperature changes and material shrinkage/expansion without compromising the bridge's integrity.
Cofferdams are temporary structures used to allow construction in areas that would otherwise be underwater or difficult to work in. They are enclosures that hold back water and soil to create a dry work area. Various types of cofferdams exist, including braced, earth-type, timber crib, double-walled sheet pile, and cellular designs. Proper construction and safety precautions are vital as workers will be exposed to flooding hazards. Leakage is prevented through measures like cement grouting, clay sealing, and tarpaulins.
This document discusses methods for solving indeterminate structural problems, specifically the matrix method. It provides advantages and disadvantages of matrix methods, including that they are formalized, versatile, and applicable to both determinate and indeterminate problems. The document also outlines the process of the matrix method, including classifying members, assembling member stiffness matrices into a global stiffness matrix, transforming between local and global coordinate systems using transformation matrices, and solving for displacements and forces. An example application to a truss structure is presented.
This document discusses different systems used for prestressing steel, which are grouped into four categories: mechanical, hydraulic, electrical/thermal, and chemical. It provides details on common tensioning devices within each category. Mechanical devices use weights, pulleys, and screw jacks. Hydraulic jacks ranging from 5-600 tonnes are widely used. Electrical/thermal heating of wires before concreting is another option. Chemical devices use expanding cement. The document also describes several popular prestressing systems including Freyssinet, Gifford Udall, Lee-McCall, Magnel Blaton, BBRV, and Baur Leonhardt.
A continuous beam has more than one span carried by multiple supports. It is commonly used in bridge construction since simple beams cannot support large spans without requiring greater strength and stiffness. Continuous prestressed concrete beams provide adequate strength and stiffness while allowing for redistribution of moments, resulting in higher load capacity, reduced deflections, and more evenly distributed bending moments compared to equivalent simple beams. Analysis of continuous beams requires determining primary moments from prestressing, secondary moments induced by support reactions, and the combined resultant moments.
A diaphragm wall is a reinforced concrete wall constructed underground using a slurry trench technique. A slurry trench involves excavating in a trench filled with a thick, viscous fluid called slurry that balances pressure to prevent trench collapse. Reinforcing cages are lowered into the trench and concrete is poured by tremie to displace the slurry. Diaphragm walls can be built close to existing structures, to great depths, and provide strong, watertight basement walls. However, they require specialized equipment and have high costs.
This document summarizes the precast segmental construction method for bridges. It was first used in Western Europe in the 1950s and involves casting concrete segments off-site, transporting them to the construction location, and erecting them using various methods like balanced cantilever, progressive placement, span-by-span, or incremental launching. Machinery like launchers, girders, cranes, and hydraulic jacks are used for erection. Additional steps include external prestressing and grouting. Precast segmental construction allows for longer spans, faster construction times, increased quality control, and is most suitable for long bridges.
This document provides an overview of pile foundations and advanced construction technologies. It defines pile foundations and lists their common uses. Piles are classified as load bearing or non-load bearing, with load bearing piles further divided into bearing and friction piles. Factors for selecting the appropriate pile type include load requirements, soil conditions, and cost. The document describes pile components like caps and shoes. It also covers pile installation methods, common pile materials, and potential causes of pile failure.
Traditional construction involves assembling building parts on-site to construct buildings from the ground up. This includes creating foundations, walls, roofs, etc. at the construction site. Common construction methods include concrete, masonry, and wood framing. Foundations transfer loads from the structure to the soil and come in shallow and deep varieties. Different foundation types include pads, raft slabs, piles, which can be made of materials like concrete, steel, or wood. Formwork and scaffolding provide temporary structures to support concrete and crews during construction.
Cable Layout, Continuous Beam & Load Balancing MethodMd Tanvir Alam
This document provides information on cable layout and load balancing methods for prestressed concrete beams. It discusses layouts for simple, continuous, and cantilever beams. For simple beams, it describes layouts for pretensioned and post-tensioned beams, including straight, curved, and bent cable configurations. It also compares the load carrying capacities of simple and continuous beams. The document concludes by explaining the load balancing method for design, using examples of how to balance loads in simple, cantilever, and continuous beam configurations.
this presentation describes in details the sinking operation of well foundations in different conditions and situations. the content here is suitable only for basic knowledge and educational purposes.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground.Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from top down.It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for excavation support, support of hill cuts, bridge abutments and high ways.This process is effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.
