This document discusses human nature from an Indo-Eastern perspective across several philosophies. It describes the Vedantic view that the core of human beings is Brahman, or pure consciousness and bliss. The Jain perspective emphasizes non-violence and the Buddhist view focuses on the four noble truths about suffering and its cessation. Sufism aims to help individuals realize their true nature and experience the divine spark within through spiritual practices and teachings.
Mental Health is one aspect of an employees well-being. It important to create a culture and workplace where it's acceptable to talk about our Mental Health and eliminate the Stigma.
How Facebook affects you personally (Cybercrime, Cyberterrorism, CyberStalking, Narcissism, Schizophrenia) and professionally (FB profile checked by boss before hiring)
Mental Health is one aspect of an employees well-being. It important to create a culture and workplace where it's acceptable to talk about our Mental Health and eliminate the Stigma.
How Facebook affects you personally (Cybercrime, Cyberterrorism, CyberStalking, Narcissism, Schizophrenia) and professionally (FB profile checked by boss before hiring)
Finding the Bad Actor: Custom scoring & forensic name matching with Elastics...Charlie Hull
How we extended Lucene's SpanQuery and developed a new Elasticsearch query to allow Arachnys to search for names and adverse terms; also how we replicated the relevance scores used by a commercial service.
In this presentation, you will see how Social media impacts one's life and the advantages and disadvantages as well. It is an animated presentation so It will be very eye-catching. This presentation also contains lots of images to attract a person's attention.
Performance of Foreign Direct Investment in IndiaRHIMRJ Journal
An attempt is made in this paper to know Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) performance in India in terms of Merger
and Acquisition (M&A), Technology transfer and Research & Development (R&D). Beginning of the sections is done with
FDI policy in India. Initially, India has many restrictive policies but it is favorable after liberalization period to attract FDI in
India. Another section of the Paper discussed performance of M&A in terms of number, volume, country and industry wise,
Technology Transfer with suggested government policy and FDI inflow in R&D from the year 2000-2011(post liberalization
period). At the end of the paper,it has been concluded that growth of FDI Inflows is quite positive in above mentioned area.
Effective Utilization of Banking Credit: A bird’s eye viewRHIMRJ Journal
India is an agricultural country and it plays a significant role in the development of our economy. Approximately two
third of the Indian Population is depend on agriculture sector. According to the data released by National Sample Survey
(NSS) reflects that about 65 to 70 per cent of all agricultural holdings belonged to the smaller size groups of families. These
small and marginal farmers required credit facility. Agricultural credit appears to be an essential input to take the advantage
of modern technology in agriculture sector for enhancing productivity. That is the reason credit has been taking a crucial role
in designing strategies for the development of agriculture. This paper put emphasis on proper planning for effective utilization
of credit facilities.
Financial system occupies an important place in Indian Economy as one of the industries. It outperforms certain
essential functions for the economy including managing of payment system, collection & allocation of the savings of society
and creation of a variety of stores of wealth to suit the preferences of savers. Finance is the flowing blood in the body of
financial system in any country. It bridges gap between the saving & investments by providing the mechanism through which
savings of savers are pooled and are put into the hands of those able & willing to invest by financial agencies. Hence, the role
of financial system is to promote savings and their channalisation in the economy through financial assets that are more
productive than the physical assets. Therefore, the workings of financial system are vital to pace and sustainable growth of the
economy. Financial system plays a momentous role in access the rate of economic development, which is to improving general
standard of living & higher social welfare in the country.
Finding the Bad Actor: Custom scoring & forensic name matching with Elastics...Charlie Hull
How we extended Lucene's SpanQuery and developed a new Elasticsearch query to allow Arachnys to search for names and adverse terms; also how we replicated the relevance scores used by a commercial service.
In this presentation, you will see how Social media impacts one's life and the advantages and disadvantages as well. It is an animated presentation so It will be very eye-catching. This presentation also contains lots of images to attract a person's attention.
Performance of Foreign Direct Investment in IndiaRHIMRJ Journal
An attempt is made in this paper to know Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) performance in India in terms of Merger
and Acquisition (M&A), Technology transfer and Research & Development (R&D). Beginning of the sections is done with
FDI policy in India. Initially, India has many restrictive policies but it is favorable after liberalization period to attract FDI in
India. Another section of the Paper discussed performance of M&A in terms of number, volume, country and industry wise,
Technology Transfer with suggested government policy and FDI inflow in R&D from the year 2000-2011(post liberalization
period). At the end of the paper,it has been concluded that growth of FDI Inflows is quite positive in above mentioned area.
