The document describes a study that evaluated the separate and combined effects of Rhizobium and Bacillus species inoculation on the growth of maize plants. Key findings include:
1) Co-inoculation of Rhizobium and Bacillus significantly improved plant growth parameters like leaf area, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, plant height, and shoot fresh and dry weights compared to control or individual inoculations.
2) Bacillus inoculation performed similarly to co-inoculation for some growth measures like transpiration rate and plant height.
3) Rhizobium inoculation increased leaf width, stem diameter, leaf area, and shoot fresh weight more than Bacillus inoculation,
Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The use of anaerobic digestate as fertilizer is considered beneficial since it provides plant nutrients and organic matter to soils. However, there is limited information about plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in digestate. In this study, we isolated Bacillus and Pseudomonas from two types of anaerobic digestates, and selected three different plant growth promoting traits and antifungal activity to screen 200 bacteria isolated from each digestate. Then 6 isolates based on plant growth promoting traits were selected and inoculated with common wheat seeds to evaluate their plant growth promoting activity. Cultivable population of Bacillus and Pseudomonas were 2.20 × 10 6 and 6.98 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in mesophilic digestate, while were 6.86 × 10 5 and 5.65 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in thermophilic digestate. Twenty-five bacterial isolates from mesophilic digestate and 12 bacterial isolates from thermophilic digestate showed positive plant growth promoting traits or antifungal activity. In plant growth promoting assay, all isolates significantly promoted growth of wheat seedlings (p < 0.05). Seedlings stem length was increased from 28.5% to 38.6% by bacteria inoculation. In addition, bacteria inoculation increased seedlings stem weight from 113.3% to 214.2% and root weight from 108.6% to 207.2% as compared to un-inoculated control. The results showed that anaerobic digestate was a potential source for isolation of PGPB, and PGPB in digestate would be beneficial for plant growth with fertilizer application.
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
Screening Rhizobacteria containing Acc-Deaminase for Growth and Yield of Rice...Premier Publishers
Bacteria possessing ACC deaminase activity reduce the level of stress ethylene conferring resistance and stimulating growth of plants under various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, this study was carried out at National Agriculture Research Centre Islamabad to screen rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase for inducing salt tolerance and improving rice plant growth and enhancement in paddy production under salt-stressed conditions. (ECe=9.65 dS m-1) during June, 2015 to November, 2016. Rice variety Basmati-385 seeds were inoculated with rhizobacterial strains which were: SBCC (M9), RPR (32), RPR (33), WPS (8) PBS, SBCC (M8) and RPR (41). Salinity (9.65dS m-1) was artificially developed using salts. This study resulted that rice crop improved growth and yield under salt stressed conditions with the induction of salt tolerance through ACC deaminaze PGPR and this was accomplished with the reduction in ethylene production. Reduction in sodium uptake by the utilization of different rhizobial strains having ACC deaminaze activity under saline environment is a encouraging sign to induce salt tolerance naturally and reduce the toxic effects of utilization of chemicals for reclamation of salt – affected lands.
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Physiological Quality of Bean Seeds Related To Azotobacter spp. InoculationIOSRJAVS
Research aimed at improving the quality of crops. The results obtained with seed coating were very influential with regard to fertilization and disease resistance. Nitrogen fertilization increases costs in agricultural production and the loss of fertile lands, altering the natural conditions and has negative consequences for the microorganisms (MO), which regulate the balance between quality of crops and soils. The biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) consists on MO work which provide nitrogen in soil and secrete substances that promote plant growth, these can be made by inoculation of seeds. The germination rate, emergency and vigor are an indicator that determines the productivity and physiological quality of a plant variety. The germination rate, number of emerged seeds per pot in favorable field conditions and vigor by accelerated aging test were evaluated. The seed treatments were: the seed inoculation with Azotobacter spp., Immersion in nutrient broth without bacteria, sterilization and zero handling. The experiment has shown that inoculation of common bean seeds with Azotobacter spp. does not adversely affect germination, emergency or vigor and stimulate the development of abnormal seedlings.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The use of anaerobic digestate as fertilizer is considered beneficial since it provides plant nutrients and organic matter to soils. However, there is limited information about plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in digestate. In this study, we isolated Bacillus and Pseudomonas from two types of anaerobic digestates, and selected three different plant growth promoting traits and antifungal activity to screen 200 bacteria isolated from each digestate. Then 6 isolates based on plant growth promoting traits were selected and inoculated with common wheat seeds to evaluate their plant growth promoting activity. Cultivable population of Bacillus and Pseudomonas were 2.20 × 10 6 and 6.98 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in mesophilic digestate, while were 6.86 × 10 5 and 5.65 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in thermophilic digestate. Twenty-five bacterial isolates from mesophilic digestate and 12 bacterial isolates from thermophilic digestate showed positive plant growth promoting traits or antifungal activity. In plant growth promoting assay, all isolates significantly promoted growth of wheat seedlings (p < 0.05). Seedlings stem length was increased from 28.5% to 38.6% by bacteria inoculation. In addition, bacteria inoculation increased seedlings stem weight from 113.3% to 214.2% and root weight from 108.6% to 207.2% as compared to un-inoculated control. The results showed that anaerobic digestate was a potential source for isolation of PGPB, and PGPB in digestate would be beneficial for plant growth with fertilizer application.
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
Screening Rhizobacteria containing Acc-Deaminase for Growth and Yield of Rice...Premier Publishers
Bacteria possessing ACC deaminase activity reduce the level of stress ethylene conferring resistance and stimulating growth of plants under various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, this study was carried out at National Agriculture Research Centre Islamabad to screen rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase for inducing salt tolerance and improving rice plant growth and enhancement in paddy production under salt-stressed conditions. (ECe=9.65 dS m-1) during June, 2015 to November, 2016. Rice variety Basmati-385 seeds were inoculated with rhizobacterial strains which were: SBCC (M9), RPR (32), RPR (33), WPS (8) PBS, SBCC (M8) and RPR (41). Salinity (9.65dS m-1) was artificially developed using salts. This study resulted that rice crop improved growth and yield under salt stressed conditions with the induction of salt tolerance through ACC deaminaze PGPR and this was accomplished with the reduction in ethylene production. Reduction in sodium uptake by the utilization of different rhizobial strains having ACC deaminaze activity under saline environment is a encouraging sign to induce salt tolerance naturally and reduce the toxic effects of utilization of chemicals for reclamation of salt – affected lands.
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Physiological Quality of Bean Seeds Related To Azotobacter spp. InoculationIOSRJAVS
Research aimed at improving the quality of crops. The results obtained with seed coating were very influential with regard to fertilization and disease resistance. Nitrogen fertilization increases costs in agricultural production and the loss of fertile lands, altering the natural conditions and has negative consequences for the microorganisms (MO), which regulate the balance between quality of crops and soils. The biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) consists on MO work which provide nitrogen in soil and secrete substances that promote plant growth, these can be made by inoculation of seeds. The germination rate, emergency and vigor are an indicator that determines the productivity and physiological quality of a plant variety. The germination rate, number of emerged seeds per pot in favorable field conditions and vigor by accelerated aging test were evaluated. The seed treatments were: the seed inoculation with Azotobacter spp., Immersion in nutrient broth without bacteria, sterilization and zero handling. The experiment has shown that inoculation of common bean seeds with Azotobacter spp. does not adversely affect germination, emergency or vigor and stimulate the development of abnormal seedlings.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of wild oat (Avenafatua) ...Innspub Net
To study the effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of Avena fatua eight experiments based on randomized complete design (RCD) with five replications were conducted in the Arsanjan Islamic Azad Univetrsity, Fars province. Dormancy breaking treatments included the application of different concentrations of gibberellin, sulfuric acid, warm water, stratification(chilling), scarification, different temperatures, rinsing, and the use of ethanol. The results showed thatthe highest percent of germination was found in the stratification period of 2 to 3 weeks at 2-5 ° C in which germination rate was over 70%. Gibberellin application with a concentration of 600 ppm led to wild oat braking dormancy with the the maximum seed germination of 36%.The wild oat seeds exposure to sulfuric acid also led to dormancy breaking where the highest germination of 36 % was obtained by a 8-hour seed expoure. The results of concentration of sulfuric acid showed that the highest seed germination was 42% in treatment via concentration sulfuric acid 15%. In addition, our findings indicated that rinsing, warm water application, constant temperatures were not effective treatment forwild oat
dormancy breaking.
