The document outlines various types of aerial photographs, including vertical, low oblique, and high oblique, as well as image file formats like BSQ, BIP, and BIL, explaining their specific applications in remote sensing. It discusses the applications of remote sensing in fields such as agriculture, geology, urban planning, hydrology, land use mapping, forestry, and ocean studies. Additionally, it describes characteristics of satellite orbits, including orbital period, altitude, apogee and perigee, inclination, nadir, zenith, ground track, swath, sidelap, and overlap.

2. Types of aerial photograph
• Vertical
• Low oblique
• High oblique

3. Types of aerial photograph
• Vertical
• Low oblique (no horizon)
• High oblique

4. Types of aerial photograph
• Vertical
• Low oblique
• High oblique

5. Image file formats
BSQ (Band Sequential Format):
each line of the data followed immediately by the next line in the same spectral
band. This format is optimal for spatial (X, Y) access of any part of a single
spectral band. Good for multispectral images
120 150 100 120 103
176 166 155 85 150
85 80 70 77 135
103 90 70 120 133
20 50 50 90 90
76 66 55 45 120
80 80 60 70 150
100 93 97 101 105
210 250 250 190 245
156 166 155 415 220
180 180 160 170 200
200 0 123 222 215
Band 2 Band 3 Band 4
10 15 17 20 21
20 50 50 90 90
120 150 100 120 103
210 250 250 190 245
15 16 18 21 23
76 66 55 45 120
176 166 155 85 150
156 166 155 415 220
17 18 20 22 22
80 80 60 70 150
85 80 70 77 135
180 180 160 170 200
18 20 22 24 25
100 93 97 101 105
103 90 70 120 133
200 0 123 222 215
BSQ

6. BIP (Band Interleaved by Pixel Format):
the first pixel for all bands in sequential order, followed by the second pixel for all
bands, followed by the third pixel for all bands, etc., interleaved up to the number of
pixels. This format provides optimum performance for spectral (Z) access of the
image data. Good for hyperspectral images
120 150 100 120 103
176 166 155 85 150
85 80 70 77 135
103 90 70 120 133
20 50 50 90 90
76 66 55 45 120
80 80 60 70 150
100 93 97 101 105
210 250 250 190 245
156 166 155 415 220
180 180 160 170 200
200 0 123 222 215
Band 2 Band 3 Band 4
10 20 120 210 15
15 76 176 156 16
17 80 85 180 18
18 100 103 200 20
50 150 250 17 50
66 166 166 18 55
80 80 180 20 60
93 90 0 22 97
100 250 20 90 120
155 155 21 45 85
70 160 22 70 77
70 123 24 101 120
190 21 90 103 245
415 23 120 150 220
170 22 150 135 200
222 25 105 133 215
BIP

7. BIL (Band Interleaved by Line Format):
the first line of the first band followed by the first line of the second band, followed by
the first line of the third band, interleaved up to the number of bands. Subsequent lines
for each band are interleaved in similar fashion. This format provides a compromise in
performance between spatial and spectral processing and is the recommended file
format for most ENVI processing tasks. Good for images with 20-60 bands
120 150 100 120 103
176 166 155 85 150
85 80 70 77 135
103 90 70 120 133
20 50 50 90 90
76 66 55 45 120
80 80 60 70 150
100 93 97 101 105
210 250 250 190 245
156 166 155 415 220
180 180 160 170 200
200 0 123 222 215
Band 2 Band 3 Band 4
10 15 17 20 21
15 16 18 21 23
17 18 20 22 22
18 20 22 24 25
20 50 50 90 90
76 66 55 45 120
80 80 60 70 150
100 93 97 101 105
120 150 100 120 103
176 166 155 85 150
85 80 70 77 135
103 90 70 120 133
210 250 250 190 245
156 166 155 415 220
180 180 160 170 200
200 0 123 222 215
BIL

8.  Applications of Remote
Sensing:-
 Agriculture:-
• Crop type classification.
• Crop condition assessment.
• Crop yield estimation.
• Mapping of soil characteristic.
• Soil moisture estimation.

10.  Geology:-
• Lithological mapping.
• Mineral exploration.
• Environmental geology.
• Sedimentation mapping and
monitoring.
• Geo-hazard mapping.
• Glacier mapping.

11.  Urban Planning:-
• Land parcel mapping.
• Infrastructure mapping.
• Land use change detection.
• Future urban expansion planning.

12.  Hydrology:-
• Watershed mapping and management.
• Flood delineation and mapping.
• Ground water targeting.
 Land Use/Land Cover mapping:-
• Natural resource management.
• Wildlife protection.
• Encroachment.

13.  Forestry And Ecosystem:-
• Forest cover and density mapping.
• Deforestation mapping.
• Forest fire mapping.
• Wetland mapping and monitoring.
• Biomass estimation.
• Species inventory.

14.  Ocean applications:-
• Storm forecasting.
• Water quality monitoring.
• Aquaculture inventory and monitoring.
• Navigation routing.
• Coastal vegetation mapping.
• Oil spill.

15. Characteristics of a Satellite Orbit
1. Orbital period
2. Altitude
3. Apogee and perigee
4. Inclination
5. Nadir, zenith and ground track
6. Swath
7. Sidelap and overlap
15

16. Characteristics of a Satellite Orbit…
1. Orbital period
 Time taken by a satellite to complete one revolution around
the earth
 Spatial and temporal coverage of the imagery depends on the orbital
period
 It varies from around 100 minutes to 24 hours
Remote Sensing: M2L1 16

17. Characteristics of a Satellite Orbit…
2. Altitude
 Altitude of a satellite is its height with respect to the surface
immediately below it
 Low altitude ( altitude < 2000 km)
 Moderate altitude
 High altitude (altitude ~36000 km)
Remote Sensing: M2L1 17

18. Characteristics of a Satellite Orbit…
3. Apogee and perigee
 Apogee: Point in the orbit where the satellite
is at maximum distance from the Earth
 Perigee: Point in the orbit where the satellite
is nearest to the Earth
Remote Sensing: M2L1 18

19. Characteristics of a Satellite Orbit…
4. Inclination
 Inclination of the orbit is measured
clockwise from the equator
 Inclination of a remote sensing satellite
is typically 99o
Remote Sensing: M2L1 19

20. Characteristics of a Satellite Orbit…
5. Nadir, Zenith and Ground track
 Nadir : Point where radial line connecting the centre of the Earth and the
satellite intercepts the surface of the Earth
 Point of shortest distance from the satellite to the Earth’s surface
 Zenith : Any point just opposite to the nadir, above the satellite
Remote Sensing: M2L1 20
 Ground track: The circle on the Earth’s surface described by the nadir point as
the satellite revolves
 Projection of the satellites orbit on the ground surface

21. Characteristics of a Satellite Orbit…
6. Swath
 Swath of a satellite is the width of the area on the
surface of the Earth, which is imaged by the sensor
during a single pass
7. Sidelap and Overlap
 Overlap: Common area on consecutive images
along the flight direction
 Sidelap: Overlapping areas of the images taken in
two adjacent flight lines
 Increase in sidelap helps to achieve more frequent coverage
of the areas in the higher latitudes
Remote Sensing: M2L1 21

25. The size of runways gives an indication of the
types of aircraft that
can be accommodated.

27. Goryokaku, an old castle in Hokkaido, is a
diagnostic shape.