This document discusses several philosophical concepts related to freedom, human actions, society, and the environment. It addresses Aristotle's distinction between voluntary and involuntary actions. It also examines Martin Buber's concepts of "I-Thou" and "I-It" relationships and how societies have progressed from hunting/gathering to feudalism to industrialization. Environmental philosophies like anthropocentrism, biocentrism, ecocentrism, and deep ecology are outlined. The document also discusses concepts like authenticity, intersubjectivity, norms, and how members are punished when they do not conform to social norms.

1.  Freedom - having free will and being without undue or unjust constraints, or enslavement,
and is an idea closely tied with the concept of liberty.
 It is man's capacity to do otherwise.
 Obligations - he or she is taking full responsibility for consequence of his actions.
 Aristotle - philosopher made a distinction between those acts which are not voluntary, and
actions that are involuntary.
 Human actions - unconscious movements of your body such as yawning, startled reaction,
or blinking.
 Related to compulsion - it is considered as mixed of voluntary and involuntary. It is more
voluntary if the desire and choice has been performed and involuntary if it has considered
preferences or alternatives.
 Involuntary action - acts done under force or coercion and ignorance, where the doer
failed to understand the effect and feels sorry on the result.
 Intellectual choice - This is a choice which is deliberately selected based on a moral
standpoint.
 Practical choice - a choice which is borne out of psychological and emotional
considerations.
 According to scheff Intersubjectivity would mean in the general sense as "sharing of
subjective states by two or more individuals."
 Martin Buber - A Philosopher who stated that "human existence as a continual dialogue
with the other, and that the self becomes whole through interaction with nature, with other
people and with God."
 He’s the philosopher who introduced the “I- Thou" and "I-It" relationship.
 I-I relationship - The type of relationship wherein people make themselves the center of
their world. It is the "I" who will be the center of the conversation.
 I-It relationship - This is the type of relationship that shows the treatment of people with
the other is concentrated into the status of an object.
 I-Thou relationship - It is in this kind of human relations that genuine sharing of one
another takes place. The center of this relationship is a genuine form of conversation: a
dialogue.
 Confucius - a philosopher focus on the concept of human-heartedness in his philosophy of
intersubjectivity
 Empathy - The ability to share emotions. this emotion is driven by a person's awareness
that the other is a person's thoughts and feelings.
 Participation – is the main focus of Karol Wojtyla's philosophy in intersubjectivity.
 Conversation - It is more than idle talk but a dialogue
 Hunting & Gathering - form of society is recognized as the earliest and simplest form of
society.
 Common good - is a common goal of society.
 Feudal society - form of society that is based on the ownership of land where members of
society are organized based on status.
 Norms – is the term used to describe the set of traits and behavior that society considers
acceptable.
 Nomad - is a member of a people that travels from place to place to find fresh pasture for its animals
and has no permanent home.
 Digital citizen - knowledgeable and responsible enough to effectively use different social
platforms on the internet.
 Industrial society - society uses advance technology to drive a massive production
industry that will support a large population.

2.  What would happen when members of a society do not conform to establish norms?
Punished
 Martin Heidegger - author of the book Being and Time.
 Fear – is the reason we fail to lead an authentic life.
 According to Soren Kierkegaard we have to avoid the crowd-the majority of the society
which we think that should be the pattern of our lives.
 As we accept death, we realize the value of having a true life; a authentic life.
 Death is non-relational - We recognize our own individuality and uniqueness when we
corelider death.
 Death is certain - Humans have a beginning, and because we tre finite creatures, we also
have an end which is death.
 Death is infinite - Death a strike at any time. We should strive to live the best lives we can
because we never know when we will die.
 Death is no one’s property - For a person who is dying, there can be no provides or
substitutes.
 Death is not to be outstripped - A person's life cannot be free of the possibility of death is
impossible to make oneself live indefinitely.
 Authenticity is an idea mostly used in existentialism which means having true and
meaningful existence.
 Anthropocentrism - Focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and
considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive.
 Biocentrism - Believes that human are not only significant species on the planet and that
all other organisms have inherent value and should be protected.
 Ecocentrism - This place great value in the ecosystems and biological communities.
 Environmental integrity - Means that in human activities or economic advances should
not unduly disrupt the environment and human communities located in the area.
 Economic efficiency - This is to ensure that there is minimum to 0 waste in using our
natural resources.
 Equity - It refers to conserving our natural resources so that the future generations will still
be able to use it.
 Deep ecology - Assumes that all living things passes equal value and intrisic worth
regardless of their usefulness or utility to the other beings.
 Social ecology - Believes that ecological problems can be traced to social problems.
 Ecofeminism - It assumes that males centered view of nature is the root of ecological
problems.
 Environmental aesthetics – a philosophical view that believes in maintaining order in the
environment will bring the natural beauty of surroundings and contribute to the well being of
the people and the Organism living in it.