Effective Utilization of Banking Credit: A bird’s eye viewRHIMRJ Journal
India is an agricultural country and it plays a significant role in the development of our economy. Approximately two
third of the Indian Population is depend on agriculture sector. According to the data released by National Sample Survey
(NSS) reflects that about 65 to 70 per cent of all agricultural holdings belonged to the smaller size groups of families. These
small and marginal farmers required credit facility. Agricultural credit appears to be an essential input to take the advantage
of modern technology in agriculture sector for enhancing productivity. That is the reason credit has been taking a crucial role
in designing strategies for the development of agriculture. This paper put emphasis on proper planning for effective utilization
of credit facilities.
Financial system occupies an important place in Indian Economy as one of the industries. It outperforms certain
essential functions for the economy including managing of payment system, collection & allocation of the savings of society
and creation of a variety of stores of wealth to suit the preferences of savers. Finance is the flowing blood in the body of
financial system in any country. It bridges gap between the saving & investments by providing the mechanism through which
savings of savers are pooled and are put into the hands of those able & willing to invest by financial agencies. Hence, the role
of financial system is to promote savings and their channalisation in the economy through financial assets that are more
productive than the physical assets. Therefore, the workings of financial system are vital to pace and sustainable growth of the
economy. Financial system plays a momentous role in access the rate of economic development, which is to improving general
standard of living & higher social welfare in the country.
A Study on Buying Behavior of Indian Consumers: A Dynamic ViewRHIMRJ Journal
In this dynamic world the behavior of consumers varying day to day. This research study is based on the consumer’s
perceptions, buying behaviour and satisfaction of the consumers in Indian market. The Indian consumers are known for the
high degree of value orientation. India is an attractive market however, the per capita income in India is low and it remains a
huge market, even for luxurious products. Consumer behaviour is difficult and very often not considered rational. The recent
trends which are found in the Indian market are celebrity influence, online shopping, free gifts and discounts and also for
popularity of eco-friendly products.
“The fundamentals of science of living may be defined as” the body of knowledge consisting of certain principles which define the style of life, show the problems and solutions and present the path for the betterment of way of life. The modern and contemporary culture is having an impact on education. Education is more understood to be a training for getting some skills to earn and live luxuriously than to improve knowledge and inculcate culture to have a journey for truth. When the education and training are endowed with the value s then the system becomes more a path for perfection. Such education backed by training can make the man to observe, analyse, synthesise and interpret the actions of his bodymind complex and make him potential enough to do a thing, pragmatic enough to be efficient and wise enough to have a hunt for peace and bliss. In his hunt for peace and bliss he finds out the first hurdle in his mind.
Introduction to advanced social psychology & historical manifestationsRABIA SHABBIR
one of the most generalised field of psychology with its applications in relatively every domain of life is Social Psychology. The respective upload has shed light on the historical manifestations that modified social psychology to advanced modern social psychology.
Abstract: Human values were considered the most important in ancient India. This country of rich culture believed to be created by God, has full of values and virtues. Even the battles in India was based on value. The war at kurukshetra was one of the fought at Dharmakshetram. Ancient human society followed certain basic human values in their life. Our Rushis of the ancient starting from Viswamitra to swamy Vivekananda and Sankaracharya to Sivananda taught their diciples morals and human values through their preachings and writings. Ramayana, Mahabharata, Sukaraneeti, Vidura Neeti, Neeti Satakam, Arthasastra of Chanukya and Tirukkural of Tiruvalluar contain morals and human values. Even modern world deals with several human values which includes business values, medical values, professional values, educational values and cyber values etc; according to the present social, cultural, religious and other sources to emphasis to the mankind in various ways.
This presentation aims to let the students appreciate the existence of Man. Needless to say, they will understand more the complexity of man as human being.
Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person
Human Person
Human Living
Human Freedom
Intersubjectivity of the Human Person
Human Person in his/her environment
Human Person in the Society
Human Person as Oriented towards their Impending death
Keynote Address, Australis2000 Congress, International Humanist and Ethical Union [IHEU] / Council of Australian Humanist Societies [CAHS], Sydney NSW, 14 November 2000 - Copyright Dr Ian Ellis-Jones - All Rights Reserved
Performance of Foreign Direct Investment in IndiaRHIMRJ Journal
An attempt is made in this paper to know Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) performance in India in terms of Merger
and Acquisition (M&A), Technology transfer and Research & Development (R&D). Beginning of the sections is done with
FDI policy in India. Initially, India has many restrictive policies but it is favorable after liberalization period to attract FDI in
India. Another section of the Paper discussed performance of M&A in terms of number, volume, country and industry wise,
Technology Transfer with suggested government policy and FDI inflow in R&D from the year 2000-2011(post liberalization
period). At the end of the paper,it has been concluded that growth of FDI Inflows is quite positive in above mentioned area.
