This document provides an agenda and overview for Module 3 of a physics course covering topics including atomic theory, properties of matter, buoyancy, and the ideal gas law. The module will discuss the atomic nature of matter and different states of matter. Students will learn about Archimedes' principle of buoyancy. The ideal gas law relating pressure, volume, amount of gas, and temperature will also be covered. Students will complete readings, exercises, discussions, and online labs on gas properties and temperature/heat transfer.
What is HEAT?
Form of energy and measured in JOULES
Particles move about more and take up more room if heated – this is why things expand if heated
It is also why substances change from: solids liquids gases when heated
introduction to heat.
equalities of heat
hot and cold objects
Temperature
table-temp. and heat
heat fixed points
temperature scales
thermometers-making,intro.,types,
conversation of scales
Hd Pictures
What is HEAT?
Form of energy and measured in JOULES
Particles move about more and take up more room if heated – this is why things expand if heated
It is also why substances change from: solids liquids gases when heated
introduction to heat.
equalities of heat
hot and cold objects
Temperature
table-temp. and heat
heat fixed points
temperature scales
thermometers-making,intro.,types,
conversation of scales
Hd Pictures
A series of laws in physics that predict the behavior of an ideal gas by describing the relations between the temperature, volume, and pressure. The laws include Boyle's law, Charles' law, and the pressure law, and are combined in the ideal gas law
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Physics Week 4 Atomic Theory
1. Module 3 Part 1
Atomic Theory
Properties of Matter
Buoyancy
Ideal Gas Law
Dr. Paul H. Comitz
pcomitz@live.com
2. Agenda
Matter
Atomic Theory
Properties of Matter
Solids
Liquids
Gas
Ideal Gas Law
Lab : Gas Properties
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-
and-buoyancy
3. Course Modules
# Module Weeks Reading Quiz
1 Newton's laws 1 Ch 4,5 *
2 Conservation of Energy and
Momentum
2,3 Ch 6,7,8 Quiz 1
3 Thermodynamics 4,5 Ch 12,13,14
4 Electromagnetism 6,7 Ch 17,18 Quiz 2
5 Waves, Sound, and Light 8,9 Ch 16, 20, 21 Quiz 3
6 Modern Physics 10 Ch 23 Final Exam
* it is strongly recommended you read chapters 0 - 3
4. Module 3
Reading: Chapters 12,13,14
Chapter 12 – Matter
Chapter 13 - Fluids
Chapter 14 – Temperature and Heat Transfer
The Physics Classroom
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP
Exercise , due start of week 6 (4%)
Discussion – due next week (5%)
Labs
Gas Properties (3.75%)
Temperature and Heat (3.75%)
5. In Class Discussion
Pascal’s Principle (text 13.2)
Pascal’s principle states that a change in pressure in one part of a fluid is
transmitted to every other part; this is also the principle behind hydraulics.
Hydraulic devices can be used to multiply an applied force with the trade-off of
having to apply the force over a greater distance. Hydraulic devices are
commonly found in many areas of everyday life.
In this discussion, you need to:
Research and identify a device that uses hydraulics to operate. Use the ITT Tech
Virtual Library and other resources for your research.
In your own words, describe the device and the method to apply Pascal’s principle to it.
Use two examples to illustrate your explanation.
Include references to all sources you used in your research and posting.
Requirements:
Provide a complete, well-thought-out response.
Approx. 1 page (200 to 250 words)
Bring your completed work to next class
Be prepared to briefly present your response to the class
6. Atoms in Motion
Richard P. Feynman , Lectures in Physics, Chapter 1 , Atoms in Motion
all things are made of atoms—little particles that move around in
perpetual motion, attracting each other when
they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into
one another.
