Pharmacognosy part 2
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This document discusses tannins, which are plant compounds that can tan animal hides into leather. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in various plant parts and sources. They are classified as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, or pseudotannins depending on their structure and properties. Hydrolysable tannins contain gallic acid and ellagic acid units and are water soluble. Condensed tannins are less soluble and contain catechol units. Pseudotannins have low molecular weights and do not tan leather. Tannins have astringent tastes and are used medicinally as antiseptics, but may be carcinogenic with prolonged use.
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Proteins: Gelatin, Spirullina and soya
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Saponins: Liquorice, Ginseng, Dioscorea.
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OR
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Tannin notes
Hey,
I am a B.Pharma. student. This is my personal notes on the topic called Tannins, a topic from Unit 2 i.e. Secondary metabolites from the subject Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II from Semester 5th. Syllabus of this subject is according to GTU. Hope this will be much helpful for your reading.
Thank you.
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Tannins
This document provides information about tannins, which are astringent, polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites. It discusses:
1. Tannins are naturally occurring complex organic compounds that have astringent properties and form colloidal solutions with water. They precipitate proteins and help protect plants from external threats.
2. Tannins are classified based on their molecular weight and hydrolysis properties. The main types are hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, and complex tannins.
3. Tannins have various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, wound healing, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective activities. They are widely distributed in plants and localized in vacuoles,
Tannins
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in many plant species. They are classified as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, or complex tannins depending on their chemical structure. Tannins have important industrial uses such as in tanning leather and producing inks, and medicinal properties including antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Common sources of tannins include plants like Hamamelis, Uncaria gambir, and galls formed on Quercus trees by insect larvae.
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Carbohydrates and their derived products: Agar, Gum Acacia, Gum tragacanth, Honey, Isapgol, pectin, Starch.
Tannins: Gambier, Black Catechu, Gall, Myrobalan, Pale catechu and Tannic acid.
Lipids: Castor oil, Shark liver oil, Wool fat, Beeswax, Neem oil, Cod liver oil and Bran oil.
Proteins: Gelatin, Spirullina and soya
Volatile oils: Mentha, Coriander, Cinnamon, Cassia, Caraway, Dill, Clove, Fennel, Nutmeg, Cardamom, Lemon grass oil, Eucalyptus, Sandalwood, palmarosa and citronellal.
Saponins: Liquorice, Ginseng, Dioscorea.
Cardio active sterols: Digitalis, Squill and Strophanthus.
Anthraquinone cathartics: Aloes, Senna, Rhubarb and Cascara.
Pyridine and Piperidine alkaloids: Areca and Lobelia.
Tropane alkaloids: Belladona, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Cocoa.
Quinoline and Isoquinoline alkaloids: Cinchona, Ipecac and Opium
Indole alkaloids:Ergot,Rauwolfia,Nuxvomica,Physostigmine.
Imidazole: Pilocarpus.
Steroidal: Kurchi, Solasodine.
Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra and Colchicum.
Glycoalkaloids: Solanum species.
Purines: Tea,Coffee.
Resins: Colophony, Cannabis, Capsicum, Balsam of Tolu, Benzoin, Balsam of Peru, Asafoetida, Turmeric and Ginger.
Quinazolidine alkaloids: Adathoda
Terpenes:Neem,Artemesia.
Others: Gentian, Saffron, Ashwagandha
Tumor inhibitors: Taxol, Vinca and Podophyllum
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Tannins
Tannins are complex substances that usually occur as mixtures of polyphenols that are very difficult to separate since they do not crystallize.
OR
Tannins are polyhydroxy
phenolic compounds.
Tannins are found commonly
in the bark of trees, wood,
leaves, buds, stems, fruits,
seeds, roots and plant galls.
Tannins are complex chemical substances derived from phenolic acids (sometimes called tannic acid). They are classified as phenolic compounds, which are found in many species of plants.