This document provides information about a project involving the construction of pile foundations using the bored cast-in-situ piling method at an English Medium High Madrasha site in Malda. It includes details of the project such as the estimated and tender costs, concrete mix design, pile load testing procedures, and descriptions of the pile classification, boring and concreting process. Reinforcement details and specifications for equipment used in the piling like DMC pipes, tremie pipes, chisel, and casing are also provided.
tunnel lining may be permanent or temporary based upon their use and requirement. design of lining is done in two parts one is temporary or initial lining design and other is permanent design of the lining. empirical and theoretical methods are major design methods.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8a - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.
Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
This document defines and describes various types and concepts related to prestressed concrete. It discusses:
1) Definitions of prestressing steel types like wires, strands, tendons, and cables. It also defines bonded and unbonded tendons.
2) Advantages of prestressing like increased strength, reduced cracking, and suitability for precast construction.
3) Limitations include needing skilled technology and higher material costs.
4) Types of prestressing based on force source, location, sequence, member shape, and direction. It provides examples of pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, internal and external prestressing, and linear and circular prestressing.
This document provides information about the course "Design & Detailing of RC Structures 10CV321" taught by Dr. G.S. Suresh at NIE Mysore. It lists several reference books for the course and provides the evaluation pattern for both theory and drawing components. It also outlines the course content which includes limit state design method, stress-strain behavior of materials, assumptions in limit state design, behavior of reinforced concrete beams, stress block parameters, and calculation of ultimate flexural strength.
This document provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, beginning in 1824 with the development of Portland cement. It then outlines several important developments in prestressed concrete technology from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century by innovators from various countries. These include early uses of steel in concrete, prestressing methods like pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, and development of high-strength steel and anchoring systems. It also mentions increased use of prestressed concrete during World War 2 and establishment of professional organizations to support the field.
Bridges provide passage over obstacles without blocking the way below. They carry traffic and loads over channels, roads, or railways. Bridges are classified based on their function, materials, form, position, construction method, and more. Common types include girder, truss, arch, cable-stayed, and suspension bridges, which vary in their typical spans and forces. Joints are often included to allow for movement from temperature changes and material shrinkage/expansion without compromising the bridge's integrity.
Cofferdams are temporary structures used to allow construction in areas that would otherwise be underwater or difficult to work in. They are enclosures that hold back water and soil to create a dry work area. Various types of cofferdams exist, including braced, earth-type, timber crib, double-walled sheet pile, and cellular designs. Proper construction and safety precautions are vital as workers will be exposed to flooding hazards. Leakage is prevented through measures like cement grouting, clay sealing, and tarpaulins.
This document discusses methods for solving indeterminate structural problems, specifically the matrix method. It provides advantages and disadvantages of matrix methods, including that they are formalized, versatile, and applicable to both determinate and indeterminate problems. The document also outlines the process of the matrix method, including classifying members, assembling member stiffness matrices into a global stiffness matrix, transforming between local and global coordinate systems using transformation matrices, and solving for displacements and forces. An example application to a truss structure is presented.
This document discusses different systems used for prestressing steel, which are grouped into four categories: mechanical, hydraulic, electrical/thermal, and chemical. It provides details on common tensioning devices within each category. Mechanical devices use weights, pulleys, and screw jacks. Hydraulic jacks ranging from 5-600 tonnes are widely used. Electrical/thermal heating of wires before concreting is another option. Chemical devices use expanding cement. The document also describes several popular prestressing systems including Freyssinet, Gifford Udall, Lee-McCall, Magnel Blaton, BBRV, and Baur Leonhardt.