A Comparative Study of Working Capital Management of Selected Paper Companies...RHIMRJ Journal
This research paper describes paper companies is core sector for any of the country. Working Capital Management
has its impact on liquidity as well profitability. The impact on effectiveness and profitability of working capital is tried to find
out by measuring the fluctuation in fixed assets, current assets and sales. The industry plays a vital role in development of
economics of enterprises as well as country. So at this financial appraisal of paper companies will be very useful to many of
its stakeholders. This research paper mainly based on the secondary data. Its main objectives are to evaluate the liquidity
position of the paper companies. For use ratio analysis for accounting tools and statistical tools for getting results like as
average, S.D. C.V. Maximum and Minimum and used One way ANOVA test. Mainly included two ratios in this research
paper like as current ratio and quick ratio.
A Study of the Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Material (SIM) for Higher ...RHIMRJ Journal
The present study was aimed to find the effectiveness of Self-instructional Materials (SIM). Comparison of the
increased learning through SIM and through Direct Teaching was done in this study to know about the effectiveness of SIM at
Higher Education. The results did not show significant difference between two groups’ learning outcomes. However, various
factors are involved in learning activity. Factors like students’ attention, effectiveness of direct teaching etc. do affect the level
of learning. So, depending upon the above factors and quality of Self-instructional Material, the level of learning may differ.
Small Scale Industries Scenario in GujaratRHIMRJ Journal
Small scale industries today constitutes a very important segment of the Indian economy the development of this
sector came about primarily due to the vision of our late Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who sought to develop core
industry and have a supporting sector in the form of small scale enterprises. Small scale sector has emerged as a dynamic and
vibrant sector of the economy. The sector contribution to employment is next only to agriculture in India. It is therefore an
excellent sector of economy for investment. Already we have seen that how small scale industries are playing significant role in
the economy. As we discussed above the importance and institutional framework of India and Gujarat, government of India
and government of Gujarat is trying to be more supportive to this sector. In spite of these lots of attempts of government of
Gujarat and government of India this sector is not raising as accepted to other countries and economy. Now we knew that how
small scale industries is playing important role in economy. We have accepted its importance. Inspire of its importance, the
small scale sector is beset with the problems of finding facilities given by financial institutions, nationalized banks, private
banks, co-operative banks and public sector banks.
Internet Accessibility among the Graduate Students of the Colleges of Guwahat...RHIMRJ Journal
Internet has been the most useful technology of the modern times which helps us not only in our daily lives, but also our
personal and professional lives developments. The internet helps us achieve this in several different ways. For the students and
educational purposes the internet is widely used to gather information so as to do the research or add to the knowledge of any sort
of subject they have. Even the business personals and the professions like doctors, access the internet to filter the necessary
information for their use. The internet is therefore the largest encyclopedia for everyone, in all age categories. The internet has
served to be more useful in maintaining contacts with friends and relatives who live abroad permanently. The easiest
communication means like the internet chatting systems and the emails are the best and the most common for the maintaining
contacts with the people around the world. Not to forget internet is useful in providing with most of the fun these days. May it be
all the games, and networking conferences or the online movies, songs, dramas and quizzes, internet has provided the users with a
great opportunity to eradicate the boredom from their lives.
Psychological Contract and Organization: A Review ArticleRHIMRJ Journal
The Psychological Contract emerged as a concept in the psychological literature almost fifty years ago, as a footnote
in Understanding Organizational Behavior. The Psychological Contract refers to implicit ideas about the employeeorganization
relationship. The perceived violation of Psychological Contract of employees reflects unfulfilled promises from
employer side. This perception of violation might lead to adverse effect on the organization. Psychological Contract in Indian
perspective is relatively neglected research area. The literature reflects potential opportunity for future research on
Psychological Contract in Indian perspective.
E-Banking System: Opportunities and Challenges – A StudyRHIMRJ Journal
E-Banking Service in India is still in the emerging stages of growth and development. Competition and changes in
technology have changed the face of Banking. The changes that have taken place impose on banks tough standards of
competition and compliance. E-banking is the use of computer system to retrieve and process banking data and information to
initiate transactions directly with a bank via a telecommunication network. In other words-banking is the wave of future. E
Banking is likely to bring golden opportunities as well as poses new challenges for authorities in regulating and supervising
the financial system and in designing and implementing the macroeconomic policy. This research paper aims to represent EBanking
System in India.