Tannins are high molecular weight phenolic compounds commonly found in plants with molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3000 Dalton and up to 20,000 Dalton.
Examples of plant species used to obtain tannins for tanning purposes are wattle (Acacia sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix caprea), pine (Pinus sp.), quebracho (Scinopsis balansae) .
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Tannins
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Pharmacognosy asheesh tripathi
Myrobalan, also known as Haritaki, is the dried ripe fruit of Terminalia chebula, a tree native to South Asia. The fruits contain high levels of tannins, ranging from 25-32%, as well as chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, ellagic acid, and gallic acid. Myrobalan is used in Ayurvedic medicine as a laxative, astringent, and stomachic. It is a key ingredient in the herbal formula Triphala and has various traditional medicinal uses. Commercially, myrobalan is used in dyeing, tanning, and treating water for locomotives. Terminalia citrina and T.
Tannins 5
The document discusses different types of tannins, their properties, classification, and examples. It describes three specific types of tannins - Hamamelis, Catechu, and Nutt gall - including their botanical origins, constituents, and uses. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that occur in plants and can precipitate proteins. They are classified as hydrolysable, condensed, or complex based on their chemical structure and properties.
Terpenoid - General Consideration
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are produced mainly by plants and play roles such as contributing fragrances to flowers and flavors to fruits. The document discusses the definition, classification, occurrence, biosynthesis, and chemistry of terpenoids. It notes that terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can range from simple hemiterpenes to more complex polyterpenes. Their biosynthesis occurs primarily via the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways which link isoprene units together.
Resins and resin combinations
This document discusses resins, their classification, isolation, and asafoetida as an example. It defines resins as complex mixtures found in plant exudations. Resins are classified as acid, ester, or alcohol resins based on their constituents. They are isolated from plants through extraction, distillation, or collection of exudates. Asafoetida is a gum resin obtained from Ferula species through incisions and collection of the exudate. It has a strong, penetrating odor and is used as a carminative and nervine stimulant to treat intestinal flatulence.
Tannins
Tannins are phenolic plant compounds that are widely distributed in plants like legumes and browse. They serve protective functions for plants and can persist in soils after a plant's death, affecting decomposition. Tannins have various uses including for dyes, fibers, glues, oils, waxes, flavorings, drugs, perfumes, and potentially as natural pesticides and herbicides. When consumed by ruminants, tannins can bind to proteins and protect them from breakdown in the rumen, allowing for better protein utilization. Studies have shown supplementation of condensed tannins to cow diets can increase milk production and change milk composition. Microencapsulation of polyphenols like tannins can help
Tannins
The document discusses different types of tannins, their properties, classification, and examples. It describes three specific types of tannins - Hamamelis, Catechu, and Nutt gall - including their botanical origins, constituents, and uses. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that occur in plants and can precipitate proteins. They are classified as hydrolysable, condensed, or complex based on their chemical structure and properties.
Tannin notes
Hey,
I am a B.Pharma. student. This is my personal notes on the topic called Tannins, a topic from Unit 2 i.e. Secondary metabolites from the subject Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II from Semester 5th. Syllabus of this subject is according to GTU. Hope this will be much helpful for your reading.
Thank you.
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This document provides information on the biological source, chemical constituents, and uses of various plants and plant-derived drugs used in pharmacognosy and Ayurvedic medicine. It describes 27 different plants/drugs, including their family, part used, key chemical components, and applications as medicines or supplements. The document aims to provide a quick review of important plants and materials commonly used in herbal medicine.
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Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants that have astringent properties. They are classified as hydrolysable tannins or condensed tannins. Hydrolysable tannins contain a central core of glucose or another polyol esterified with gallic or ellagic acid. Condensed tannins are polymers of flavan-3-ol or flavan-3,4-diol units. Tannins have various functions in plants including protection from herbivores and pathogens. They also have medicinal properties as astringents, antidiarrheals, and antioxidants. Common plants containing hydrolysable tannins include myrobalan, bahera
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Similar to Pharmacognosy part 2
Tannins
This document provides information about tannins, which are astringent, polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites. It discusses:
1. Tannins are naturally occurring complex organic compounds that have astringent properties and form colloidal solutions with water. They precipitate proteins and help protect plants from external threats.