Biofertilizers is one such component of organic farming that keep the soil environment rich in all kinds of micro- and macro-nutrients via nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilisation or mineralization, release of plant growth regulating substances, production of antibiotics and biodegradation of organic matter in the soil. When biofertilizers are applied as seed or soil inoculants, they multiply and participate in nutrient cycling and benefit crop productivity. In general, 60% to 90% of the total applied fertilizer is lost and the remaining 10% to 40% is taken up by plants. Biofertilizers improve soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen and solubilising insoluble phosphates and produce plant growth-promoting substances in the soil.
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
Cereal endosperm with inhibition of starch branching enzyme (SBE) increases resistant starch content and has health benefit. For plants, endosperm starch is degraded to provide energy for seedling growth. However, whether the inhibition of SBE influences in situ degradation of starch during seedling growth is seldom reported. In this study, a normal japonica rice cultivar Wu-xiang 9915 (WX) and its derived transgenic rice line (WTR) with inhibition of SBE were cultivated in the dark only in deionized H2O. The plant growth and starch property changes were investigated during seedling development. Compared with WX, WTR showed a significantly slow plant growth. The slow degradation of starch in seed restrained the plant growth. For WX, the amylopectin and amylose were simultaneously degraded, leading to that the endosperm residual starches had similar crystalline and short-range ordered structure during seedling development. However, for WTR, the amylopectin had higher resistance to in situ degradation than amylose, and endosperm residual starches changed from CA- to CB-type and its ordered structure increased during seedling development.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plant tissue culture has been used as a tool for crop improvement in many different ways. Such as somaclonal variation that occurred in many different crops. In this study a program for disease resistance was established in sesame using somaclonal variation. As resistance to Fos is very important so different kinds and concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators were tested for producing of plantlet regenerated from apical shoot explants. The results showed that the combination of BA and NAA also BA and IAA with ABA could be used for regenerating sesame plantlets from apical shoots. The difference in BA concentrations had a positive effect on shoot and root regeneration and at least plant regeneration. So with combination of high level of BA and low level of NAA shooting from explants was dominant and with low level of BA and high level of NAA rooting was progressed. Regenerated plantlets and seeded planlets were compared for examining of resistance or susceptibility to Fos. The result showed that somaclonal variant resulted from regeneration of shoot and root of sesame could lead to producing resistant plantlets.
Presented by: Iswandi Anas, National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), and Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Soil Biotechnology Laboratory, Indonesia
Presented at: 11th FNCA Coordinators Meeting
Seedlings characters of wheat as affected by soaking with chitosan and prolin...Innspub Net
To investigate the effect of soaking with chitosan and proline levels under salinity stress on seedlings characters of wheat, a laboratory experiment was carried out at Central Laboratories in Central Administration for Seed Testing and Certification, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, during January 2019. The experiment was conducted in factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The first factor included four levels of soaking with chitosan (0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%). The second factor integrated with five levels of soaking with proline (0, 1, 5, 9 and 13mM). The third factor incorporated with four levels of salinity i.e. 0, 4, 8 and 12dSm-1 of NaCl. The results indicated that soaking in chitosan at 0.75% recorded highest values of seedlings characters, followed by soaking in chitosan at 0.50%. The highest values of seedlings characters were produced from soaking in highest level of proline (13mM), followed soaking in proline at 9mM. The highest values of seedlings characters were obtained from the control treatment (without salinity stress), followed by salinity stress at the level of 4dSm-1 of NaCl and then salinity stress at the level of 8dSm-1 of NaCl. It could be concluded that for maximizing seedlings characters of bread wheat Shandaweel 1 cultivar under salinity stress, it could be recommended to soak with the mixture of chitosan at the rate of 0.75 or 0.50% and proline at the rates of 13 or 9mM for 6 h.
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Successful colonization of roots and Plant growth promotion of sorghum (Sorgh...Premier Publishers
Pseudomonas putida (P29) and Azotobacter chroococcum (Azb19) are the efficient promising strains selected from in vitro plant growth promoting studies. These two strains were tested for their ability to promote growth of sorghum and colonize sorghum roots. Seed bacterization with P29 and Azb19 resulted in increased plant height, shoot height, root volume, leaf area and total plant dry mass. Further, bacterial inoculation also significantly increased macro-and micro-nutrient uptake by sorghum plants. Using electroporation method, pure cultures of P29 and Azb19 were transformed with pHC 60 plasmid containing gfp gene. Transformants detected by colony PCR were used to study the colonization pattern on roots of sorghum. Confocal fluorescence scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to locate the inoculants on or inside roots. Root colonization in sorghum by P29 was internal whereas Azb19 was detected on root surface. GFP-tagged Pseudomonas was predominantly detected at the root differentiation zone. In case of Azb19 small aggregates of micro-colonies were observed on the surface of the roots. The efficient sorghum root colonization by these inoculants clearly demonstrated that the introduced strains could successfully inhabit the rhizosphere and thus resulting in increased nutrient uptake. Inoculation with P29 resulted in increased uptake of P (288.5%), K (179.1%), Fe (242.7%), and Zn (168.1%) as compared to Azb19 where the uptake of P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn increased by 142.6%, 161.6%, 199.5%, and 121.9%, respectively. On the other hand, inoculation with Azb19 could enhance better uptake of N (163.6%) as compared to P29 (133.3%). The strains also differed in their mode of root colonization.
Application of Bioinoculants in medicinal plants to enhance the growth, devel...Krishna Kumari
It is a scientific seminar on bioinoculants application in medicinal plants to enhance the growth, development and metabolite content. It gives the idea of mechanism and effect of bioinoculants in medicinal plants. Why bioinoculants are very important in current scenario especially in medicinal plants production.
Development of transgenics for the abiotic stress tolerance is the need of the hour as the existing plant types were prone to vagaries of climate change and therefore a new technology for the development of abiotic resistant varieties through genetic manipulation is imperative.
internship report presented for the award of degree in soil microbiology at institute of soil and environmental science, University of agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of wild oat (Avenafatua) ...Innspub Net
To study the effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of Avena fatua eight experiments based on randomized complete design (RCD) with five replications were conducted in the Arsanjan Islamic Azad Univetrsity, Fars province. Dormancy breaking treatments included the application of different concentrations of gibberellin, sulfuric acid, warm water, stratification(chilling), scarification, different temperatures, rinsing, and the use of ethanol. The results showed thatthe highest percent of germination was found in the stratification period of 2 to 3 weeks at 2-5 ° C in which germination rate was over 70%. Gibberellin application with a concentration of 600 ppm led to wild oat braking dormancy with the the maximum seed germination of 36%.The wild oat seeds exposure to sulfuric acid also led to dormancy breaking where the highest germination of 36 % was obtained by a 8-hour seed expoure. The results of concentration of sulfuric acid showed that the highest seed germination was 42% in treatment via concentration sulfuric acid 15%. In addition, our findings indicated that rinsing, warm water application, constant temperatures were not effective treatment forwild oat
dormancy breaking.
Biofertilizers is one such component of organic farming that keep the soil environment rich in all kinds of micro- and macro-nutrients via nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilisation or mineralization, release of plant growth regulating substances, production of antibiotics and biodegradation of organic matter in the soil. When biofertilizers are applied as seed or soil inoculants, they multiply and participate in nutrient cycling and benefit crop productivity. In general, 60% to 90% of the total applied fertilizer is lost and the remaining 10% to 40% is taken up by plants. Biofertilizers improve soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen and solubilising insoluble phosphates and produce plant growth-promoting substances in the soil.