The fundamental difference between Man and animal is Rationality with which Intelligence Quotient (IQ) deals
.The fundamental difference between Man and Machine (Robot) is Emotionality with which Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
deals. Thus IQ and EQ are human specific qualities. Both are reflected in man’s social behavior and interactions with which
Social Intelligence (SQ) deals. Present paper aims at examining whether these three typically human faculties are
independent or are inter-correlated. Three questionnaires measuring IQ, EQ and SQ respectively were given to 60 college
students, including males and females. Pearson and Partial Correlations were calculated through SPSS 15.0. The results
showed no significant correlation of IQ with EQ and SQ, but the correlation between EQ and SQ was found to be statistically
significant. This implies that IQ is independent faculty but EQ and SQ are correlated.
Family Shopping- How are Choices Impacted by the Decision Making Processes of...RHIMRJ Journal
Now a days shopping is just not shopping buy an experience or family entertainment. Due to huge range of products and
plenty of malls around us customer has to choose a bit. Especially family with children and young shoppers has to ask them about
their decision regarding some of the products, which influence the young shoppers in the family. The choice of young shoppers in
the family shopping is one of the most important matters now days.
Library and Information Centers Professionals Engagement: An Antecedent of Jo...RHIMRJ Journal
Library and Information Centers are increasingly recognizing the value of employee engagement – encompassing
volunteerism and employee giving – in bringing benefits to society and meeting the objectives of the organizations. Libraries
put more emphasis on the employee engagement aspect of community involvement; they can realize even stronger results. A
successful employee engagement strategy helps create a community at the workplace and not just a workforce. When
employees are effectively and positively engaged with their organization, they form an emotional connection with the company.
This affects their attitude towards their colleagues and the company‘s clients and improves customer satisfaction and
organizational welfare. The paper focuses on how LIS employee engagement is an antecedent of job involvement and what
should a company do to make the employees engaged. This paper also highlights on the various methods that can be practiced
in organizations for engaging the employees in productive work and creating an atmosphere of cooperation and trust between
them. The paper attempts to do an analysis of employee engagement strategies adopted by the organization on the basis of the
widely accepted Ten Cs Model of Employee Engagement.
Growth Story of Online Retailing & E-Commerce in IndiaRHIMRJ Journal
On 14 September 2014 business standard has highlighted that “Cash may no longer be king”. Growth in
transactions has happened on the back of a huge network expansion from 98074 ATM in May 2012 to 164491 now. In the
same period the number of POS terminals, too, jumped from 671834 to over a million now. The Indian Online Retail is a rich
segment waiting to be exploited. Internet is a potent medium that can serve as a unique platform for the growth of retail brands
in India. The medium holds many virtues favorable for the retail industry including a higher customer penetration, increased
visibility, and convenient operations. The current web-based models for e-tailing are part of an embryonic phase preceding an
era of rapid transformation, challenge, and opportunity in Indian retail market. The Indian retail market is witnessing a
revolution. The growth of internet has enabled the new retail format of the virtual retailer to emerge and forced the existing
retailers to consider e-tailing model of retailing as well.
Parents Attitude towards Girl Child Education: A Sociological Study of HaryanaRHIMRJ Journal
Girls and boys have the same rights to get a quality education. But the ‘gender gap’ becomes painfully evident when
looking at who is in the classroom. Girls lag behind than boys at all levels of formal education in Haryana. Enrolment,
retention, transition and achievement rates for girls are always lower than that of boys. This means that even many of the girls
who are enrolled in school do not complete Secondary School education. There is the strong belief that negative parental
attitude must be blamed for the low level education of girls. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to assessing
current parental attitude towards the education of girls children. The study analyzed the data from 50 parents, who had one or
more than one school going children. Out of these, 20 parents belonged to upper caste families, 15 parents belonged to middle
caste families and 15 parents belonged to lower caste families. The age range of the sample was 18-50 years, and they all
belonged to Bohar village of Rohtak District. 20-item questionnaire schedule was used for collecting data. The findings
showed that the overall attitude of the respondents was moderately favorable and positive towards schooling and education of
their children. The study reflects that generally parents would want to educate both boys and girls, however when there are
other demands on the family's resources that the education of the girl child is considered a secondary issue.
Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices among the Lactating Mothers: A Cross...RHIMRJ Journal
Introduction: Early and exclusive breastfeeding is now recognized as one of the most effective interventions for child
survival particularly to address morbidity and mortality related to three major conditions i.e. neonatal infections, diarrhea
and pneumonia.