A continuous beam has more than one span carried by multiple supports. It is commonly used in bridge construction since simple beams cannot support large spans without requiring greater strength and stiffness. Continuous prestressed concrete beams provide adequate strength and stiffness while allowing for redistribution of moments, resulting in higher load capacity, reduced deflections, and more evenly distributed bending moments compared to equivalent simple beams. Analysis of continuous beams requires determining primary moments from prestressing, secondary moments induced by support reactions, and the combined resultant moments.
A diaphragm wall is a reinforced concrete wall constructed underground using a slurry trench technique. A slurry trench involves excavating in a trench filled with a thick, viscous fluid called slurry that balances pressure to prevent trench collapse. Reinforcing cages are lowered into the trench and concrete is poured by tremie to displace the slurry. Diaphragm walls can be built close to existing structures, to great depths, and provide strong, watertight basement walls. However, they require specialized equipment and have high costs.
This document summarizes the precast segmental construction method for bridges. It was first used in Western Europe in the 1950s and involves casting concrete segments off-site, transporting them to the construction location, and erecting them using various methods like balanced cantilever, progressive placement, span-by-span, or incremental launching. Machinery like launchers, girders, cranes, and hydraulic jacks are used for erection. Additional steps include external prestressing and grouting. Precast segmental construction allows for longer spans, faster construction times, increased quality control, and is most suitable for long bridges.
This document provides an overview of pile foundations and advanced construction technologies. It defines pile foundations and lists their common uses. Piles are classified as load bearing or non-load bearing, with load bearing piles further divided into bearing and friction piles. Factors for selecting the appropriate pile type include load requirements, soil conditions, and cost. The document describes pile components like caps and shoes. It also covers pile installation methods, common pile materials, and potential causes of pile failure.
Traditional construction involves assembling building parts on-site to construct buildings from the ground up. This includes creating foundations, walls, roofs, etc. at the construction site. Common construction methods include concrete, masonry, and wood framing. Foundations transfer loads from the structure to the soil and come in shallow and deep varieties. Different foundation types include pads, raft slabs, piles, which can be made of materials like concrete, steel, or wood. Formwork and scaffolding provide temporary structures to support concrete and crews during construction.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
The document discusses foundations for buildings. It begins by defining what a foundation is and its purposes, which include distributing the load of the structure, preventing differential settlement, and providing stability. It then covers factors that affect foundation design like soil conditions, structural requirements, and cost. The main types of foundations discussed are shallow foundations, which transfer load directly to the soil, and deep foundations, which transfer load deeper using techniques like piles. Construction of foundations involves site preparation, excavation, forming and pouring footings and walls. The document also discusses underpinning existing foundations and protecting foundations from moisture using waterproofing and drainage.
Raft foundations are large concrete slabs laid on the ground to support buildings. They spread the building load over a wide area, lowering pressure on the soil. This makes raft foundations suitable for unstable soils, areas with soil movement, and buildings with high loads or closely spaced supports. Raft foundations can serve as both the foundation and floor slab. They are used for heavy commercial buildings, in low bearing soils, and where footing overlap would otherwise occur. Advantages include reduced excavation needs and differential settlement.
This document provides details on the construction of a mat foundation. It describes the key steps including shoring, soil excavation, reinforcement placement, concrete casting, and curing. Advantages of mat foundations include reducing differential settlement and providing a stable base for poor soil conditions or where a basement is needed. Disadvantages include higher costs than other foundation types and potential issues with heat and water. The document appears to be a student presentation summarizing their site visit observations of mat foundation construction procedures.
Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.
A pile foundation uses long cylindrical piles made of materials like concrete that are inserted deep into the ground to support structures. It transfers loads from the structure through weaker shallow soil layers to stronger deeper layers that can support the loads. There are different types of piles classified by their function, material, or construction method. Common pile types include pre-cast concrete piles, cast-in-place concrete piles, timber piles, steel piles, and composite piles made of two materials. Pile foundations are used when surface soil cannot support structural loads or in areas with high groundwater levels.
Foundations distribute building loads to the ground and come in two types - shallow and deep. Deep foundations extend through unsuitable soil to reach stronger soil layers below and can be pile or caisson foundations. Pile foundations transfer loads using end-bearing piles or friction piles driven into the ground. Caisson foundations are formed by excavating shafts that are filled with concrete to bear loads. Foundation choice depends on the structure, soil type and depth to suitable bearing layers.
