Phonological rules in the English Language.
A comparison of narrow and broad transcription is summarized.
A definition of phonological rule and specific examples of common rules of the English language with words that illustrate each.
Phonological rules in the English Language.
A comparison of narrow and broad transcription is summarized.
A definition of phonological rule and specific examples of common rules of the English language with words that illustrate each.
Grammatical categories and word classesMaría Ortega
This work examines some of the grammatical categories of modern English, and it presents a classification of words according to their category and function.
Grammatical categories and word classesMaría Ortega
This work examines some of the grammatical categories of modern English, and it presents a classification of words according to their category and function.
Comic Scenes of Dr. Faustus (Scene: VI & VII)
Tragedy generally emphasizes human suffering but ends with rigid finality. It also criticizes hubris, self-delusion, and complacency. However, sometimes comic scenes must be included in a tragedy with a dramatic purpose. Dr. Faustus is a tragic play with the mood of dark and serious play, but there were also comic scenes. It is very difficult to hold an audience's attention with hours of serious, deep and emotional content without also having something to lighten the mood. That’s why Marlowe added comic scenes in it. Still, many critics say that Christopher Marlowe did not even write these scenes but instead say that they were written later by other playwrights. Many critics are of the opinion that the comic elements in these scenes are low and vulgar.
The literary term for such comic interludes is known as comic relief. A tragedy is bound to create tension in the mind of the audience and if this tension is not relaxed from time to time, it creates some sort of emotional weakness in the mind of the audience. Hence, comic scenes are a necessity to ease the tension and refresh the mind. There was a pressing demand from the side of Elizabethan audience for such interludes. Hence, playwrights had to introduce such comic scenes as the producers also demanded them for a successful run of the play.
In scene VI and VII, we find only three comic scenes. Science, the beginning of Scene VI, Faustus is alone in his study. Then, Mephistophilis appears and a bond is signed with the blood of Faustus. Mephistophilis gives Faustus a book of magic which contains all the knowledge that Faustus. After that Lucifer orders seven deadly sins (pride, covetousness, wrath, envy, gluttony, sloth and Lechery) to entertain Faustus. Faustus questions each of the seven sins who describe themselves. This situation provides comic relief to the audiences. This scene all along is in a serious tone. But Marlowe is converted the serious scene to comic scene.
At the end of scene VI, Dick and Robin once again provide comic relief. Robin has stolen one of Faustus’ conjuring books and wants to make all the girls in the village dance for him. He also wants to use the book to get drunk. Dick and Robin have no connection with the main theme of the play. But they have importance in this play.
Scene VI, prepares us for Faustus' entry into the comic world by telling us to observe him and Mephistophilis as they stand invisible in the court of the Pope. The Pope is mocked and struck on the head, food is snatched from his hands, eating utensils and serving vessels are dashed to the floor. Bewildered and desperately using his occult powers to save himself from the demon in his presence, the Pope stands duped, busily making the sign of the cross, lacking even the wit of Robin. This scene culminates in the mock incantation of the Friars as they; attempt to appease the ghost "crept out of Purgatory."
Doctor Faustus is not comical and poorly
1. Phonetics features of plosive
A plosive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. The basic
plosives in English are t, k, and p (voiceless) and d, g, and b (voiced). Plosive consonant
sounds are articulated with stricture of complex closer in one of these three places.
i. Lips
ii. Alveolar ridge
iii. Velar region
For example, /p/ and /b/ these are bilabial plosives, formed by the flow of air out of the body
is interrupted by closing the lips together. A Plosive consonant also known as an oral stops.
General Phonetics information:
i) Stage of articulators: In order to produce a fully articulated plosive consonant, we
usually go through the following three stages:
1. The closing stage: During this first stage, an active articulator moves towards a passive
articulator, or two active articulators move toward each other, make a firm contact and close
the air passage completely. This stage can be graphically represented as follows.
The vocal cords vibrate if the plosive is voiced and occurs between other voiced sounds, as in
adds [oeÚdz9], labor ["leIb´r], lady ["leIdi]. If the voiced plosive is in word-initial position,
the vocal cords do not vibrate yet. The soft palate is raised.
2. The compression stage: During this stage, the air stream is temporarily stopped, so air
pressure builds up behind the closure. If we are producing a voiced plosive, the vocal cords
continue vibrating if it is between other voiced sounds. In other words, the voiced plosive is
partially devoiced, as in bay [b9eI], day [d9eI], go [g(oU], Bob [b9AÚb9]. The hold stage
can be graphically represented as follows.