2. Aim: To study the infant and young child feeding practices among the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora of
Chandigarh.
3. Objectives:
a. To assess the prevailing breast feeding practices adopted by the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora.
b. To identify the barriers which lead to inappropriate breast feeding practices.
c. To examine the complementary feeding given to the infants and young children of the village.
4. Methodology: The study was conducted in the one of the randomly selected village Khuda Lahora of the “city beautiful”-
Chandigarh. The total population of the village is 3,476. There are 2,011 males and 1,456 females. There were 191
mothers who were registered in the sub centre of the village but only 167 participated in the study.
5. Results: The rate of exclusive breast feeding among the lactating mothers is found to be 22.7% and 46% of the mothers
have some prior knowledge of breastfeeding. It was found that 71% of the respondents started complementary feeding at
the age of 4-5 months. It is seen that 29% of the respondents gave diluted milk.
Provisions for Corporate Social Responsibility in Companies Act, 2013RHIMRJ Journal
CSR as a concept has attracted worldwide attention and acquired a new resonance in the global economy Heightened
interest in CSR in recent years has stemmed from the advent of globalisation and international trade, which has reflected in
increased business complexity and new demands for enhanced transparency and corporate citizenship. Moreover, while
Governments have traditionally assumed the sole responsibility for the improvement of the living conditions of the population,
society’s needs have exceeded the capabilities of Governments to fulfill them. In this context, the spotlight is increasingly
turning to focus on the role of business in society and progressive companies are seeking to differentiate themselves through
engagement in what is referred to as CSR. The Companies Act, 2013 has taken one step ahead and introduced mandatory
provisions in the field of CSR. Though many believe that concerns on the new company law are manifold and it is a bold yet
not beautiful step. For instance, India Inc is concerned that the cost of board performance evaluation may outweigh the
benefits for many small companies in this regard. Also, it has concerns about the prospect of an over regulated regime and the
attendant scourge of corruption. Given the advantages and concerns on the new regulations introduced by the new Companies
Act, we all need to wait and watch once the companies start implementing the new provisions and therefore, the practical
aspects and implications will be evaluated thereafter.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. ISSN: 2349-7637 (Online)
Volume-1, Issue-5, December 2014
RESEARCH HUB – International Multidisciplinary Research
Journal
Research Paper
Available online at: www.rhimrj.com
Human Nature: An Indo-Eastern Perspective
Prof. Harsh Sharadchandra Modha
1stResearch Scholar,
Faculty of Doctoral Studies and Research, RK University, Rajkot
2ndAssistant Professor, Dept. of Management, Noble Group of Institutions,
Junagadh, Gujarat (India)
Email: harsh_modha12@yahoo.com
Abstract: Over the years, as we grow up, we often wonder about the purpose or reason of our existence. Is life simply a matter
of obtaining food and shelter? In fact, animals are mostly occupied in activities related to survival. But surely human
existence must have a greater purpose. This has been the basic concern in the Indo-Eastern perspective on human nature.
The Indian approaches tell us that many of the problems that we face in life are due to faulty ways of thinking and
understanding the world. Therefore, the concern in the Indian perspective is on removal of faulty knowledge which keeps us
in a state of ignorance (avidya). Once we have realized this, it is possible to live life with a new kind of freedom. In this state
we come to experience a deep and complete joy. This happiness or state of bliss is present in each of us. We only have to
unfold and experience it. Such a state enlarges the human consciousness in such a manner that a person’s goal becomes
recovering the experience of beingness or existence that is common to everybody.
Keywords: Human Nature, Indo-Eastern, Purpose, Existence
I. INTRODUCTION
In western culture the concept of nature describes several things. Ellen (1996) argues that nature first means a “thing,” that is,
the non-human aspects of the world. Second, it means an “other,” or in other words, all that exists “out there.” Third, nature refers
to an “essence” that can be either human (e.g., the nature of humans is very complex) or situational (e.g., the nature of those acts
is based on altruism). In other cultures these definitions may vary (MacCormack and Strathern 1980) [2].
John R Seeley (1950) argues in his research on the shaping of human nature that the Man is not born human, he becomes
human in society. All his distinctively human characteristics: the “gift” of speech, the “ability” to reason, self respect, self
control, his ability to put himself in the place of others, to sympathize, to love or hate in any human sense – all these and more,
are mediated to him by the society into which he is born, and they cannot be had without it. The supporting evidence for such a
point of view comes from the instances of feral children-not raised in human society-and from the instances of children highly
isolated in their upbringing, but, more weightily from careful observation of the processes of growing up in a number of societies.
