Photosynthesis in plants
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH using a process called the Z-scheme that involves two photosystems. The light-independent reactions then use these products to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose.
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This document is a student paper on the topic of photorespiration in plants. It defines photorespiration as a process in plant metabolism that attempts to reduce the wasteful oxygenation reaction of the enzyme RuBisCO. The paper then discusses what happens during photorespiration, noting that oxygen replaces carbon dioxide in a non-productive reaction, decreasing the net carbon dioxide converted to sugars. Finally, it mentions that photorespiration limits plant growth and is favored by high oxygen, low carbon dioxide, and warm temperatures.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis presented by a group of 6 students. It describes the key processes and phases of photosynthesis including light reaction, dark reaction, photophosphorylation, photosystems, and alternative pathways such as C4 and CAM photosynthesis. The light reaction uses energy from sunlight to split water and produce ATP and NADPH. The dark reaction then uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars.
Photosynthesis in plants
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two phases - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH through the process of photophosphorylation. These products are then used in the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds like glucose.
forjeffpark
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic molecules like glucose. There are two stages: the light reactions capture solar energy to produce ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars like glucose. Various organisms perform photosynthesis, including plants, algae, and certain bacteria, providing the foundation for life on Earth.
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- 2. Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water with the generation of oxygen in light. Thus, during photosynthesis solar energy is converted into chemical energy. Photosynthesis = Light reaction + Dark reaction
- 3. Photosynthesis Light reaction Dark reaction Synthesis of assimilatory power Synthesis of sugars (ATP + NADPH) Z- Scheme ( Non-cyclic photo C3 Cycle/C4 Cycle/CAM Phosphorylation) Pathway Takes place in grana thylakoids Takes place in stroma of the membrane chloroplast Requires Light No light required Primary reaction Secondary reaction
- 4. Action spectrum depicts the magnitude of response of a biological system in response to light, e.g. Action spectrum of photosynthesis can be made from measuring oxygen evolution at different wavelengths. An absorption spectrum is one which displays the amount of light which is absorbed by a molecule or substance as a function of wavelength. *Chlorophyll is green in colour because it absorbs light mainly in red and blue parts of spectrum, so only light enriched in green wavelengths is reflected. Quantum yield : It is defined as number of photosynthesis products per total number of quanta absorbed. Ø = No. of photochemical products Total no. of quanta absorbed
- 5. Enhancement effect was discovered by Emerson. He measured the rate of photosynthesis by using two different wavelengths. He found that when red and far-red wavelengths are used together, the rate of photosynthesis is greater than sum of individuals rates. *Based on these observations, it was discovered that photosynthesis is carried out by two light absorbing pigments ( Photosystem I and Photosystem II) which work in series. PS I absorbs maximally at far red region (700nm) while PS II absorbs at red wavelengths (680 nm).
- 6. PS I PS II Present in stroma thylakoids and non appressed parts of thylakoids Present in appressed parts of thylakoids Reaction centre is P700 Reaction centre is P680 Active in both red and far red light Active in far red light (>680) Carry out reduction of NADP+ to NADPH + H+ Picks up electron emitted during photolysis of water and performs non- cyclic photophosphorylation PS I pigments: Chl a-660, Chl a-670, Chl a-680, Chl a-690, Chl a-700, carotenoids. LHC I, some electron carriers are present It’s a strong reluctant and weak oxidant PS II pigments: Chl a-660, Chl a-670, Chl a-680, phycobilins. LHC II, some electrons carriers and oxygen evolving complex are present It’s a weak reluctant and strong oxidant
- 7. Pigments Antenna Systems: 20-30 bacteriochlorophylls per centre – Bacteria 200-300 chlorophylls per reaction centre- Higher plants. Few thousands chlorophylls per reaction centre- Algae( some) Physical mechanism by which excitation energy is conveyed from chlorophyll that absorbs light to reaction center is called resonance transfer. These antenna complexes are also called chlorophyll a/b antenna proteins. Photo-inhibition: It occurs when excess excitation arriving at PS II reaction center leads to inactivation and damage. It’s a complex set of molecular processes, defined as inhibition of photosynthesis by excess light.
- 8. Prolong inhibition PS II reaction center must be disassembled and repaired main target is D1 protein only. When D1 is damaged by excess light it must be removed from membrane and replaced with a newly synthesized molecule. Xanthophylls:3xanthophylls,violaxanthin,antheraxanthin & zeaxanthin Non-photochemical Quenching is quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by process other than photochemistry. It protects photosynthetic machinery against over-excitation and subsequent damage. The overall quantum yield of photosynthesis is nearly independent of wavelength strongly suggests that a mechanisms exits that shifts energy from one PS to other in response to different conditions.