Physics 101 Huygens' Principle and Interference
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Huygens' principle states that each point on a wavefront can be seen as a source of secondary wavelets. The interference of these wavelets determines the shape of subsequent wavefronts as the wave propagates. Interference occurs when two waves superimpose, resulting in areas of constructive and destructive interference where wave amplitudes add or cancel. Constructive interference occurs when the path difference between waves is an integer multiple of the wavelength, while destructive interference requires an odd integer multiple. Beats are heard when tones of similar frequencies interfere, with the beat frequency equal to the difference between the frequencies.
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- The difference between regular and diffuse reflection off of smooth and rough surfaces.
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
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Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
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Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
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Physics 101 Huygens' Principle and Interference
- 1. Wave Propagation, Huygensโ Principle, and Interference Physics 101 LO By Elaine Lee
- 2. Huygensโs Principle Any point on a wave front can be considered to be point source producing spherical secondary wavelets. The tangential surface of the secondary wavelets predict the new position of the wave front over time. Christiaan Huygens. Digital image. Molecular Expressions. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2015.
- 3. This principle can be applied to all waves. Plane Waves: -have wave fronts that are parallel to each other Spherical Waves: - have spherical wave fronts that are centered on the point source To Apply Huygensโ Principle: 1. Draw a set of equally spaced points on the wave front. 2. Using each point as the center of a secondary wavelet, draw a set of spherical wavelets with the same radius. 3. Predict the resulting wave front by drawing tangents to the spherical waves. Huygens' Principle. Digital image. Oocities. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. Huygens' Principle. Digital image. Cliffsnotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2015.
- 4. INTERFERENCE -separated by intervals of space and time
- 5. INTERFERENCE- separated by intervals of space COMPARING THE PHASE DIFFERENCE OF ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVES TO 3D WAVES ๏ Consider waves with the same frequency and wavelength One Dimensional Waves: (waves propagate in one direction) -have fixed phase differences that are independent of time and position (depends on the difference between phase constants of the two waves) Three Dimensional Waves: (waves propagate in different directions) -have relative phases that vary with position E.g. phase constant difference of pi/3 rad positions where the waves are perfectly out of phase positions where the waves are perfectly in phase Crests of waves Crests of waves Hawkes, Iqbal, Mansour, Milner-Boloton, and Williams. Wave Interference Diagrams. Digital image. N.P., n.d. Web. 12 Mar 2015.
- 6. Interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superimpose to form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude
- 7. Two Point Source Interference Pattern Crests Troughs Constructive Interference Destructive Interference Line of Constructive Interference Two Point Source Interference Pattern. Digital image. Physicsclassroom. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2015.
- 8. DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE: The path difference (โd) between the two sources must be a half-integer multiple of the wavelength (i.e. an odd number of half wavelengths) NOTE: Path difference is the difference in distance travelled by the two waves from their respective sources to a given point NOTE: destructive interference can be observed when 2 waves out of phase by pi General Condition For: E.g. โd = 4ฮป โ 3.5ฮป = 0.5ฮป Two Point Source Interference. Digital image. Physicsclassroom. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2015.
- 9. General Condition For: CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE: The path difference between the two sources must be an integer multiple of the wavelength NOTE: the paths individually do not have to be integer multiples of the wavelength NOTE: constructive interference can be observed when 2 waves are in phase The function of a spherical wave is given by We can neglect the phase constant if both waves are in phase NOTE: if d1 = d2 = d, simply add the two waves to find the resultant wave E.g. โd = 7ฮป โ 6ฮป = 1ฮป E.g. โd = 7.5ฮป โ 6.5ฮป = 1ฮป Two Point Source Interference. Digital image. Physicsclassroom. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2015
- 10. QUESTION 1: What is the path difference between the two sources to point A? Is there constructive interference or destructive interference at Point A? Two Point Source Interference Pattern. Digital image. Physicsclassroom. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2015.
- 11. QUESTION 1 ANSWER: The red lines indicate the paths travelled by the two waves from their respective sources to a Point A. The distance between each red dot is one wavelength (crest to crest). โd = d2 โ d1 = 6ฮป โ 5ฮป = 1ฮป The path difference between the two sources to Point A is an integer multiple of the wavelength, thus Point A is a point of constructive interference.
- 12. QUESTION 2: At which points would constructive interference occur? How many of the labeled points represent nodes? Two Point Source Interference Pattern. Digital image. Physicsclassroom. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2015.
- 13. QUESTION 2 ANSWER: ๏ดConstructive interference would occur at Point A and Point B because both points are at locations where a crest meets a crest. ๏ดFour out of the six points represent nodes. Points C, D, E and F are points where crests and troughs meet.
- 14. Interference- separated by intervals of time ๏ดBeats are periodic fluctuations heard in the intensity of a sound when two sound waves of very similar frequencies interfere with one another ๏ The rate at which amplitude increases and decreases as a function of time is proportional to the frequency difference
- 15. Beat Frequency: ๏ดthe rate at which the volume is heard to be oscillating from high to low volume E.g. If three complete cycles of high and low volumes are heard every second, the beat frequency is 3 Hz. ๏ด The beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequency of the two tones that interfere to produce beats.
- 16. QUESTION 3: A guitarist plays a 110 Hz tone while his friend simultaneously plays a tone with a frequency of 115 Hz. How many beats will be heard over a period of 15 seconds?
- 17. QUESTION 3 ANSWER: The beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequency of the two tones that interfere to produce beats. The beat frequency will be 5 Hz. ( 115 Hz โ 110 Hz = 5 Hz ) Thus, in 15 seconds, there should be 75 beats. ( 5 Hz x 15s = 75 beats)