The document discusses allophonic variation and provides examples of allophones. It explains that allophones are different pronunciations of the same phoneme that are conditioned by their phonetic environment. There are two types of allophonic variation: free variation, where allophones can be substituted freely, and complementary distribution, where they cannot replace each other. It also discusses processes like devoicing, fronting, and retraction that affect allophones. The document then covers phonemic transcription versus phonetic transcription and a broad phonetic transcription. It includes sections on morphophonology and how morphemes are realized differently based on phonetic rules.

1. Allophonic
Variation
NUR ARDIAN RAHMAWATI (004)
SALSABILA (014)
AFIFAH KHOIROTUL ISTI’ANA (015)
ANIS CHILYATUNNISA (019)
ADITYA ADI KATON AJI (027)
FARIDA AZZAHRO (031)

2. The allo-/-eme
Relationship
The prefix allo- is generally used in linguistics to refer
to two or more concrete, particular forms of an
abstract linguistic unit, which is denoted by the suffix
–eme. This can be illustrated with graphology.
Grapheme (graph + eme)
Allograph (allo + graph)
The letter <a> in the word cat may appear in different
ways.
cat, cAt, cat.

3. Phoneme
vs
Allophone

4. What is an
Phoneme?
An phoneme is the smallest
distinctive or contrastive linguistic
unit in the sound system of a
language which may bring about a
change of meaning.
Example:
Ban /bæn/ → /b/
Pan /pæn/ → /p/

5. What is an
Allophone?
In phonology, an allophone (/ˈæləfoʊn/; from
the Greek ἄλλος, állos, 'other' and φωνή,
phōnē, 'voice, sound') is a set of multiple
possible spoken sounds or signs used to
pronounce a single phoneme in a particular
language.
Example: allophones in the phoneme /p/
[pʰ] pin
[p] spin
[p˺] nip

6. Allophone in Free
Variation &
Complementary
Distribution

7. Allophones in
Free Variation
If two or more allophones can replace
one another.
Example:
economics /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪks/ / ɛ
k.əˈnɒm.ɪks/
which may pronounced with /iː/ or /ɛ/

8. Allophones in
Complementary
Distribution
If two or more allophones cannot replace
one another.
Example: phoneme /p/ has 3 allophones
Pace /pʰeis/
Space /speis/
Map /mæp/

9. Devoicing,
Fronting and
Retraction

10. Devoicing
If voice is essentially voiced, the voice is
articulated with less sound than usual or
no sound at all, meaning that there is no
vibration of the vocal cords, the voice is
said to be partially or completely cut off.
Because devoicing is usually
conditioned by the phonetic
environment.

11. There are three main processes by which the consonant lenis
completely, or almost completely:
(1) /b, d, g, dʒ, v, ð, z, ʒ/. The vibration of the vocal folds
generally diminishes at the end of speaking. As in Cab [kæb],
Lid [lɪd], Bag [bæg], Judge [ˈʤʌʤ], Leave [liːv], Breathe [briːð],
Freeze [friːz], and Rouge [ruːʒ]
(2) /l, r,°w/. The lenis lateral and these two lenis approximants
can be fully devoiced when they follow any one of the fortis
plosives, /p, t, k/, in stressed syllables, as in please [pliːz] , try
[traɪ], and quick [kwɪk].
(3) /j/. This lenis approximant can be fully devoiced when it
follows any one of the fortis plosives, /p, t, k/, or the fortis
glottal fricative, /h/, in stressed syllables. As in [pçu:] for pew,
[tçu:n] for tune, [kçu:b] for cube, and [hçu:] for hue. Since the
symbol [ç] already indicates voicelessness.

12. Fronting and Retraction
- Fronting is a sound is articulated further forward in the
mouth than the underlying phoneme, usually under the
influence of the surrounding sounds.
- Retraction is a sound is articulated further back in the
mouth than the underlying phoneme, again usually under
the influence of the surrounding sounds.
- Fronting and retraction are usually conditioned by the
phonetic environment.
- Dental articulation can be indicated in the IPA by the
diacritic [¬] under the relevant symbol, as in the
transcription [tɛnθ] for the word tenth; fronting processes
can be indicated by a small cross [x] as in [ki:] for key;
retraction can be indicated by an underbar [_], as in
[ko:d] for cord.

13. Two (or three)
types of Phonetic
Transcription

14. A phonetic transcription in the concrete
utterances of an individual speaker on a
particular occasion . It does so with a high
degree of accuracy , showing a lot of
articulatory details .
Examples of phonetic transcriptions of words
with a considerable degree of accuracy are
[kçu : b] for cube and [ ko : d ] for cord
Phonetic transcription
proper

15. This type of transcription is also called broad
transcription [weite Umschrift]. It is best referred to
as a phonological transcription [phonologische
Umschrift) or phonemic transcription
[phonematische Umschrift] because it represents
spoken language at the level of phonology, through
phonetic symbols that are taken to represent
phonemes, and are thus better regarded as
phonemic symbols. The transcribed text is usually
enclosed in slashes, //. The difference between a
narrow (phonetic transcription) and a broad
(phonemic transcription) for example: ‘cube’ in the
phonetic transcription proper [keu:p] while in
phonemic symbols use /kju:b/.
PHONEMIC
TRANSCRIPTION

16. BROAD PHONETIC
TRANSCRIPTION : An
intermediate type
For the learning and teaching of English
pronunciation, the phonetic transcription
proper certainly shows too many fine details
whereas a phonemic transcription often does
not seem detailed enough. This type of
transcription is best regarded as a broad
phonetic transcription, although it is largely
phonemic. The transcribed text must be
enclosed in square brackets, [ ]. A broad
phonetic transcription is used in most
university courses in phonetics and
phonology, and in the transcription course
integrated with this manual.