The document discusses the slab used in Madge Mansion, a luxury condominium development. It describes the functions of slabs as providing a flat surface, supporting loads, and acting as insulation and dividers between units. There are two main types of slabs used - precast concrete slabs and in-situ concrete slabs. Precast slabs offer advantages like higher quality control during production and faster construction. In-situ slabs are constructed on site with reinforced concrete spanning between supporting members. The development uses suspended slabs to support loads on the ground level and upper levels.
The document discusses site investigation methods for determining appropriate foundation types. It describes various types of shallow and deep foundations. Site investigation involves soil exploration through methods like boreholes, test pits, and geophysical surveys to understand soil properties and water levels. Different sampling techniques are used to collect disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for analysis. Findings are documented in a bore log report making recommendations on foundation design.
CONTENTS
• Introduction and brief list of Failures and Solution in Pile Foundation.
• Major issues and their solutions during Pile Foundation construction:
o Pile foundation problems and its solutions.
o Settlement of adjacent structures or adjacent grounds and its
solutions.
o Faults in concrete and its solutions.
o Working load faults and its solutions.
• Underpinning
The document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes shallow foundations, which include wall, column, combined, and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep foundations, including pile, under-reamed pile, and well foundations. It provides details on different types of piles and factors to consider when choosing a foundation type, and outlines the basic process for constructing foundations, including site preparation, layout, excavation, and pouring concrete.
Pile foundations Case Study Delhi Metro Site VisitMohd Kashif
This document provides information about deep foundations, including what they are, where they are used, how they are classified, and examples of different pile types. It defines deep foundations as transferring loads to deeper layers of soil or rock compared to shallow foundations. It classifies piles based on function and material and provides details on common types like timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles. The document also includes a case study describing the construction of drilled shaft pile foundations for a metro station in Delhi, with steps like drilling, stabilizing holes, and pouring concrete.
The document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes shallow foundations including spread footings, grillage foundations, combined footings, strap footings, raft/mat foundations. It also describes deep foundations including pile foundations, piers, caissons. It provides details on the functions, materials, and installation methods for various foundation types. The key functions of foundations are to distribute load evenly and provide stability. Foundations need to sustain and transmit loads while minimizing differential settlement.
This document provides an overview of the course "Foundation Engineering" including:
- The course contents which covers topics like shallow foundations, deep foundations, retaining structures, and soil improvements across 10 chapters.
- The examination and grading system with 80 marks for final exam, 20 marks for internal assessment, and 25 marks for practical.
- An introduction to foundation engineering including different types of foundations, factors influencing foundation choice, and the general requirements for shallow foundations.
The document discusses the construction of Madge Mansions, a luxury condominium development consisting of 3 blocks of 10 stories with 52 units total. It describes the pile foundation, suspended slab flooring, and flat roof used for the building. The foundation uses piles to transfer the heavy building loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. Suspended slabs are used for the floors to support loads between levels. A flat roof design is employed.
This document defines underpinning and describes various methods for underpinning structures. Underpinning involves adding support to an existing foundation to provide additional depth or bearing capacity. It is needed when constructing an adjacent building with a deeper foundation, deepening an existing foundation, or addressing issues like settlement. Common underpinning methods include the conventional pit method, jet grouting, micropiles, needle beams, and needle walls. Proper procedures and experienced contractors are important for safely underpinning structures.
The document summarizes the construction technology of Madge Mansions, a luxury condominium development in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It consists of 3 blocks of 10 stories with 52 units total, including 6 penthouses. The development uses pile foundations to support the building due to weak soil conditions. Suspended slabs are used for the ground level and upper levels, and a flat roof covers the top.
The document summarizes the construction technology of Madge Mansions, a luxury condominium development in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It consists of 3 blocks of 10 stories with 52 units total, including 6 penthouses. Pile foundations were used to support the building due to weak surface soils. Suspended slabs were utilized for the ground level and upper levels to distribute loads. A flat roof was also employed.