In short, in the view of psychologist, the little biological organism, the little mass of reactive protoplasm, the little animal that is
only potentially human gets his human nature in and from the society into which he is born. [3]
The debate as to what man is "really like" and what his potentiality is, is highly intricate. It has occupied intellectuals and
citizens at large at least since Socrates walked the olive groves of Athens' academia. Scores of lines of argumentation have been
advanced, challenged, qualified, and extended. There are three basic views of human nature: negative, positive, and indifferent.
As the list is logically exhaustive, leaving no other possibility, the ultimate answer must be a variant of one of these. The
pessimists hold that human beings, in their natural, ungraced state, are beastly. What has commonly been referred to as the
Hobbesian view of human nature, is that humans are inherently self-centered and aggressive: "man is wolf to man." Society, it
follows, must set up and enforce constraints that keep human beings civil.
The optimists see human beings in the state of nature as graceful, cooperative, and loving. Competitiveness, aggression, and
destructiveness are introduced by the society which imposes itself on them.
The individual has a nature of his own, which affects and is affected by the societal needs, cultural heritage, economic
opportunities, and the historical conditions he encounters. It is quite appropriately referred to as "human nature" because it is
shared by all human beings, whatever culture, society, or historical age in which they live.[4]
Dennis O'Connor and Leodones Yballe in their research of Maslow’s revisited have argued that over the next several decades,
Maslow became increasingly intrigued by what he eventually labeled the “farther reaches of human nature” (Maslow, 1971). He
sought to build an appreciative understanding of human beings at their best. In contrast with the preoccupation of Freudian
psychopathology, this “psychology of the higher life” was to attend to the question “of what the human being should grow
toward” (Maslow, 1964, p. 7). He interviewed folks who had been identified as great people and found that they had somehow
become themselves more fully. He began to spell out in more detail the processes and character of self-actualization.
Page 1 of 4
2014, RHIMRJ, All Rights Reserved ISSN: 2349-7637 (Online)
2. RESEARCH HUB – International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Volume-1, Issue-5, December 2014
In Maslow’s view, self-actualization is not an endpoint, but rather an ongoing process that involves dozens of little growth
choices that entail risk and require courage. He noted that it was a difficult path to take and often puts us at odds with surrounding
people and norms. He also found that self actualizing people were deeply committed in action to core values that look very
similar to those put forward in all major religious traditions. These “being-values” are simple yet difficult to fully embody in the
everyday challenges of life—for example, truth, justice, goodness, beauty, order, simplicity, and meaning or purposefulness. He
observed that self-actualizers were attuned to their own unique biological nature (talents, likes, tastes, etc.) and had a unique,
intangible spiritual nature, an interconnected combination of being-values and purpose. He saw these values as “meta-motivators.”
For example, individuals might be moved to seek justice in the world, as well as do justice to their own inner voice
or truth. In general, they seek to put things right and to do it the right way. To a person, the self-actualizers were deeply engaged
with their immediate worlds. They also were much more likely to report peak, transcendent experiences that helped them see
beyond the immediate and develop a spiritual focus. They were “called” to act, and they responded. [5]
II. HUMAN NATURE: AN EASTERN PERSPECTIVE
Indian thinkers have widely accepted the samkhya view that prakriti manifests itself in three gunas – Sattwa, raja and tamo.
When applies to human beings, it holds that, while the three are present in every individual, one predominates. Thus, an
individual’s personality – his outlook, temperament, attitudes, likes, dislikes, activities – are all a result of the prominent guna.
The Bhagavad Gita extends the samkhya thesis, going so far as to claim the kind of food one likes, how one sacrifies, what
one worships, how one gives gifts and what is conducive to one’s happiness are determined by it.
The Sattwa guna is associated with light, truth, calmness, serenity, egolessness, purity, harmony, balance, control, unity,
thoughtfulness, gentleness, the inner sympathy and compassion. The raja guna is associated with passions, drives, action, physical
strength, ruling, attachment, pleasure, restlessness, arrogance, heedlessness, disunity, divisions, power and wealth. The tamo guna
is associated with inertia, darkness, sloth, confusion, obstinacy, unpleasantness, demonic, limitation, distortion, and coarseness.
The gunas successively dominate, support, activate and interact with each other. Sattwa is buoyant and shining. Raja is
The triadic nature of guna theory is important because it is simply truer to human nature than the bipolar western psychology.