2. 3. The release stage: During this stage, the speech organs separate abruptly a release the
closure, thus allowing the compressed air to escape quickly with slight poisons. If we are
producing a voiced sound, the vocal cords continue vibrating if the plosive is between voiced
sounds or if it is in word-initial position. If the plosive is in word-final position, the vocal
cords do not vibrate, as in rob [rAÚb9], lad [loeÚd9]. This stage can be graphically
represented as follows.
English plosives are /t, k, p, d, g, b/.
ii) Place of articulators:
01. /p/ /b/ --- bilabial plosives
02. /t/ /d/ --- lingua-alveolar plosives
03. /k/ /g/ --- lingua-velar plosives
III) Force of Articulators: /p, t, k/ are prosuced with more muscular eargy and stronger
breath. They are called “fortis”. /b, d, g/ are pronounced with less muscular energy and weak
breath. They are called “lenis”.
Iv) Aspiration: The “fortis” series /p, t, k/, when intitial in an accented syllable, are usually
aspirated. For example: pin [pʰɪn], kin [khin]
The “lenis” series /b, d, g/ are not normally aspirated.
v) Voiced: The “lenis” series /b, d, g/ are usually voiced. For example: nods [nɒdz]
The “fortis” series /p, t, k/ are not voiced.
vi) Opposition among English Plosives can be illustrated as follows.
bilabial lingua-alveolar lingua-velar
Initial Pole, bowl Toll , dole Coal, goal
Medial Ripper, rubber Cater, rudder Locking, logging
Final Rip, rid Writ, rid Rick, rig
![Phonetics features of plosive
A plosive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. The basic
plosives in English are t, k, and p (voiceless) and d, g, and b (voiced). Plosive consonant
sounds are articulated with stricture of complex closer in one of these three places.
i. Lips
ii. Alveolar ridge
iii. Velar region
For example, /p/ and /b/ these are bilabial plosives, formed by the flow of air out of the body
is interrupted by closing the lips together. A Plosive consonant also known as an oral stops.
General Phonetics information:
i) Stage of articulators: In order to produce a fully articulated plosive consonant, we
usually go through the following three stages:
1. The closing stage: During this first stage, an active articulator moves towards a passive
articulator, or two active articulators move toward each other, make a firm contact and close
the air passage completely. This stage can be graphically represented as follows.
The vocal cords vibrate if the plosive is voiced and occurs between other voiced sounds, as in
adds [oeÚdz9], labor ["leIb´r], lady ["leIdi]. If the voiced plosive is in word-initial position,
the vocal cords do not vibrate yet. The soft palate is raised.
2. The compression stage: During this stage, the air stream is temporarily stopped, so air
pressure builds up behind the closure. If we are producing a voiced plosive, the vocal cords
continue vibrating if it is between other voiced sounds. In other words, the voiced plosive is
partially devoiced, as in bay [b9eI], day [d9eI], go [g(oU], Bob [b9AÚb9]. The hold stage
can be graphically represented as follows.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/phoneticsfeaturesofplosive-140420064136-phpapp02/85/Phonetics-features-of-plosive-1-320.jpg)
![3. The release stage: During this stage, the speech organs separate abruptly a release the
closure, thus allowing the compressed air to escape quickly with slight poisons. If we are
producing a voiced sound, the vocal cords continue vibrating if the plosive is between voiced
sounds or if it is in word-initial position. If the plosive is in word-final position, the vocal
cords do not vibrate, as in rob [rAÚb9], lad [loeÚd9]. This stage can be graphically
represented as follows.
English plosives are /t, k, p, d, g, b/.
ii) Place of articulators:
01. /p/ /b/ --- bilabial plosives
02. /t/ /d/ --- lingua-alveolar plosives
03. /k/ /g/ --- lingua-velar plosives
III) Force of Articulators: /p, t, k/ are prosuced with more muscular eargy and stronger
breath. They are called “fortis”. /b, d, g/ are pronounced with less muscular energy and weak
breath. They are called “lenis”.
Iv) Aspiration: The “fortis” series /p, t, k/, when intitial in an accented syllable, are usually
aspirated. For example: pin [pʰɪn], kin [khin]
The “lenis” series /b, d, g/ are not normally aspirated.
v) Voiced: The “lenis” series /b, d, g/ are usually voiced. For example: nods [nɒdz]
The “fortis” series /p, t, k/ are not voiced.
vi) Opposition among English Plosives can be illustrated as follows.
bilabial lingua-alveolar lingua-velar
Initial Pole, bowl Toll , dole Coal, goal
Medial Ripper, rubber Cater, rudder Locking, logging
Final Rip, rid Writ, rid Rick, rig](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)