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
Cereal endosperm with inhibition of starch branching enzyme (SBE) increases resistant starch content and has health benefit. For plants, endosperm starch is degraded to provide energy for seedling growth. However, whether the inhibition of SBE influences in situ degradation of starch during seedling growth is seldom reported. In this study, a normal japonica rice cultivar Wu-xiang 9915 (WX) and its derived transgenic rice line (WTR) with inhibition of SBE were cultivated in the dark only in deionized H2O. The plant growth and starch property changes were investigated during seedling development. Compared with WX, WTR showed a significantly slow plant growth. The slow degradation of starch in seed restrained the plant growth. For WX, the amylopectin and amylose were simultaneously degraded, leading to that the endosperm residual starches had similar crystalline and short-range ordered structure during seedling development. However, for WTR, the amylopectin had higher resistance to in situ degradation than amylose, and endosperm residual starches changed from CA- to CB-type and its ordered structure increased during seedling development.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plant tissue culture has been used as a tool for crop improvement in many different ways. Such as somaclonal variation that occurred in many different crops. In this study a program for disease resistance was established in sesame using somaclonal variation. As resistance to Fos is very important so different kinds and concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators were tested for producing of plantlet regenerated from apical shoot explants. The results showed that the combination of BA and NAA also BA and IAA with ABA could be used for regenerating sesame plantlets from apical shoots. The difference in BA concentrations had a positive effect on shoot and root regeneration and at least plant regeneration. So with combination of high level of BA and low level of NAA shooting from explants was dominant and with low level of BA and high level of NAA rooting was progressed. Regenerated plantlets and seeded planlets were compared for examining of resistance or susceptibility to Fos. The result showed that somaclonal variant resulted from regeneration of shoot and root of sesame could lead to producing resistant plantlets.
Presented by: Iswandi Anas, National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), and Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Soil Biotechnology Laboratory, Indonesia
Presented at: 11th FNCA Coordinators Meeting
Seedlings characters of wheat as affected by soaking with chitosan and prolin...Innspub Net
To investigate the effect of soaking with chitosan and proline levels under salinity stress on seedlings characters of wheat, a laboratory experiment was carried out at Central Laboratories in Central Administration for Seed Testing and Certification, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, during January 2019. The experiment was conducted in factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The first factor included four levels of soaking with chitosan (0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%). The second factor integrated with five levels of soaking with proline (0, 1, 5, 9 and 13mM). The third factor incorporated with four levels of salinity i.e. 0, 4, 8 and 12dSm-1 of NaCl. The results indicated that soaking in chitosan at 0.75% recorded highest values of seedlings characters, followed by soaking in chitosan at 0.50%. The highest values of seedlings characters were produced from soaking in highest level of proline (13mM), followed soaking in proline at 9mM. The highest values of seedlings characters were obtained from the control treatment (without salinity stress), followed by salinity stress at the level of 4dSm-1 of NaCl and then salinity stress at the level of 8dSm-1 of NaCl. It could be concluded that for maximizing seedlings characters of bread wheat Shandaweel 1 cultivar under salinity stress, it could be recommended to soak with the mixture of chitosan at the rate of 0.75 or 0.50% and proline at the rates of 13 or 9mM for 6 h.
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Successful colonization of roots and Plant growth promotion of sorghum (Sorgh...Premier Publishers
Pseudomonas putida (P29) and Azotobacter chroococcum (Azb19) are the efficient promising strains selected from in vitro plant growth promoting studies. These two strains were tested for their ability to promote growth of sorghum and colonize sorghum roots. Seed bacterization with P29 and Azb19 resulted in increased plant height, shoot height, root volume, leaf area and total plant dry mass. Further, bacterial inoculation also significantly increased macro-and micro-nutrient uptake by sorghum plants. Using electroporation method, pure cultures of P29 and Azb19 were transformed with pHC 60 plasmid containing gfp gene. Transformants detected by colony PCR were used to study the colonization pattern on roots of sorghum. Confocal fluorescence scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to locate the inoculants on or inside roots. Root colonization in sorghum by P29 was internal whereas Azb19 was detected on root surface. GFP-tagged Pseudomonas was predominantly detected at the root differentiation zone. In case of Azb19 small aggregates of micro-colonies were observed on the surface of the roots. The efficient sorghum root colonization by these inoculants clearly demonstrated that the introduced strains could successfully inhabit the rhizosphere and thus resulting in increased nutrient uptake. Inoculation with P29 resulted in increased uptake of P (288.5%), K (179.1%), Fe (242.7%), and Zn (168.1%) as compared to Azb19 where the uptake of P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn increased by 142.6%, 161.6%, 199.5%, and 121.9%, respectively. On the other hand, inoculation with Azb19 could enhance better uptake of N (163.6%) as compared to P29 (133.3%). The strains also differed in their mode of root colonization.
Application of Bioinoculants in medicinal plants to enhance the growth, devel...Krishna Kumari
It is a scientific seminar on bioinoculants application in medicinal plants to enhance the growth, development and metabolite content. It gives the idea of mechanism and effect of bioinoculants in medicinal plants. Why bioinoculants are very important in current scenario especially in medicinal plants production.
Development of transgenics for the abiotic stress tolerance is the need of the hour as the existing plant types were prone to vagaries of climate change and therefore a new technology for the development of abiotic resistant varieties through genetic manipulation is imperative.
internship report presented for the award of degree in soil microbiology at institute of soil and environmental science, University of agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Liquid biofertilizers are suspensions having agriculturally useful microorganisms, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and solubilize insoluble phosphates and make it available for the plant.
The morpho-agronomic characterization study of Lens culinaris germplasm under...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The present research study evaluate and identify the most suitable and high yielding genotypes of Lens culinaris for the salt marsh habitat of Swat in moist temperate sort of agro climatic environment of Pakistan. A total of fourteen genotypes were cultivated and analyzed through Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). These genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1, NARC-11-2, NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. Different parameters i.e., germination rate, flowering, physiological maturity, plant height, biological grain yield, seed weight, pods formation and its height, pods per plants and protein content were focused specially throughout the study. Preliminary the Lentil genotypes have significant variability in all the major morpho-agronomic traits. The days to germination, 50% flowering and 100 seed weight ranged from 7 to 9, 110 to 116 days, and from 5.4 to 7.3 gm respectively. Biological yield and grain yield ranged from 5333 to 9777 kg ha−1 and 1933 to 3655 kg ha−1 respectively. Whereas, protein contents ranged from 23.21% to 28.45%. It was concluded that the genotype AZRC-4 is better varity in terms of grain yield plus in 100 seed weight and moreover, 09506 genotype was significant under salt marsh habitat in early maturing for the Swat Valley, Pakistan.
Assessment of forage corn quality intercropping with green beans under influe...Innspub Net
To assess the quality of forage corn intercropping with green beans under the influence of Rhizobium bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus, make a test in educational-research farm of agriculture faulty of Azna PNU that it was design in factorial to randomized complete block with three replications. The experimental factors include cropping systems such as mono cropping of corn, mono cropping of green beans, intercropping, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus (use and non-use) and Rhizobium bacteria (use and non-use). The results showed that cropping systems on crude protein, wet forage weight, dry forage weight were significant at 1% level as well as leaf to stem ratio was significant at 5% level. Between different levels of bacteria used, acid detergent fiber was impressed and was significant at 5% level. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus was significant at 5% level on water soluble carbohydrate. The results showed that the use of separate and combined of Rhizobium bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus increase the quality of corn in intercropping than mono cropping. Finally with increasing of plant diversity and microorganism in soil increased the quality and quantity of forage. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Effects of Bradyrhizobia and Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on soybean (Glyc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A field experiment was conducted in Summer-Spring cropping season 2016 at Cujut district, DakNong province, Vietnam to study the effects of rhizobia and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on soybean (cv. Cujut) cultivated on ferralsols. The experiment consisted of six treatments as follows: control (no fertilizer, no inoculant), 240 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15, rhizobial inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 20 kg N/ha applied at 10 days after sowing [DAS], PSB inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 20 kg N/ha at 10 DAS, rhizobial and PSB inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 400 kg fertilizer/ha + 20 kg N/ha at 10 DAS and endophytic bacteria inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 400 kg fertilizer/ha + 20 kg N/ha at 10 DAS from June to August, 2016. The results showed that application of rhizobial inoculant and/or PSB inoculant produced significantly higher yield component, grain yield than control and did not differ from 240 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15. Consequently, application of rhizobia and PSB improved soil fertility after harversting however using mixture of rhizobia and PSB inoculation plus 400 kg biofertilizer/ha +20 kg N/ha for soybean cultivation supported yield component, grain yield and oil, protein in seed than control and equivalent with treatment of chemical fertilizer (240 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15). This technique not only increased grain yield, incomes for farmers but also improved soil fertility.