17. Unstressed i- and u- sounds
We said that the distinction between the long and the short i- and u- sounds is not so clear in "some" unstressed
syllables. The intermediate [i] usually occurs in unstressed syllables in the following phonetic environments:
-In word-final position (if the final i- sound is not the second element of one of the three closing diphthongs
moving towards /ɪ/), as in easy [i:zi] or hurry [hʌri] even when followed by suffixes beginning with a vowel, as in
easiest [i:ziəst].
- In prefixes like re- , pre- , and de- when followed by a vowel, as in react [riækt] or preoccupied [priɒkjupaɪd];
- In suffixes like -tal , -iate , and -ious when they are pronounced as two syllables, as in appreciate [əˈpriːʃieɪt] or
hilarious [hɪˈleəriəs];
- In the words he, she, we, me, be, and the when followed by a vowel, as in the enemy [ði enəmi]. The intermediate
[u] is much less common, but if it occurs, it usually occurs in unstressed syllables in these phonetic environments:
- In the words you, to, into, and do when followed by a vowel or pause, as in particle-infinitive sequences like to eat
[tu i:t];
- In the words through and who in all positions;
- Before a vowel within a word, as in evaluate [ɪvæljueɪt] or actual [æktʃuəl].

18. A Brief Excursion
Into
Morphophonology

19. The regular plural, the
possessive case, and the third-
person singular morphemes
The regular plural, the possessive case, and the third-
person singular morphemes has some morpheme which is
symbolized by [S].We can speak of the "plural -s ", the
"possessive 's ", and the "third-person singular -s ".
The allomorph rules and examples:
- /s/ after fortis (voiceless) consonants, except after the
fortis sibilants, /s, ʃ, tʃ/ in example : cats /kæts/, dentist's
/dentɪsts/, writes /raɪts/;
- /z/ after vowels and lenis (voiced) consonants, except
after the lenis sibilants, /z, ʒ, dʒ/ in example: dogs /dɒɡz/,
children's /tʃɪldrənz/, goes /ɡəʊz/;
- /ɪz/ after the sibilants, /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ in example: foxes
/fɒksɪz/, waitress's /ˈweɪtrəsɪz/ reaches /riːtʃɪz/

20. The Regular Past Tense and
Past Participle Morphemes
The morpheme for the regular past tense and the
morpheme for the regular past participle are
conventionally symbolised by -d or –ed. These
morphemes, too, are realised by three allomorphs,
transcribed as /t/, /d/, /Id/.

21. Here are the rules to pronounce those three allomorphs:
1. /t/: verbs ending in voiceless consonant sounds will
cause –d or -ed to be pronounced /t/ with no vocal
cord vibration.
For example:
popped: / pɑpt/, walked: /wɔkt/, talked: / tɔkt/,
laughed: /læft/
2. /d/: verbs ending in vowels and voiced consonant
sounds (with vocal cord vibration) will cause -d or -ed
to be pronounced /d/.
For example:
bobbed: /bɑbd/, loved: /lʌvd/, banned: /bænd/,
smelled: /smɛld/
3. /Id/: verbs ending in the sound /t/ or /d/ will cause the –ed to be
pronounced /Id/.
For example:
started: /ˈstɑrtɪd/, edited: /ˈɛdɪtɪd/, ended: /ˈɛndɪd/, printed: /ˈprɪntɪd/

22. - Neither the letter sequence <ng> nor the phoneme /ŋ/ can be
at the beginning of an English word.
- <ng> is usually pronounced as /ŋ/, as in wrong /rɔŋ/, song
/sɔŋ/, hanger /ˈhæŋər/, gunslinger /ˈgʌnˌslɪŋər/, etc.
- When <ng> is at the end of a morpheme or a minimal unit, it
must be pronounced as /ŋ/. For example: singer /ˈsɪŋər/: sing
(root) + er (suffix)
- When <ng> is in the middle of a morpheme or a minimal unit,
it must be pronounced as /ŋg/. For example: finger /ˈfɪŋgər/,
anger /ˈæŋgər/
The words finger and anger consists of one morpheme each
(because ‘fing’ and ‘ang’ have no meaning).
- However, when <ng> is in the superlative or comparative
forms, it must be pronounced as /ŋg/ even though it is at the
end of a morpheme.
For example: longer /ˈlɔŋgər/, longest /ˈlɔŋgəst/, stronger
/ˈstrɔŋər/, strongest /ˈstrɔŋgəst/
The Pronunciation of the
Letter Sequence <ng>

23. Do you have any question?
Thanks!