A simple example will suffice: If we cannot feel dull, heavy and fatigued (tamas) how can we rest or enter into deep sleep – thus
allowing us to process our experience in our dreams and to wake up feeling once again clear and bright (sattwa) and refreshed
with renewed vitality and power of action (rajas)? In waking life too, if we cannot tolerate ‘tamasic’ states in which our
consciousness feels dull, murky, or clouded – or if physical inertia, lethargy or fatigue did not restrain from getting lost in the
whirl of everyday desires, drives and activities (rajas) then we would not feel the need or take the opportunity to rest or mediate
our lives.
The Indian approaches to human nature focuses on the larger reality of which each person is a part. These approaches
emphasize that the problems which we face are because we do not realize our true self. According to these approaches our
awareness of who we are often remains faulty and very narrow. Because of this we live in a state of ignorance. It is possible to
get out of this state of ignorance by following certain practices, including meditation. There are many approaches to human
nature but in this lesson we will focus on the four approaches- Vedantic, Buddhist, Jain and Sufi.
The main concern in the Indian perspectives is on understanding the nature of self – who we are, and the nature of reality as a
whole. These two topics constitute the main focus in the Upanishads, the last part of the Vedas. [6]
It is derived from the Upanishads. The learned saints and seers who contributed to the Upanishads considered reality in terms
of one ultimate principle which they called Brahman. It is held that the Brahman is present in the entire world and is the reason
for the existence of all things. You will notice that all the suffering we experience in life is because we develop attachments,
likings, disliking and preferences for external objects around us like fancy clothes, and other objects of material comfort. Since all
these factors provide temporary satisfaction only, we end up only desiring more and more with lesser and lesser satisfaction. We
are not in touch with the real center of our life’s true self so we cannot experience true happiness.
The Vedantic view on human nature, or who we really are, emphasizes that the core of each person is one with Brahman or
the consciousness. It can be understood with the help of the three terms sat, chit, and anand. Sat means existence, chit refers to
awareness or consciousness and anand as you must know means happiness or joy which is the state of bliss or delight. Thus the
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A. GUNA THEORY:
stimulating and moving. Tamo is heavy and enveloping.
B. THE VEDANTIC VIEW:
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experience of Brahman comes from the realization that behind all existence including human beings lies Brahman which is pure
consciousness and which is inherently blissful.
It considers that the world is made up of two kinds of reality, living and non-living. Every living being has a spirit or a soul
(jiva). For this reason the Jains avoid causing injury to life in any form. They practice non violence (ahimsa). Another important
belief in Jainism is the respect for the opinion of others because they hold that reality is many faceted (anekantavada). In the Jain
view of existence, consciousness is the basic or essential nature of every soul. An ordinary human being faces all kinds of
suffering in day-to-day life. S/he is a jiva, or a living conscious substance called the soul. This soul is inherently perfect. It has
infinite potentiality within. Infinite knowledge, infinite faith, infinite power and infinite bliss, all can be obtained by the soul. But
there are certain obstacles which prevent the soul from attaining that state. Therefore, they have first to be removed. Just like the
shining sun lights up the whole world as soon as the atmosphere is free from clouds and fog, the soul too can attain omniscience
and other perfections, once the obstacles are removed.
Based on his experience, Gautam Buddha offered the middle path to life: finding meaning in life by neither denying oneself
from sense gratification, nor over indulgence in one’s desires and cravings. Buddha focused on the important questions of sorrow,
its cause, the stopping of suffering and the path through which sorrow can be stopped. The answers to these questions form the
basis of Buddha’s enlightenment and are known as the four noble truths (catvari arya satyani). These are as follows:
1. Life is full of suffering (duhkha): The first truth is the existence of suffering. Normally, the inner state or people are
2. There is a cause for all suffering (duhkha-samudaya): The second truth is that suffering is the result of desire. Most
people have an attachment to positive and pleasurable objects and repulsion toward negative and painful objects. If
our desires are unsatisfied, we have a need to change our present situation. On the other hand, if we are satisfied, we
are afraid of change and this causes frustration and suffering. Since all things have a temporary existence, our
enjoyment of the present is reduced because of the realization that it will soon pass. For this reason, we always want
the situation to be other than what it is.
3. It is possible to put an end to suffering (duhkha nirodha): The third truth is that it is possible to stop suffering by
removing craving. According to Buddhism, it is possible to learn to accept the world as it is without experiencing
dissatisfaction. If our happiness depends on the satisfaction of certain needs, or if we are controlled by our desires,
then they have become unhealthy cravings which should be removed. Some desire like those for food and sleep - are
necessary for survival .Acceptance of the world as it is, means we should develop an even-minded attitude of
enjoying desires which are fulfilled, without fear of those periods when our dreams don’t become a reality. In this
way we slowly learn to accept things as they are, but at the same time, by acting in the right way, we can make things
better for the future.