Effect of Rhizobium Innoculation on Growth, Nodulation Count and Yield of Soy...ijtsrd
Replenishment of depleted soil nitrogen depends largely on addition of inorganic fertilizers but due to problems of scarcity and high the cost of these fertilizer. Rhizobia inoculation is a cheaper, easier and safer option to improve soilnitrogen fixation and increase productivity of grain legumes.The experiments were conducted during 2016 and2017 rainy season with the aimed of evaluating the potentials of rhizobium inoculation on growth, nodulation count and yield of soybean planted in biochar amended soil. The results showed that Rhizobium inoculation of soybeans and biochar soil amendment didnot showed any significant increase on allgrowth parameter at 8 weeks after planting in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons. However, inoculated soybeans produced significantly higher number of 25.35 and 23.42 roots nodules per plant compare to the control. Rhizobium inoculation and biochar soil amendment had a significant increase on all the yield parameter assessed in both years of cropping. All the soybeans that were inoculated with rhizobium produced the highest number of flowers 58.45 and 56.84 highest number of pods per plant 48.15 and 35.34 and highest seed weight of 2.67 and 2.85 t ha .1 Application of 10 t ha 1 of biocharproduced the highest number of flowers 63.26 and 68.21 highest number of pods per plant 53.45 and 54.25 and highest seed weight of 2.53 and 2.69 t ha 1 in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons respectively. Ndor, E | Jayeoba O. J | Dauda, S. N "Effect of Rhizobium Innoculation on Growth, Nodulation Count and Yield of Soybeans (Glycine Max) Grown in Biochar Amended Soil of Sounthern Guinea Savana of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26648.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/26648/effect-of-rhizobium-innoculation-on-growth-nodulation-count-and-yield-of-soybeans-glycine-max-grown-in-biochar-amended-soil-of-sounthern-guinea-savana-of-nigeria/ndor-e
Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria of the Growth of Cicer arietinumOpen Access Research Paper
This research was conducted to isolate the rhizospheric bacteria of chickpea plant and to check their effect on its growth. Out of ten bacterial strains isolated, six were checked. They included two strains of Pseudomonas sp., three strains of Bacillus sp. and one strain of Brevibacterium sp. Out of all strains, one Bacillus strain showed good results. The 16s rRNA sequencing showed it Bacillus velezensis MN611255. Early germination, enhanced number of leaves, shoots, roots, and increase in their weight were notable features of B. velezensis as a PGPR. Furthermore, its effect on the flavonoids, total flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates and chlorophyll content of chickpea plant was more pronounced as compared to the control. PGPR did not show siderophore production but were positive to indole acetic acid and phosphate solubilization. It can be concluded from the observations that indigenous isolated B. velezensis showed promising results as a PGPR. Field trials can help in further elaborating its role as a biofertilizer.
Study on Distribution of Microbial and Diazotrophic Azotobacter Population in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The current scenario encounters the steady demand of food supply and the application of fertilizer is become an indispensable in modern agriculture. Hence, the present study is focused on distribution of microbial and diazotrophic Azotobacter population in rhizosphere soil sample. Total microbial population viz, bacteria, fungi, actiomycetes and diazotrophic Azotobacter were enumerated from five different rhizosphere soil samples and compared the distribution of diazotrophic Azotobacter with other three microbial groups. The results of enumeration of total microbial population reveals that comparatively the bacterial population found to be higher followed by Azotobacter population in various rhizosphere soil. Based on the predominant growth, five Azotobacter strains (one isolate from each sample) were isolated and authenticated through morphological and biochemical characteristics.
Seed yield, some yield components and morphological traits of wheat as affect...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of Azotobacter chrocooccum strain 5, Pseudomonas fluorescens 187, and their interactions on wheat performance. The experimental design was split plot factorial with a complete randomized block design. The treatments included four chemical fertilizers (0, 50, 75 and 100% dose fertilizers) and four levels of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Azotobacter chrocooccum strain 5, Pseudomonas fluorescens 187, mixture of these bacteria, and control). At time of physiological maturity, number of spikes per unit area,
number of spikelet and grain number per spike, thousand grain weigh, grain yield, harvest index, biological yield, plant height, stem diameter and protein content were measured. Resulted indicated that the combined application of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas increased grain yield, harvest index, biological yield and protein content by 34.3, 7.7, 12.5 and 13.6%, respectively compared to the controls. Azotobacter and Pseudomonas inoculation plus fertilization reduced chemical fertilizers application (25-50 %) in the field. Results of this study
suggest that farmer can obtained the same wheat yield if they apply half of conventional consumption of chemical fertilizers along with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas.
ABSTRACT- The isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains exhibiting high ability to solubilize soil
phosphorus is a matter of great interest with high applicability. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants
simultaneously increases phosphate uptake by the plant and increase crop yield. Strains from the genera Pseudomonas,
Bacillus and Rhizobium species are among the most powerful phosphate solubilizers. In this present study different
cultivated soil samples were investigated for the isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria by Pikovskayas agar media.
We were found 2 bacterial strains SS1 and SS2 as a phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Both two bacteria are characterized
by morphological and biochemical tests. The strain SS2 was confirmed as a Bacillus megaterium. Then Bacillus
megaterium is used for the production of longer sustainable phosphate solbulizing biofertilizer. After an interval of 180
days it has 5x1013 CFU count.
Key-words- Phosphate solubilization; Soil bacteria; Plant-growth-promoting bacteria; Rhizobacteria; Phosphates;
Biofertilizer
Plant Growth-Promoting Activities and Molecular Characterization of Rhizobact...IOSR Journals
Rhizosphere bacteria are known to influence plant growth by direct and indirect mechanisms. Development of an effective plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculant necessitates the presence of a diverse set of traits that can help its colonization of the rhizosphere and survival under varying environmental conditions. In the present study, a total of 219 bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of different medicinal and aromatic plants collected from different locations of Andhra Pradesh (India) were initially screened for their PGP activities. From the 219 isolates four bacterial strains were selected and tested for in vitro specific plant growth promotion activities such as ammonia production, IAA production, phosphate solubilization, HCN production and antifungal activity. These four isolates showed maximum plant growth promoting activities and further they were identified on the basis of colony morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests. These PGPR isolates were characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing which led to their identification as Pantoea sp. (Cf 7), Bacillus sp. (Cf 60) and Pseudomonas sp. (Te1, Av 30) respectively. Seed germination test was conducted by employing these strains under laboratory conditions on sorghum, maize and green gram seeds to investigate the effect of PGPR on the growth of seedlings. These PGPR isolates induced production of plant growth hormones (indole acetic acid), phosphate solubilization and ammonia production resulting in enhanced plant growth. Most of the isolates resulted in a significant increase in % of seed germination, shoot length, root length and vigor index of sorghum, maize and green gram seedlings. Therefore, the present study suggests that these PGPR isolates (Cf 7, Cf 60, Te1, Av 30) may be used as biofertilizers to enhance the growth and productivity of commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants.