2. Tannins are classified based on their molecular weight and hydrolysis properties. The main types are hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, and complex tannins.
3. Tannins have various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, wound healing, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective activities. They are widely distributed in plants and localized in vacuoles,
Tannins
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in many plant species. They are classified as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, or complex tannins depending on their chemical structure. Tannins have important industrial uses such as in tanning leather and producing inks, and medicinal properties including antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Common sources of tannins include plants like Hamamelis, Uncaria gambir, and galls formed on Quercus trees by insect larvae.
Tannins.pptx
Tannins are complex organic compounds found in many plants. They have high molecular weights ranging from 500-3000 Da and are soluble in water and dilute alkalis. Tannins can be classified as hydrolysable, condensed, or pseudo tannins. Hydrolysable tannins can be broken down by acids or enzymes into gallic or ellagic acid. Condensed tannins are resistant to hydrolysis and contain catechin units. Tannins have medicinal properties like stopping bleeding and being an antioxidant. They can be identified using tests like reacting with gelatin or ferrous sulfate.
Tannins
Tannins are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term tannin refers to the use of oak and other bark in tanning animal hides into leather.
Tannins structure in medicinal plants.pptx
Tannins are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds found in many plants that have astringent properties. They are secondary plant metabolites that bind and precipitate proteins. There are three main classes of tannins: hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, and complex tannins. Hydrolysable tannins contain gallic acid and can be hydrolyzed to release gallic acid. Condensed tannins are polymeric flavan-3-ols that produce catechol upon dry distillation. Tannins have various uses as astringents, antioxidants, and in treating diarrhea, burns, and heavy metal poisoning due to their protein-precipitating effects.
105-TN-Tannin.pdfvzgbffhhjhhjjjjjjggdsss
Tannins are complex organic compounds found in many plants. They are classified as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, or pseudotannins. Hydrolysable tannins can be broken down by acids or enzymes into gallic acid or ellagic acid. Condensed tannins are resistant to hydrolysis. Pseudotannins are lower molecular weight phenolic compounds. Tannins have astringent properties and can form complexes with proteins. They are used for tanning leather and as astringents in medicines and foods.
Tannins
Its a power point presentation about tannin's description,its properties,classification,and about crude drugs containing tannin.
tannins-170116185017.pptx
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants. They are classified as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, or pseudo-tannins. Hydrolysable tannins are hydrolyzed by acids into gallic acid or ellagic acid, while condensed tannins are more resistant to hydrolysis. Tannins are extracted using mixtures of polar and non-polar solvents due to their high molecular weight. Identification tests for tannins include the gelatin test, Goldbeater's skin test, and reactions with ferrous sulfate or ferric chloride that produce colors. Pterocarpus marsupium, or Bijasal, is a plant source of k
Tannins
the topic tannins include their introductory part, definition, physical properties, uses, importance, classification of tannins, identification test for tannins, and the drug containing tannins
tannins.pptx
Tannins are phenolic compounds found in plants that can precipitate proteins. They are classified as true tannins, pseudotannins, hydrolysable tannins, and condensed tannins. Hydrolysable tannins include gallitannins and ellagitannins that break down into gallic acid or ellagic acid. Condensed tannins are polymeric flavan-3-ols like catechin. Tannins are identified through tests like reaction with iron salts or bromine water. They have industrial uses in tanning leather and making ink, and medicinal uses as astringents and antioxidants in conditions like diarrhea, burns, and inflamed skin. Major commercial sources
Tannins.pptx
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in leaves, barks, and immature fruits that provide protection from herbivores. They have many uses including as anti-diarrheal, antibacterial, haemostatic, and in tanning leather. Tannins are classified as hydrolysable which contain gallic acid and ellagic acid, or non-hydrolysable condensed tannins. Extraction methods involve boiling plant materials in water. Common sources of tannins include catechu from Acacia catechu, gambier from Uncaria gambier, and kino from Pterocarpus marsupium.