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Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Pile Foundation and beams site report
1. PileandG.B & P.B Details
Shaikh Munazzar Arshad
2nd Year B.Arch.
Ramesh Phirodia College of Architecture
2. Introduction :
This is the report of Site visit of Pile Foundation Carried out in order to
understand how the theoretical knowledge is fitted in practice.
Objectives :
✓ To get an understanding how the theoretical technical details are worked out
on the site.
✓ To understand how the piles are digged with the use of machineries.
✓ To understand how the reinforcement is placed inside the pile
✓ To understand how the ground beam and plinth beam details are worked on
the site.
Reason for choosing this site :
✓ The main reason for choosing this site for observation process and to see the
theoretical knowledge being fitted in practice is that this construction site was
implementing all that theory we have gone through at this stage.
Site report:
3. The building site we chose was a bungalow being constructed.
Building Site :
NAME Bungalow of Mr. Jagtap
TYPE OF BUILDING A one story bungalow
LOCATION Nakshatra Lawns,
Ahmednagar
RCC CONSULTANT Pankaj Zaware
DATE OF SITEVISIT 31 Jan 2020
4. What are Pile Foundations ?
✓ Pile foundation, a kind of deep foundation, is actually a slender column or long
cylinder made of materials such as concrete or steel which are used to support
the structure and transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin
friction.
✓ Pile foundations are usually used for large structures and in situations where the
soil at shallow depth is not suitable to resist excessive settlement, resist uplift, etc.
10. Building Site :Questions asked on the site :
Q. What are the types of pile based on material used?
Timber pile, concrete pile, steel pile, composite pile.
Q. How is the selection of pile carried out?
The selection of the type, length and capacity is usually made from
estimation based on the soil condition and magnitude of the load.
Q. What are the factors consider while selecting the type of pile?
-the loads
-time available for completion of the job
-availability of equipment
-the ground water conditions
-the characteristics of the soil strata involved
11. Building Site :Conclusions :
We use Pile Foundation when :
When the groundwater table is high.
Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.
Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.
When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.
When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near the river
bed or seashore,etc.
When there is a canal or deep drainage systems near the structure.
When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due to poor
soil condition.
When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches dry by
pumping or by any other measure due to heavy inflow of seepage.
Because of this reasons pile foundations are becoming highly usable
during this time.
13. What is Ground Beam?
The Ground Beam is the beam which is provided usually at the foundation
level to support building walls, joists, etc. Typically the ground beams are
directly rested on the ground, sometimes they can be supported by end
piers.
• Typically ground beams are made of reinforced concrete.
• Ground beams are typically constructed at foundation level.
• Ground beads support wall, joists, etc.
• It is provided where the soil bearing capacity beneath the wall is poor.
Advantages of Ground Beam
• Ground beams can be constructed quickly.
• Resists the settlement of the supporting walls.
• Bearing capacity of soil may increase indirectly due to the generated
pressure
What are Ground beams ?
14. What are Plinth beams ?
• Plinth beam is a beam in a framed structure provided at ground level.
• It also known as a tie beam because it binds the column.
• It may not carry any slab load and designed to carry its own self weight
and masonry load above the plinth beam.
• The plinth beam needs to be strong, but need not to be made up of
reinforced cement concrete (RCC) all the time.
• It provides additional stability in regard to settlements of the building and
earthquake damages.
Why Plinth beams are used?
• To avoid differential settlement.
• To maintain the plinth plane proper.
• To connect all the columns if depth of foundation is high.
• To avoid difficulties in construction of walls.
21. Building Site :Conclusions :
Why Ground beams are used?
• Ground beams can be constructed quickly.
• Resists the settlement of the supporting walls.
• Bearing capacity of soil may increase indirectly due to the generated
pressure
Why Plinth beams are used?
• To avoid differential settlement.
• To maintain the plinth plane proper.
• To connect all the columns if depth of foundation is high.
• To avoid difficulties in construction of walls.
Because of this reasons Ground beams and Plinth beams are used. They
prove very useful for bearing loads.