impact of the mixed consortium of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungiIJEAB
The effect of inoculation of indigenousarbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) co-inoculated with Azospirillumlipoferum(strain Az204) and phosphobacteria (Bacillus megaterium - strain PB2) on the growth and yield of rice under the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in the nursery and field was studied by conducting a field trial at Agricultural College & Research Institute, Madurai. The indigenous AMF was isolated from rice fields of this Institute and were identified as Glomus sp., Gigasporasp. and Acaulospora sp. These AMF were mass multiplied in maize plants using vermiculite as substrate and used as mixed consortium AMF. The mat nursery was prepared and AMF inoculated at the rate of 100g/m2. Also treatment was done using Azospirillum and phosphobacteria on treatment wise. At the time of transplanting seedling dip was done for the 8-day old rice seedlings using the same microbial inoculants. In the main field seed also application of mixed consortium AMF along with Azospirillum and phosphobacteria was carried out based on the treatment schedule. The results of the field trial revealed that the seedlings in the nursery showed vigorous growth and AMF colonization and spore count were recorded the maximum in the treatment with AMF, Azospirillumand 75% RDF of N and P. In the main field also there was increased growth and yield of rice plant in the same treatment due to the inoculation of mixed consortium AMF co-inoculated with Azospirillum on rice variety, ADT43 in the presence of 75% N and P. The yield of rice in this treatment recorded 11.8% higher than with 100% NP alone, besides saving 25% NP. We conclude that the mixed consortium ofindigenousAMF inoculation at the nursery and main field under SRI increased growth and grain yield of rice.
Physiological Assessments of Sweet Sorghum Inoculated with Azospirillumbrasi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Some factors, such as yield increase and production cost reduction, must still be assessed as a way toimprove the sweet sorghum success prospects. The use of plant growth regulator mixtures has shown significant results in crop yield.Nitrogen assimilation stands out as one of the main limiting factors in plant production. Given the physiological effects of plant growth regulators and their mode of action in the photosynthetic metabolism, the aim of the current study is to assess the physiological responses of sweet sorghum plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilenseto the use of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators. The experiment comprised split plots, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) and biostimulant levels (0, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mL ha-1) in sweet sorghum culture inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Variables such as gas exchange and total recoverable sugars (TRS%) were assessed. The application of plant growth regulator at the dose 440.7 ml ha-1 showed the highest photosynthetic efficiency up to 46 DAE. According to the experimental conditions, the plant growth regulator treatment had no effect on the TRS %. It is concluded that the plant growth regulator did not affect the production of sugars by the plant.
Conversion of crop waste in to pink oyster mushroom pleurotus eous.Dr. siddhant
Similar to Phosphate solubilizing potential of Rhizobium and Bacillus species for enhancing yield and available phosphorus in maize crop (Zea mays) (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
IPCC Vice Chair Ladislaus Change Central Asia Climate Change Conference 27 Ma...
Phosphate solubilizing potential of Rhizobium and Bacillus species for enhancing yield and available phosphorus in maize crop (Zea mays)
1. Akhtar et al. Page 58
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Phosphate solubilizing potential of Rhizobium and Bacillus
species for enhancing yield and available phosphorus in maize
crop (Zea mays)
Naseem Akhtar*
, Fakhar Mujeeb, Muhammad Amjad Qureshi, Munnaza Rafique,
Aneela Riaz, Muhammad Asif Ali
Soil Bacteriology Section Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Article published on January 20, 2014
Key words: Bacillus, Co-inoculation, Rhizobium, Zea Mays.
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the separate and integrated effect of Rhizobium and Bacillus spp.
on the growth of maize (Zea Mays L.). Inocula of Rhizobium and Bacillus were applied as seed coating.
Recommended dose of fertilizer (120-60 kg NP ha-1) was applied at sowing. The treatments were implied
according to Randomized Complete Block Design with three repeats. Inoculation had no significant effect on the
leaf length (84cm) and internodal distance (18.3cm) compared to their respective control (80cm and16.5cm) but
the photosynthetic rate (105.3µ mol-2s-1) , transpiration rate (13.2 mmolm-2s-1), plant height (259.3cm), leaf
width (7.7cm), stem diameter (15.43mm), leaf area (644cm-2) and shoot fresh weight (79.6 tones ha-1) were
significantly improved by co-inoculation. Effect of Bacillus was statistically at par with co-inoculation regarding
transpiration rate (11.47 m mol m-2s-1), plant height (249.3 cm) and stem diameter (14.87 mm). Response of leaf
width, stem diameter, leaf area and shoot fresh weight were significantly higher by Rhizobium application
compared to the Bacillus inoculation, however, positive influence was observed by all the inoculation treatments
over the control. These findings indicated that inoculation of Rhizobium and Bacillus has positive effect on the
maize growth and their co-inoculation (Rhizobium+ Bacillus) showed more pronounced results.
* Corresponding Author: Naseem Akhtar nasimsajjad235@gmail.com
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 58-66, 2014
2. Akhtar et al. Page 59
Introduction
Phosphorus is indispensable nutrient for the life cycle
of plants. Its role starts from root development and
culminates up to seed formation. But in our cropping
systems almost 75-90% of added P-fertilizer is
entered into immobile pools owing the presence of
highly reactive Ca2+ of alkaline soils (Gyaneshwar et
al., 1999; Hao et al., 2002; and Hinsinger et al.,
2001). On the other hand soil microbes, produce
organic acids, to transform this immobile P into
solution P which eventually becomes available to
plants (Pradhan et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2006;
Deubel et al., 2005). Rhizobium and Bacillus are the
microbes which enhance the crop yields through
growth hormones and P solublization (Gull et al.,
2004). This microbial biomass assimilates the soluble
P, and prevents it from adsorption or fixation (Khan
et al., 2009). This bioavailability of soil inorganic P in
the rhizosphere varies evidently with plant species
and nutritional status of soil (Hoflich et al., 1995).
Many researchers have studied various species of the
genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillums and
Penicillium as P-solubilizer (Seshadri et al., 2004).
Among these the Bacillus was abundant in the
rhizosphere. It has vital role in P solubilization and
also acts as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
(PGPR) (Probanza et al., 2002; Gutierrez et al.,
2003). It promotes plant growth by a number of
mechanisms, including P solubilization and phyto
hormone production such as Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)
(Choudhary et al., 2009; Lal et al., 2009). Co-
inoculation of Bacillus with Rhizobium stimulated the
plant growth more than their separate inoculation
depending upon the soil conditions (Askary et al.,
2009; Perveen et al., 2002; Zaidi et al., 2003).
The Phosphate solubilizer and PGPR can reduce the
Phosphorus requirement of plant by 50% without
reducing the crop yield [Yazdani et al., 2009] and this
may lessen the dependence on costly mineral
fertilizers. Present study was planned to evaluate the
effect of Rhizobium and Bacillus alone and in
combined form, on the yield parameters of maize and
to explore the potential of Rhizobium as a P
solubilizer for non-legumes.
Materials and methods
Isolation of Rhizobium and Bacillus
Rhizobium was isolated from nodules of chickpea,
mung, vegetable pea and berseem (Russell et al.,
1982). For this purpose pink, healthy, undamaged
nodules were selected and were immersed in 95%
ethanol for 1-4 minutes. Then they were rinsed with
sterile water and acidified mercuric chloride solution
(0.1% W/V). Afterward, washed for 5-6 times in
sterile distilled water and crushed under larger drop
of sterilized water in a Petri dish. Their juice was
transferred immediately to the Congo Red Yeast
Mannitol Agar (CRYMA) media and this mixture was
then placed in incubator at 28 ± 2oC (Vincent,
1970). The Rhizobial growth that could not attain the
color of Congo red, were picked and re-streaked
steadily to obtain pure cultures. The purified culture
was stored at 4 ± 2oC on slants and maintained for
further experimentation. Wheat seed was inoculated
by Rhizobium isolated from above mentioned
legumes and grew in the Petri dishes for germination
test under controlled conditions. Germination assay
showed that Rhizobium isolated from chickpea, was
better than other strains and was selected for
experimentation.
