This document provides an overview of photosynthesis. It begins by defining photosynthesis as the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It then describes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle where glucose is produced. The document outlines the structures involved like chloroplasts and thylakoids, and pigments like chlorophyll. It also compares C3 and C4 pathways of photosynthesis.

1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
SANTOSH KUMAR KAR
JAYA DURGA H.S
NARLA ROAD

2. • Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as
are some bacteria and protists
– Autotrophs generate their own organic matter through
photosynthesis
– Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the
form of chemical bonds
(a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants
(b) Kelp
(c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria
THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

3. Light Energy Harvested by Plants &
Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

4. WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?
Plant Cells
have Green
Chloroplasts
The thylakoid
membrane of the
chloroplast is
impregnated with
photosynthetic
pigments (i.e.,
chlorophylls,
carotenoids).

5. • Chloroplasts
absorb light
energy and
convert it to
chemical energy
Light
Reflected
light
Absorbed
light
Transmitted
light
Chloroplast
THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE
COLOR NOT ABSORBED

6. • Photosynthesis is the process by which
autotrophic organisms use light energy to make
sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and
water
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Carbon
dioxide
Water Glucose Oxygen
gas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

7. • The Calvin cycle makes
sugar from carbon
dioxide
– ATP generated by the light
reactions provides the energy
for sugar synthesis
– The NADPH produced by the
light reactions provides the
electrons for the reduction of
carbon dioxide to glucose
Light
Chloroplast
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
NADP
ADP
+ P
• The light reactions
convert solar energy
to chemical energy
– Produce ATP & NADPH
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

8. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Sunlight provides
ENERGY
CO2 + H2O produces
Glucose + Oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2

9. Steps of Photosynthesis
• Light hits reaction centers of chlorophyll,
found in chloroplasts
• Chlorophyll vibrates and causes water
to break apart.
• Oxygen is released into air
• Hydrogen remains in chloroplast
attached to NADPH
• “THE LIGHT REACTION”

10. Steps of Photosynthesis
• The DARK Reactions= Calvin Cycle
• CO2 from atmosphere is joined to H
from water molecules (NADPH) to form
glucose
• Glucose can be converted into other
molecules with yummy flavors!

11. • In most plants, photosynthesis occurs primarily
in the leaves, in the chloroplasts
• A chloroplast contains:
– stroma, a fluid
– grana, stacks of thylakoids
• The thylakoids contain chlorophyll
– Chlorophyll is the green pigment that captures light
for photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts

12. • The location and structure of chloroplasts
LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Chloroplast
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
Thylakoid
compartmentThylakoidStroma
Granum
StromaGrana

13. • Chloroplasts contain several pigments
Chloroplast Pigments
– Chlorophyll a
– Chlorophyll b
– Carotenoids
– Xanthophyll
Figure 7.7

14. Chlorophyll a & b
•Chl a has a methyl
group
•Chl b has a carbonyl
group
Porphyrin ring
delocalized e-
Phytol tail

15. Different pigments absorb light
differently

16. Cyclic Photophosphorylation
• Process for ATP generation associated with some
Photosynthetic Bacteria
• Reaction Center => 700 nm

17. Water-splitting
photosystem
NADPH-producing
photosystem
ATP
mill
• Two types of
photosystems
cooperate in the light
reactions

18. Primary
electron acceptor
Primary
electron acceptor
Photons
PHOTOSYSTEM I
PHOTOSYSTEM II
Energy for
synthesis of
by chemiosmosis
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
• Photosystem II regains electrons by splitting water,
leaving O2 gas as a by-product

19. • The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is made from
the oxygen in water (H+ and e-)
Plants produce O2 gas by splitting H2O

20. • Two connected photosystems collect photons of
light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll
electrons
• The excited electrons are passed from the
primary electron acceptor to electron transport
chains
– Their energy ends up in ATP and NADPH
In the light reactions, electron transport
chains generate ATP, NADPH, & O2

21. • The electron transport chains are arranged with
the photosystems in the thylakoid membranes
and pump H+ through that membrane
– The flow of H+ back through the membrane is
harnessed by ATP synthase to make ATP
– In the stroma, the H+ ions combine with NADP+ to
form NADPH
Chemiosmosis powers ATP
synthesis in the light reactions

22. 2 H + 1/2
Water-splitting
photosystem
Reaction-
center
chlorophyll
Light
Primary
electron
acceptor
Energy
to make
Primary
electron
acceptor
Primary
electron
acceptor
NADPH-producing
photosystem
Light
NADP
1
2
3
How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH

24. • The production of ATP by chemiosmosis in
photosynthesis
Thylakoid
compartment
(high H+)
Thylakoid
membrane
Stroma
(low H+)
Light
Antenna
molecules
Light
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOSYSTEM I ATP SYNTHASE

26. Light Independent Reactions
aka Calvin Cycle
Carbon from CO2 is
converted to glucose
(ATP and NADPH
drive the reduction
of CO2 to C6H12O6.)

27. Light Independent Reactions
aka Calvin Cycle
CO2 is added to the 5-C sugar RuBP by the enzyme
rubisco.
This unstable 6-C compound splits to two molecules of
PGA or 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
PGA is converted to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
(G3P), two of which bond to form glucose.
G3P is the 3-C sugar formed by three turns of the cycle.

28. Review: Photosynthesis uses light
energy to make food molecules
Light
Chloroplast
Photosystem II
Electron
transport
chains
Photosystem I
CALVIN
CYCLE Stroma
LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE
Cellular
respiration
Cellulose
Starch
Other
organic
compounds
• A summary of
the chemical
processes of
photosynthesis

29. Types of Photosynthesis
C3
C4
Rubisco: the world’s busiest enzyme!

30. Competing Reactions
• Rubisco grabs CO2, “fixing” it into a carbohydrate
in the light independent reactions.
• O2 can also react with rubisco, inhibiting its active
site
– not good for glucose output
– wastes time and energy (occupies Rubisco)

31. Leaf Anatomy
• In C3 plants (those that do C3 photosynthesis), all
processes occur in the mesophyll cells.
Image taken without permission from http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire|
Mesophyll cells
Bundle sheath
cells

32. C4 Pathway
• In C4 plants
photosynthesis occurs in
both the mesophyll and
the bundle sheath cells.
Image taken without permission from

33. C4 Pathway
• CO2 is fixed into a 4-
carbon intermediate
• Has an extra enzyme–
PEP Carboxylase that
initially traps CO2
instead of Rubisco–
makes a 4 carbon
intermediate

34. C4 Pathway
• The 4 carbon intermediate is
“smuggled” into the bundle
sheath cell
• The bundle sheath cell is not
very permeable to CO2
• CO2 is released from the 4C
malate  goes through the
Calvin Cycle
C3 Pathway

35. THANK YOU