7. Atomic Hypothesis
Ancient Greece Aristotle
384 – 322 BC
All things are composed of
Earth, Air, Fire, Water
5th Century Greece
All things are made of atoms
1827 Robert Brown
The perpetual and haphazard jiggling of atoms
Brownian motion
8. Properties of Atoms
Too small for us to see
Electron orbit radius
5.291 x 10-11 m
Always in motion
Absolute Zero , most motion in
an atom stops
0 K, -273 C, -454 F
Ageless
Bohr Model
9. Bohr Model of the Atom*
Classical Model
Atom is a small particle
Positively charged nucleus at
center
Nucleus is made up of
protons and neutrons
Protons positive charge
Neutrons no charge
Negatively Charged Electrons orbit
nucleus
Mass of electron is much, much smaller
than mass of protons and neutrons
Helium by Svdmolen/Jeanot (converted by King of Hearts) - Image:Atom.png, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1805226
* Note that this is a model. In modern physics there are alternate models
10. Elements are made up of Atoms
Element
a material that is composed of a single type of
atom
In 2016 there are 118 known elements
Most naturally occurring, some synthesized
Approximately 90+ elements occur natural
Others synthesized
Periodic Table lists all elements
Living things
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium
12. Periodic Table
Note – scale shown in helium and hydrogen are not relative
Atomic Number – number of protons in the nucleus
13. Compounds and Molecules
A molecule consists of two or more atoms
bound together
A compound contains more than one element
Pulling molecules apart requires energy
Combining molecules releases energy
14. Matter
Matter is composed of atoms
Matter exists in multiple states
Solid
Molecules are close together at fixed
distance
Vibration back and forth
Liquid
Molecules further apart, not fixed
Molecules flow over one another
Definite Volume
Gas
Molecules move rapidly in all directions
Compressible
Same volume as container
16. Properties of Matter
Stress
Stress is the ratio of applied force over the
area over which that force acts
S = F/A
F/A is referred to as Pressure and given the name
Pascal
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa
A brick laying on a table weighs 12N and has
area of 8 cm x 16cm. What is the stress on
the table?
S = 12N/128 cm2 = 938 Pa
Don’t forget 100 cm = 1m
17. Properties of Matter
Hooke’s Law
The ratio of the force applied to an object to its change in
length (resulting in its being stretched or compressed by
the applied force) is constant as long as the elastic limit
has not been exceeded
The elastic limit of a solid is the point beyond which a deformed
object cannot return to its original
F/Dl = k
F = applied force
Dl = change in length
k = elastic constant
18. Hooke’s Law Example
A force of 3.00 lb stretches a spring 12.0 in.
What force is required to stretch the spring
15.0 in.?
Find k : Use F/Dl = k
F1 = 3 lb
Dl = 12 in
k = 3lb/12 in = 0.25 lb/in
Find F2
F2 = k/ Dl = (0.25 lb/in) (15in ) = 3.75 lb
19. Density
Mass Density and Weight Density
Mass Density
A measure of mass per unit volume
Symbol r (Greek letter rho,
pronounced row)
Mass Density = m/V
m is mass m, V is volume
Weight Density is
Weight per unit volume
Weight Density = Fw/V
Fw is weight V is volume
20. What is the difference between Weight
and Mass ?
Mass – measure of how much matter an
object has
Weight - measure of how hard gravity is
pulling on that object
22. Buoyancy
Archimedes’ Principle
Any object placed in a fluid apparently loses
weight equal to the weight of the displaced fluid
Applies to gases and liquids
A completely submerged object always displaces a
volume of liquid equal to its own volume.
example: Place a stone in a container that is
brim-full of water, and the amount of water
overflow equals the volume of the stone
weight of stone = weight of displaced water
23. The Buoyant Force
Net upward force that a fluid exerts on an
immersed object = weight of fluid
displaced
Why does a balloon float?
24. Ideal Gas Law
Watch the following video
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/
gases-and-kinetic-molecular-theory/ideal-gas-
laws/v/ideal-gas-equation-pv-nrt
pV = nRT
p = Pressure
V = Volume
n = particles in gas
R = proportionality Constant
T = temperature in Kelvins
Pressure and Volume proportional to
Temperature
25. In Our Lab
Alternate form of Ideal Gas Law
pV = kBNT
P = pressure in Pascal N/m2
V = volume = m3
N number of gas molecules in V
kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
T = temperature in Kelvins
0K = -2730 C = -4540 F
Be careful with dimensional analysis
109 nm = 1 m