Bacillus was isolated by dilution plate technique from
the rhizosphere soil of maize growing at the Fodder
Research Station, Ayub Agricultural Research
Institute (AARI), Faisalabad. Dilutions up to 10-2, 10-4
and 10-6 were prepared and placed in the oven for
heat shock at 80o C for 10 minutes and cooled down,
then inoculated on the selective medium [Nautiyal,
1999]. Plates were incubated at 28 ± 2o C for seven
days. The growth of Bacillus was purified and
screened out on the Pikovskaya medium (El-Komy,
2005). From each plate, the growth was selected and
sub-cultured repeatedly to get a pure culture. Gram
tests (Davies et al. 1983) and spore formation
(Knaysi, 1935) was positive for this pure culture. Then
respiration test was conducted through oil film (Claus
et al., 1986) which came negative indicating the
3. Akhtar et al. Page 60
presence of Bacillus megaterium. The starch
hydrolysis test (Vera et al., 1980) and Voges-
Proskauer tests were carried out which were positive
and negative respectively, confirming the presence of
Bacillus megaterium (Ljutov, 1963).
Auxin Biosynthesis and Phosphate solubilization of
isolates
Screening of Rhizobium and Bacillus was carried out
for their auxin biosynthesis potential. The isolates of
Rhizobium were inoculated on the Yeast Mannitol
Broth (YMB) and Bacillus on Pikovskaya’s broth
culture for 72 hours. The auxin biosynthesis potential
was determined as Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)
equivalents using Salkowski’s reagent (2 mL of 0.5M
FeCl3 + 98 mL of 35% HClO4) [Sarwar et al., 1992].
Rhizobium and Bacillus isolates, exhibiting the
highest auxin biosynthesis were selected for the study
of P solubilization.
The solubilization indices of Bacillus and Rhizobium
isolates were checked on the Pikovskaya’s medium
(Pikovskaya, 1948). Isolates solubilize insoluble
phosphates in the Pikovskaya’s medium by forming
the halos. The growth and solubilization diameter
were determined after incubation at 28 ± 2o C for
seven days. On the basis of diameter of clearing halo
zones, solubilization index (SI) [Vazquez et al., 2000]
was calculated using the following formula;
SI = colony diameter + halozone diameter
Colony diameter
Auxin biosynthesis potential of Rhizobium ranged
from 15.3-19.7 µg g-1 whereas that of Bacillus isolates
was from 2.9 to 3.3 µg g-1. Isolates of Rhizobium and
Bacillus with highest Auxin biosynthesis potential
and phosphate solubilization were selected for
experiment (Table 1).
Broth cultures of the media were incubated at 28 ± 2o
C under shaking at 100 rpm for three days. Leaf mold,
as carrier, was processed and sterilized at 121o C and
15 psi pressure for one hour and inoculated with the
cultures @10 mL 100-1 g of peat and incubated at 28
± 2o C. It carries 108 CFU g-1 of leaf mold.
Table 1. Some important features of isolates tested during the investigation.
Isolates IAA equivalents
(µg mL-1)
Gram reaction Solubilization index
(SI)
Rhizobium (Chickpea) 19.7 Negative 2.3
Rhizobium (Mung) 15.3 Negative 2.1
Rhizobium (Vegetable pea) 17.0 Negative 2.2
Rhizobium (Berseem) 18.0 Negative 1.9
Bacillus 3.3 Positive 3.5
Bacillus 2.9 Positive 3.0
Treatments and experimental design
Field study was conducted in two consecutive years
with medium textured soil having pH 8.0, ECe 1.7
dSm-1, nitrogen 0.028% and available P 8.2 mg kg-1 at
Soil Bacteriology Section, Agriculture Biotechnology
Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad. Recommended
dose of fertilizers (120, 60 NP kg ha-1) was applied to
all the treatments. The experiment was laid out in
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with
three replications.
Treatments
T1: Control
T2: Rhizobium inoculation
T3: Bacillus inoculation
T4: Co-inoculation (Bacillus + Rhizobium 1:1)
Growth parameters
Crop growth was monitored over the entire vegetative
period. At tasseling (58 days after sowing) harvesting
was done. Plant height was measured up to the top of
4. Akhtar et al. Page 61
the terminal leaf of the plant. Vernier callipers were
used to measure the stem girth at the fifth internode
and leaf breadth of nearby leaf was also recorded.
Inter nodal distance between the fourth and a fifth
node was measured from each plant in each set. Data
regarding photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate
were observed by IRGA CI.340. After harvesting,
shoot fresh weight was recorded. Dry weight was
measured following air oven drying at 65oC for 48
hour. Phosphorus and N contents of soil and plant
were also recorded. Nitrogen was determined
according to Kjeldhals method (Bremmner and
Mulvany, (Bremner et al., 1982) while P by modified
Olsen method [Olsen and sommers, 1982].
Statistical analysis
Data were subjected to statistical analysis following
RCBD using standard procedures (Steel and Torrie,
1997). The difference among the treatment means
were compared by applying the Duncan’s Multiple
Range tests (Duncan, 1955).
Results
Leaf length, leaf width and leaf area
Positive effect of co-inoculation was observed on
growth of the crop. Leaf width significantly while leaf
length was non-significantly increased by co
inoculation. Leaf area varies considerably by
inoculation (Table 2). Maximum leaf length was
observed by co inoculation (84 cm) followed by
Rhizobium (83.7 cm) compared to control (80.0 cm).
Leaf width was significantly increased by co
inoculation (7.7 cm) followed by Rhizobium (7.0 cm)
and Bacillus (6.5 cm) inoculation compared with
control (6.3cm). Co-inoculation significantly
improved the leaf area (644 cm2) compared to all
other treatments followed by 585 cm2 by Rhizobium
and 527 cm2 by Bacillus which were significantly
higher than control (491cm2). Increase in leaf area by
co inoculation was 31.2 % compared to control.
Table 2. Effect of Rhizobium and Bacillus on leaf parameters (mean of 3 repeats).
Treatments Leaf length
(cm)
leaf width
(cm)
leaf area
(cm2)
Control 80.0 6.3 491
Rhizobium inoculation 83.7 7.0 585
Bacillus Inoculation 81.0 6.5 527
Co-inoculation (Rhizobium + Bacillus) 84.0 7.7 644
LSD NS 0.5544 68.75
Transpiration rate/ Photosynthetic rate
Data regarding transpiration rate and photosynthetic
rate is given in (Table 3). Bacillus (11.47 mmol m-2s-1)
and co inoculation (13.2 mmol m-2s-1) showed similar
but significantly enhanced rate of transpiration than
control (8.17 mmol m-2s-1). Regarding transpiration,
Rhizobium showed non significant increase as
compared to control. Photosynthetic rate was
significant higher by co-inoculation (105.3 µmole m-
2s-1) than separate inoculation of Rhizobium
(95.3µmol m-2s-1) and Bacillus (90µmolem-2s-1) and it
was 25.8 % higher than control. Rhizobium and
Bacillus were statistically at par with respect to each
other. However, they showed significantly higher
photosynthesis rate than control (83.790µmolem-2s-
1).
Plant height, Shoot fresh and dry weight
Plant height and shoot fresh weights (table 4) were
significantly increased by inoculation compare to
control. Maximum shoot weight was observed by co-
inoculation (79.6 ton ha-1) followed by 77.3 by
Rhizobium and 74.0 t ha-1 by Bacillus inoculation.
Increase in shoot weight by co inoculation was 10.5%
over control. Shoot dry weight was significantly
higher by co inoculation (10.7 t ha-1) than all other
treatments. Rhizobium and Bacillus inoculation
produced shoot dry weight (10.0 and 9.8 t ha-1
respectively) statistically at par with each other but
5. Akhtar et al. Page 62
higher than control. Plant matter proportion on
drying was 13.44% by co inoculation, 13.2 % by
Bacillus and 12.9% by Rhizobium while it was 10.9%
in control.
Table 3. Effect of Rhizobium and Bacillus on Transpiration &Photosynthetic rate (mean of 3 repeats).
Treatments Transpiration rate
(m mol m-2s-1)
Photosynthetic rate
(µmol m-2s-1)
Control 8.17b 87.7c
Rhizobium inoculation 8.63b 90.0b
Bacillus Inoculation 11.47a 95.3b
Co-inoculation (Rhizobium + Bacillus) 13.2a 105.3a
LSD 1.889 5.844
Table 4. Effect of Rhizobium and Bacillus on Plant height, Shoot fresh and dry weight (mean of 3 repeats).