4. There is a path which leads to the end of suffereing (dukha - nirodha - marga): The fourth truth is that there is a way
to remove suffering, i.e., craving and dissatisfaction. This way is called the Eight-fold Path, (astang marg) which
consists of right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration, right
thought, and right understanding. The basic idea here is that certain ways of thinking and acting can harm others as
well as injure oneself. In Buddhist training, three aspects are essential: moral conduct, mental discipline, and
wisdom. The Eightfold path falls under these three categories. Moral or ethical conduct is based on the fundamental
Buddhist teachings of universal love and compassion for all living beings. Ethical conduct includes right speech,
right action and right livelihood.
It is the spiritual, mystical core or inner aspect of Islam. For centuries Sufism has offered a path which if followed can lead to
progress toward self realization - the emergence of the true purpose of our existence. The goal of Sufism is to help a person in
having a direct experience of God or ultimate truth by going beyond ordinary personal experiences. This goal is attained with the
help of teachings in different forms which have to be practiced in one’s life. Sufism has been described as a way of knowledge, a
way of devotion and a way of love. It is an approach which helps us go beyond mental and emotional obstacles which come in
the way of spiritual growth. In the Sufi view, certain teachers know what is really important in life, how to help individuals to
become real and complete human beings and realize one’s true nature. These teachers help in transmitting useful knowledge -
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C. THE JAIN PERSPECTIVE:
D. BUDDHIST VIEW:
such that dissatisfaction becomes unavoidable.
E. THE SUFISM VIEW:
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knowledge that helps in the understanding of one’s own self and which allows us to experience the Divine spark which exists
within each one of us. A person who follows the path of Sufism is called by different names. Apart from that of a Sufi they are
referred to as a faqir, and also a dervish.
The following four points are considered as important tenets of Sufism.
1. There are as many ways to reach truth (or God) as there are individuals. All ways involve transformation of the ego
2. We can live in harmony with others only if we develop an inner sense of justice. This occurs only when we have
3. Love is one of the underlying principles of morality. Love springs from self-work and expresses itself in their service
4. The cardinal truth is self-knowledge. Knowledge of self ripens into knowledge of God.
III. CONCLUSION
We have discussed different Indo-eastern perspectives on the nature of human being. One thing which is noticeable here is
that all four views - Vedantic, Jain, Buddhist and Sufi - tell us that normally we live in a state of ignorance. We do not have
knowledge of who we really are and therefore, we are dissatisfied and we suffer. In order to realize our true nature, different
methods are given in these systems of thought but the goal is similar. The goal is to directly experience a higher truth behind our
existence. Once we have an experience of this, our true nature, our approach towards life changes. We see ourselves, the whole
world as a big family. The day-to-day suffering and problems come to an end. and we are then able to live meaningful and
fulfilled lives.
REFERENCES
1. O’Regan, M. Graduate Transition to employment: Career motivation, identity and employability. The University of Reading; 2010.
2. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences. Society for Human Ecology. Human Ecology Review. University of Illinois, Urbana
3. Seeley JR. The shaping of Human Nature. Health Education Journal 1950: 8(10). Available from: http://hej.sagepub.com
4. Etzioni A. Human Nature and the Transforming Society. International Journal of Group Tensions. Sage Publications. 1974;4(3)
5. O'Connor D., Yballe, L., Maslow Revisited: Constructing a Road Map of Human Nature, Journal of Management Education. 2007; 31(738). Available
6. Bishop DH. Guna and the Verna Theory. Washingtone State University, Pullman, Washington.
AUTHOR’S PROFILE
Harsh Modha received the Post Graduate Diploma in Management in 2010 from Tolani Institute
of Management Studies, Adipur and currently pursuing PhD from R K University, Rajkot. He is also
registered scholar under the S H Talavia Memorial Centre for Research in Human Nature at R K
University. He is associated with Noble Group of Institutions (An Integrated Campus), Junagadh
since July 2010 as Assistant Professor. He has delivered number of behavioral training sessions and
developed his own Business Etiquette course for gearing up students ready to survive in the
corporate world. His area of interest includes Human Resource Management and conducting
research in the field of Human Nature.
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and service to creation.
reduced our selfishness and arrogance.
to others.
USA. 2004; 11(1).
from: http://jme.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/6/738
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