Tannins and tannins drugs
Tannins are complex organic polyphenolic compounds found in many plants. There are two main types: hydrolysable tannins which produce gallic acid or ellagic acid when hydrolyzed, and condensed tannins which are resistant to hydrolysis. Catechu and Pterocarpus are sources of tannins. Catechu comes from Uncaria gambier and contains catechin, while Pterocarpus comes from the stem bark of Pterocarpus marsupium and contains kinotannic acid. Tannins have medicinal properties such as astringency and ability to stop bleeding.
UNIT-II PART IV.pptx
Tannins, resins, glycosides, volatile oils and carotenoids are secondary plant metabolites discussed in the document. Tannins are astringent polyphenols used in leather tanning. Resins like benzoin are mixtures of essential oils, terpenes and acids. Glycosides like sennoside are anthraquinone derivatives used as purgatives. Volatile oils such as ginger oil contain compounds like gingerol. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid pigments including lycopene and lutein that have antioxidant properties. The document describes the source, chemistry and uses of various secondary metabolites.
Tannins
Tannins are complex organic plant compounds that are classified as true tannins or pseudotannins based on whether they produce a positive reaction in the Goldbeater's skin test. True tannins are further divided into hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins based on whether they are hydrolyzed by acids or enzymes. Hydrolysable tannins produce gallic acid or ellagic acid upon hydrolysis while condensed tannins decompose into insoluble compounds called phlobaphenes. Pseudotannins are simpler phenolic compounds that give negative results in the Goldbeater's skin test. The document then provides examples and chemical tests used to identify different types of tannins.
Natural dyes
Natural dyes are colorants derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals. The majority come from plant sources like roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood. Natural dyes can be grouped according to their chemical structures, such as carotenoids which include carotenes that produce orange and red-orange colors, and xanthophylls which are yellow. Flavonoids are water-soluble compounds that produce yellow, red, violet and blue colors in many flowers and fruits through anthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Anthraquinones and napthoquinones are also groups of natural dyes. Natural dyes have traditionally been used for coloring textiles, leather, and food.
Introduction to secondary metabolite TanninTannins
Tannins are a class of plant polyphenolic compounds that bind to and precipitate proteins. There are two major types of tannins: hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins. Hydrolysable tannins can be broken down by acids or enzymes into polyphenolic acids like gallic or ellagic acid, while condensed tannins are not readily hydrolyzed and contain flavonoid units. The Goldbeater's skin test is commonly used to identify tannins, where a solution is tested on goldbeater's skin and a color change indicates the presence of tannins.
Tannins
Phenolic compounds and tannins: Chemical nature and test for tannins some taruin
containing drugs such as nutgall and catechu.
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are a group of plant secondary metabolites called phenolics. They contain an aromatic ring structure with one or more hydroxyl groups attached. There are over 3000 known flavonoids found throughout plants. Flavonoids may function as antioxidants, pigments, and have potential health benefits for humans. Common tests used to identify flavonoids include the Shinoda test and ferric chloride test.
tannins5-111013081409-phpapp01.ppt
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that occur naturally in many plant species. They are classified as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, or complex tannins depending on their chemical structure. Tannins can be identified through tests like the goldbeater's skin test where they cause animal skins to darken, and the matchstick test where they turn matchsticks pink or red. Examples of tannin-containing plants described in the document include hamamelis, catechu, and nut galls.
Volatile oil.ppt
This document provides information on various types of carotenoids including their sources and health benefits. It defines carotenoids as pigments found in plants, algae, and bacteria that produce bright colors and act as antioxidants. It identifies common carotenoids such as alpha carotene, beta carotene, lutein and lycopene. Food sources of carotenoids are also listed, and carotenoids are classified as either xanthophylls or carotenes depending on their chemical structure and coloration.