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Stem diameter
(mm)
Shoot fresh
(T ha-1)
dry weight
(T ha-1)
Control 233.7b 12.30c 72.0d 7.87c
Rhizobium
inoculation
254.0a 13.43b 77.3b 10.00b
Bacillus Inoculation 249.3a 14.87a 74.0c 9.80b
Co-inoculation
(Rhizobium +
Bacillus)
259.3a 15.43a 79.6a 10.70a
LSD 14.58 0.7475 2.209 0.6967
Plant and soil analysis
Data regarding N and P contents in plant and soil are
presented in (Table 5). All the inoculation treatments
significantly affect the P contents of the plant. Co
inoculation showed significantly higher P (0.025%)
followed by Bacillus (0.23 %) and 0.21% by
Rhizobium compared to control (0.18%).
Table 5. Effect of Rhizobium and Bacillus on soil and plant nutrient (mean of 3 repeats).
Treatments Plant P
(%)
Plant N
(%)
Soil P (ppm) Soil N
(%)
Control 0.18c 1.18d 9.1c 0.031b
Rhizobium inoculation 0.21b 1.43b 10.9b 0.035a
Bacillus Inoculation 0.23ab 1.27c 11.0b 0.032b
Co-inoculation (Rhizobium +
Bacillus)
0.25a 1.51a 11.9a 0.035a
LSD 0.0266 0.0583 0.5287 1.489
Nitrogen % in plant matter varies significantly by
inoculation. Co-inoculation showed 1.15 % N which is
significantly higher than all other treatments. It was
1.43 % by Rhizobium and 1.27% by Bacillus, which
were significantly higher than control (1.18 %).
Inoculation with Rhizobium and Bacillus produced
6. Akhtar et al. Page 63
higher % of soil N and available P as compared to
control. Soil N was 0.035% by Rhizobium and co-
inoculation as well. Nitrogen % was not significantly
affected by Bacillus. Co-inoculation exhibited
maximum available P (11.9 mg kg-1) that differed
significantly from Bacillus and Rhizobium inoculation
(11.0 and 10.9 mg kg-1 respectively). Co-inoculation
showed 30.7% increase in available P compared to
control.
Discussion
Co-inoculation positively affects all the growth
parameters. Results of present study depicted that
Rhizobium and Bacillus were efficient P-solubilizer
and Auxin producers (Table 1). Previous studies also
comply with the role of microbes for auxin
production, P-solubilization and plant growth
promotion (Martins et al., 2004). Significant increase
was observed in leaf width and leaf area by co-
inoculation (Table 2). Rhizobium fixed atmospheric N
in legumes while in non legumes it acted as PGPR and
enhanced the growth by colonizing the root of pepper
and tomato (Garcıa et al., 2012). Increased yield
parameters of the barley by P-solubilizing microbe
inoculation were also reported (Mehrvarz et al.,
2008).
Photosynthesis and transpiration rates were
significantly increased by inoculation (Table3) which
resulted into more plant growth. This might be due to
the increased leaf width and larger leaf surface area
by the Inocula application. More the transpiration
more will be the water and nutrient uptake ensuing
higher fodder yield. Similar results were also
observed by co-inoculation of P-solubilizing microbes
and PGPR inoculation in maize (Afzal, and Bano,
2008; Egamberdiyeva, 2007).
Stem diameter is positively affected by co-inoculation
and Bacillus (Table 4). It is due to the veracity that
phosphate solubilizing microbe (PSM) provided
sufficient P to boost crop stand. It is evident that PSM
enhanced the plant growth by increasing P availability
(Ponumurugan and Gopi, 2006). Increase in inter
nodal distance was also observed due to inoculation.
Sufficient N and other nutrients were taken up by
inoculation of Rhizobium and Bacillus which resulted
in increased plant height and inter nodal distance.
Increased leaf area, plant height, transpiration and
photosynthesis obviously enhanced the fresh and dry
weight of fodder (Table 4). Yield augmentation by
PGPR and Bacillus inoculation was previously
observed in chickpea (Sharma et al., 2007) and wheat
(Galal, 2003).
Nutrient uptake by crop depends on availability of
nutrients. Rhizobium and Bacillus are the most
important P solubilizers and their co-inoculation
solubilized 38% more P compared to control (Table
5). It happened due to the solubilization of P in the
rhizosphere by microorganism which became readily
available to plant.
Nitrogen % in plant matter is positively affected by
inoculation. Significantly more N contents (1.51%)
were observed by co-inoculation followed by
Rhizobium (1.43%). Results are held up by previous
findings that biofertilizers with half dose of NP
fertilizers give the crop yield up to full dose of NP
fertilizer [Jilani et al., 2007. Many researchers
reported increased seed P content by P-solubilizing
microbes (Son et al., 2006; Kumar et al., 2008).
In our study significantly more soil N and P contents
were observed by inoculation. Microbes like Bacillus
and Rhizobium, produce organic acids that lower the
soil pH, solubilize the fixed P and make it available to
plant. Similar results were given by Khan et al, 2006
(Khan et al., 2006) who reported that integrated
inoculation of Rhizobium and Bacillus result in more
soil N and available P.
Conclusion
It was concluded that bioavailability of precipitated
Phosphorus was increased by Bacillus and
Rhizobium. Their combined application increased soil
Phosphorus content up to 31 % over control (without
any inoculation). Co-inoculation of Rhizobium and
Bacillus improved the shoot fresh weight of maize up
to 10.0 %compared to control. This owed to provision
7. Akhtar et al. Page 64
of growth hormones and increasing the nitrogen and
phosphorus contents of plant by the application of
microbial consortia. Soil nutrient status was also
improved. Nitrogen contents were increased by 13%
while increase in phosphorus was 30.7% due to co-
inoculation of both the microbes. Thus application of
Rhizobium and Bacillus provide wholesome
environment for the subsequent crops.
References
Afzal A, Bano A. 2008. Rhizobium and Phosphate
Solubilizing Bacteria improve the yield and
Phosphorus uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),
International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 10,
85-88.
Askary MA, Mostajeran R, Amooaghaei,
Mostajeran M. 2009. Influence of co-inoculation
Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium meliloti plus
2, 4-D on grain yield and N, P, Kcontent of Triticum
aestivum (Cv. Baccros and Mahdavi),American-
Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental
Science 5(3), 296-307.
Bremner JM and Mulvaney CS. 1982. Nitrogen
Total p. 595-624. In: A. L. Page (ed.), Methods of soil
analysis. Agron. No. 9, Part (2) Chemical and
microbiological properties, 2nd ed., American Society
of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
Chen Y. P., Rekha PD, Arunshen AB, Lai WA,
Young CC. 2006. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria
from subtropical soil and their tricalcium phosphate
solubilizing Abilities, Applied Soil Ecology journal 34,
33-41.
Choudhary DK, Johri BN. 2009. Interactions of
Bacillus spp. and plants–With special reference to
induced systemic resistance (ISR), Microbiological
Research 164, 493–513.
Claus D, Berkeley RCW. 1986. Genus Bacillus
Cohn 1872, In Bergey's Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology, 2, 1105-1139. Edited by P. H. A. Sneath,
N. S. Mair, M. E. Sharpe & J. G. Holt. Baltimore:
Williams & Wilkins.
Davies JA, Anderson GK, Beveridge TJ, Clark
HC. 1983. Chemical mechanism of the Gram stain
and synthesis of a new electron-opaque marker for
electron microscopy, which replaces the iodine
mordant of the stain, Journal of Bacteriology 156(2),
837–45.
Deubel A, Merbach W. 2005. Influence of
microorganisms on phosphorus bioavailability in
soils. In: Buscot, F. And A. Varma (eds),
Microorganisms in Soils: Roles in Genesis and
Functions, Springer- Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg,
Germany, 62.
Duncan DB. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F-
Test, Biometrics 11, 1-42.
Egamberdiyeva D. 2007. The effect of plant growth
promoting bacteria on growth and nutrient uptake of
maize in two different soils, Applied Soil ecology 36
184-189.
El-Komy HMA. 2005. Coimmobilization of
Azospirillum lipoferum and Bacillus megaterium for
Successful Phosphorus and Nitrogen Nutrition of
Wheat Plants, Food Technology and Biotechnology
43 (1), 19–27.
Galal YGM. 2003. Assessment of nitrogen
availability to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from
inorganic and organic N sources as affected by
Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium
leguminosarum inoculation, Egyptian Journal of
Microbiology 38, 57-73.
Garcıa-Fraile P, Carro L, Robledo M,
Ramı´rez-Bahena M-H, Flores-Fe´ lix J-D.
2012. Rhizobium Promotes Non-Legumes Growth
and Quality in Several Production Steps: Towards a
Biofertilization of Edible Raw Vegetables Healthy for
Humans. PLoS ONE 7(5), 38-122.
8. Akhtar et al. Page 65
Gull M, Hafeez FY, Saleem M, Malik KA. 2004.
Phosphorus uptake and growth promotion of
chickpea by co-inoculation of mineral phosphate
solubilizing bacteria and a mixed rhizobial culture,
Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44,
623-628.
Gutierrez Mañero FJ, Probanza A, Ramos B,
Colón Flores, Lucas JJ, García JA. 2003.
Ecology, Genetic Diversity and Screening Strategies of
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR).
Journal of Plant Nutrition 26(5), 1101–1115.
Gyaneshwar P, Parekh LJ, Archana G, Podle
PS, Collins MD, Hutson RA, Naresh KG. 1999.
Involvement of a phosphate starvation inducible
glucose dehydrogenase in soil phosphate
solubilization by Enterobacter asburiae. FEMS
Microbiol. Lett 171, 223-229.
Hao X, Cho CM, Racz GJ, Chang C. 2002.
Chemical retardation of phosphate diffusion in an
acid soil as affected by liming. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys
64, 213-224.
Hinsinger. 2001. Bioavailability of soil inorganic P
in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced
chemical changes: A review. Plant and Soil 237, 173-
195.
Hoflich G, Wiehe W, Buchholz CH. 1995.
Rhizosphere colonization of different crops with
growth promoting Pseudomonas and Rhizobium
bacteria, Microbiological research 150, 139-147.
Jilani G, Akram A, Ali RM, Hafeez FY, Shamsi
IH, Chaudhry AN, Chaudhry AG. 2007.
Enhancing crop growth, nutrients availability,
economics and beneficial rhizosphere microflora
through organic and biofertilizers, Annals of
Microbiology 57,177-183.
Khan ZUM S. 2006. Mubassara, N.A. Shanta, Effect
of Azospirillum inoculation on growth and yield of
foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)Bangladesh,Journal of
Life Sciences 18(1), 63-67.
Khan KS, Joergensen RG. 2009. Changes in
microbial biomass and P fractions in biogenic
household waste compost amended with inorganic P
fertilizer, Bioresource Technology 100, 303-309.
Knaysi G. 1935. Further observations of certain
variants of Bacillus megaterium, Journal of
Bacteriology 29, 389-390.
Kumar R, Chandra R. 2008. Influence of PGPR
and PSB on Rhizobium leguminosarum Bv. viciae
Strain Competition and Symbiotic Performance in
Lentil, Orld Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(3),
297-301.
Lal S and Tabacchioni S. 2009. Ecology and
biotechnological potential of Paenibacillus polymyxa:
a mini review, Indian Journal of Microbiology 49, 2–
10.
Ljutov V. 1963. Technique of Voges-Proskauer test,
Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 58, 325-335.
Martins A, Kimura O, Goi SR, Baldani JI.
2004. Effect of co-inoculation of plant growth
promoting rhizobacteria and rhizobia on development
of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris,
L),Floresta e Ambiente 11(2), 33-39.
Mehrvarz S, Chaichi MR, Alikhani HA. 2008.
Effects of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and
phosphorus chemical fertilizer on forage and grain
quality of Barely (Hordeum vulgare L). American-
Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environment
Sciences 3, 855-860.
Nautiyal CS. 1999. An efficient microbiological
growth medium for screening of phosphate
solubilizing microorganisms, FEMS Microbiol Letter
170, 265-270.
9. Akhtar et al. Page 66
Olsen SR, Sommers LE. 1982. Phosphorus. 403-
430. In: A. L. Page (ed.) Methods of soil analysis,
Agron. No. 9, part 2: Chemical and microbiological
properties, 2nd ed., American Society of Agronomy,
Madison, WI, USA.
Perveen S, Khan MS, Zaidi A. 2002. Effect of
rhizospheric microorganisms on growth and yield of
green gram (Phaseolus radiatus), Indian Journal of
Agricultural Sciences 72, 421-423.
Pikovskaya RI. 1948. Mobilization of phosphorus in
soil in connection with vital activity of some microbial
species, Microbiology 17(3), 62-70.
Ponumurugan P and Gopi C. 2006. Distribution
pattern and screening of phosphate solubizing
bacteria isolated from different food and forage
crops.Journal of Agronomy 5, 600-604.
Pradhan N, Sukla LB. 2005. Solubilization of
inorganic phosphate by fungi isolated from
agriculture soil, African Journal of Biotechnology 5,
850-854.
Probanza A, Lucas García JA, Ruiz Palomino
M, Ramos B, Gutiérrez Manero FJ. 2002. Pinus
pinea L seedling growth and bacterial rhizosphere
structure after inoculation with PGPR Bacillus (B.
licheniformis CECT 5106 and B. pumilus CECT 5106).
Applied Soil Ecology 20, 75–84.
Russell AD, Hugo WB, Ayliffo GAJ. 1982.
Principles and practices of disinfection, preservation
and sterilization. Black Wall Scientific, London.
Sarwar M, Martens DA, Arshad M,
Frankenberger WT Jr. 1992. Tryptophan
dependent biosynthesis of auxins in soil. Plant and
Soil 147, 207-215.
Seshadri S, Ignacimuthu S,
Lakshminarasimhan C. 2004. Effect of nitrogen
and carbon sources on the inorganic phosphate
solubilization by different Aspergillus niger strains,
Chemical Engineering Communications 191, 1043-
1052.
Sharma K, Dak G. 2007. A. Agrawal, M. Bhatnagar,
R. Sharma. Effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria
on the germination of Cicer arietinum seeds and
seedling growth, Journal of Herbal Medical
Toxicology 1, 61-63.
Son TTN, Diep CN, Giang TTM. 2006. Effect of
bradyrhizobia and phosphate solubilizing bacteria
application on Soybean in rotational system in the
Mekong delta.Omonrice 14, 48-57.
Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dicky DA. 1997. Principles
and Procedures of Statistics- A Biometrical Approach.
3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book International Co.
Singapore.
Vazquez P, Holguin G, Puente ME, Lopez-
Cortes A, Bashan Y. 2000. Phosphate-solubilizing
microorganisms associated with the rhizosphere of
mangroves growing in a semiarid coastal lagoon,
Biology and Fertility of Soils 30, 460-468.
Vera HD and Power DA. 1980. Section Xl. Media,
reagents, and stains, 965-999. In E. H. Lennette,
Manual of clinical microbiology, 3rd ed. American
Society for Microbiology, Washington.
Vincent DC JM. 1970. A manual for the practical
study of root-nodule bacteria. IBP Handbook Number
15, Blackwell, Oxford
Yazdani M, Bahmanyar MA, Pirdashti H, and
Esmaili MA. 2009. Effect of Phosphate
solubilization microorganisms (PSM) and plant
growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and
yield components of Corn (Zea mays L.). Proc. World
Acad. Science, Eng. Technol. 37, 90-92.
Zaidi A, Khan MS, Amil M. 2003. Interactive
effect of rhizotrophic microorganisms on yield and
nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
European Journal of Agronomy 19, 15-21.