Similar to Pharmacognosy part 2 (20)
Introduction to secondary metabolite TanninTannins
Introduction to secondary metabolite TanninTannins
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Pharmacognosy part 2
- 1. Phytochemistry S.Y.B.Sc. Botany Paper III Unit 1 Part 2
- 6. Phytochemistry Tannins Definition • The substances present in plant extracts which are able to combine with protein of animal hides, prevent their putrification and convert them into leather • The substances which tan leather are referred to as Tannins
- 7. Phytochemistry Tannins • Recently, tannins have been defined as the derivatives of polyhydroxy benzoic acid capable of combining with proteins
- 8. Phytochemistry Tannins Structure Benzoic Acid Protocatechuic Acid Gallic Acid Glucogallin Ellagic Acid Hexahydroxydiphenic Acid
- 9. Phytochemistry Tannins Distribution – (Plant Source) – Large group of complex substances – Usually found in largest quantity in dead and dying cells – Localized in specific plant parts such as Leaves, fruits, bark and stem – Probably serve for the protection of the plant during certain stages of growth – Destroyed or deposited as end product
- 10. Phytochemistry Tannins Plant sources – (In general) – Bark – Cinnamon, Cinchona, Acacia, Pomegranate – Roots & Rhizome – Fern – Leaves – Tea, especially Green tea, Eucalyptus – Seeds – Cocoa, Kola and Areca – Flower&floral parts – Clove, Red rose petals – Fruits – Myrobalans (Terminalia chebula, T. belerica) Pomegranate rind
- 11. Phytochemistry Tannins Extraction of Tannins Depending upon various sources Different Methods are employed Solvents Used Ether Methanol Acetone Ethyl acetate Water Clear extract dried under vaccum
- 12. Phytochemistry Tannins Classification of Tannins – Hydrolysable Tannins or Pyrogallotannins – Condensed Tannins or Phlobatannins – Pseudotannins
- 13. Phytochemistry Tannins Hydrolysable Tannins or Pyrogallotannins – They are readily hydrolysed by acids or enzymes such as Tannase – They are formed from several molecules of phenolic acids such as Gallic acid, Ellagic acid etc. Hydrolysable tannins + HCl boil Gallic acid or Ellagic Acid H. Tannins + FeCl3 Blue Colour H. Tannins + Br2 water No ppt. Examples : Clove, Eucalyptus leaves, Harda, Behda
- 14. Phytochemistry Tannins Condensed Tannins or Pyrocatechol or Phlobatannins • These include all other true tannins • Their molecules are more resistant to breakage than hydrolysable tannins • They yield catechol on dry distillation therefore they are called as catechol tannins Condensed tannins + HCl boil Red insoluble Phlobophene C. Tannins + FeCl3 Green Colour C. Tannins + Br2 water Forms ppt. Examples : Cinnamon, Cinchona, Acacia, Cocoa Seed, Areca Seed, Kola nut & Green tea leaves
- 15. Phytochemistry Tannins Pseudotannins – They are compounds of low molecular weight than true tannins – They do not tan leather Pseudo Tannins + FeCl3 Purple to Violet Colour Example : Catechin present in Catechu (Acacia catechu) Chlorogenic Acid in Coffee ( mostly unroasted) Nux vomica seeds
- 16. Phytochemistry Tannins Properties of Tannins – Non crystallizable – Form colloidal solution with water – Soluble in dil. alkali, alcohol & acetone – Solution give acid reaction – Sharp astringent taste – With ferric salts they form dark blue or greenish black soluble compounds – They precipitate proteins
- 17. Phytochemistry Tannins Uses of Tannins: – Used as antiseptic in inflammation, piles, burns etc.( Phenol group is responsible) – It is also used in gastrointestinal diseases (Diarrhoea) – Carcinogenic on prolong use