PHARMACOGNOSY - II

1. INTRODUCTION
Tannins:
•These are the secondary metabolites which is in the form of a solution in cell
sap or distinct vacuoles.
•They are known as astringents from longtime.
•Tannins are used in leather industry to prevent Putrefaction. Putrefaction is
the final stage of death or decomposition.
•They are chemically complex organic substances contains polyphenols.
•They have high molecular weight.
•They are devoid of N
•They are non-crystalline substances.
General Tests:
•It precipitates alkaloids & gelatine.
•Tannins are precipitated by salts of Cu, Sn & Pb.
•Tannins are precipitated by chromic acid solution.
•Tannins are precipitated by Fecl3 is bluish black or brownish green color.

3. Classification of Tannins:
Based on the chemical nature or behaviour towards dry distillation process.
They are divided into

4. Black Catechu Pale Catechu Pterocarpus
Synonym Cutch, Catechu,
catechu nigrum
Pale catechu, terra
japonica, Gambier
Bijasal, Indian
kino tree, red
sandal wook, rakta
chandan
B. Source Extract prepaed –
heart wood of A.
Catechu -
Leguminosae
Extract prepared –
Leaves & young
shoots – Uncaria
gambier –
Rubiaceae
Dried juice –
Ptercarpus
marsupium –
Leguminosae

5. Chemical
Composition &
Chemistry
Catechu tannic acid
Acacatechin
Small amoutns –
Quercetin
 Catechin is a
flavan-3-ol, a
type of natural
phenol and
antioxidant.It is
a plant
secondary
metabolite.
7-33% catechins
Catechutannic acid
22 -50%
Quercitin
Gambier –
flourescin
 Catechin is a
flavan-3-ol, a
type of natural
phenol and
antioxidant.It is
a plant
secondary
metabolite.
70-80% Kinotannic
acid
Kino red
K-Pyrocatechin
Gallic acid
Kinotannic acid is a
glucosidal tannin.
Kinored is
anhydride of kinoin.
Kinoin in the
presence of oxidase
enzyme it forms
insoluble
phlobaphene.
It consists of santal
Pterocarpin
homopterocapin

6. Therapeutic uses
& Commercial
Applications
Dyeing & tanning
industry
Catechu is
considered as one
of the most potent
herbal medicines
use for anti-
diarrhea and anti-
ulcer
Local astringent.
Dyeing & tanning
industry
Catechu is included
in mouthwashes
and gargles used
for gum disease
(gingivitis), pain
and swelling inside
the mouth
(stomatitis), sore
throat, and mouth
ulcers.
Powerful astringent.
Treatment of
diarrhoea &
dysentery.
Dyeing & tanning
industry.

7. Resins:
•Resins are amorphous substance.
•These are mixture of essential oil and oxygenated products with terpenes &
carboxylic acid.
•They are translucent solids, semi-solids, or liquid substances.
•They are heavier than water which becomes soft when heated.
•They are electrically non-conductive.
•These are end products of metabolism which stores in schizogenous ducts or
glands.
•They are chemically organic acids or alcohols or esters and neutral resins.
•They are insoluble in water partially in light petroleum.

9. Benzoin Guggul Ginger
Synonym Sumatra benzoin,
Loban
Scented Bdellium,
Gum guggul,
Commiphora
weightii
Gingerin
Biological Source Balsamic resin
obtained from
styrax benzoin or S.
tonkinensis belongs
to family Styraceae
Oleogum resin-deep
incision- Stem bark
– Commiphora
weightii
Oleoresin-
Percolation –
Powdered rhizomes-
Zingiber officinale-
Zingiberaceae.
G. Source South eastern Asia,
Thailand
Africa India

10. Benzoin Guggul Ginger
Sumatra benzoin – free
balsamic acid (benzoic
and cinnamic acid)
Summaresinolic acid
Triterpenoid
Siaresinolic acid
Siam benzoin:
Coniferyl benzoate
Styrol, vanillin
Benzoic acid
 It is the simplest
aromatic carboxylic
acid.
Oleo gum devoid of
cinnamic acid and benzoic
acid
Terpenes – Myrcene or
caryophylline
Z-Guggulosterone
E-Guggulosterone
Guggulosterol-I,II,III.
Guggulosterone
 It is a phytosteroid.
Gingerin ( 18-35% Volatile
oil – ginger)
Gingerol
Zingerone, Shogaol
Gingerol
 Gingerol is a beta-
hydroxy ketone that is
5-hydroxydecan-3-one
substituted by a 4-
hydroxy-3-
methoxyphenyl moiety
at position 1.
Chemical constituents & Chemistry
Therapeutic uses & commercial Applications
Expectorant
Antiseptic
Compound tincture of
benzoin (inhalation
purpose)
Antiinflammatory
Antirheumatic
Hypolipidemic
hypocholestremic
Flavour in Carbonated
beverages, Spice.
Commercially,

11. Asafoetida Myrrh Colophony
Synonym Asafoetida, Gum asafoetida,
Devils dung
Bol, Gum
Myrrh, Myrrha
Rosin, Rosina,
Colophonium,
resin, Amber
resin, Pine Resin
Biological
Source
Oleogumresin – incision on
rhizomes and roots – Ferula
foetida – Umbelliferae
Oleo gum
resin-
commiphora
mol mol -
Burseraceae
Residue after
distillation of oil
from pinus sps -
Pinaceae
G. Source Central Asia Africa & Arab America, Pakistan
& India
Chemical
constituents
& Chemistry
Asaresinotannol (free) or commiphoric
acid
90% abietic acid

12. Therapeutic
uses &
commercial
Applications
Carminative, Intestinal
flatulence, powerful nervine
stimulant, flavouring agent
Stimulant,
antiseptic,
Mouth washes
& gargles
Diuretic,
Preparation of
ointments,
Varnishes, soaps,
printing inks.
GLYCOSIDES
Senna Bitter Almond
Synonym Tinnevelly Senna:
Senna leaf, Senai-ki-patti,
Tinnevelly senna
Alexandrian Senna:
Folia sennae Alexandrinae,
Cassia senna & Egyptian senna
Amygdala amara
Biological Source Tinnevelly Senna:
Dried leaflets – Cassia
angustilfolia-Leguminosae
Alexandrian Senna:
Dried leaflets – Cassia acutifolia-
Leguminosae
Dried ripened seeds –
Prunus amygdalus -
Rosaceae

13. Senna Bitter Almond
2 anthraquinone glycosides
Sennoside A & B; Sennoside B & C, rhein
8 diglucside
Aloe-emodin, rhein, Kaemferol.
2 naphthalene glycosides – Tinnevelley
glycoside
6 hydroxy musizin glycoside.
 Sennoside is a C- Glycoside.
 Sennoside is a diastereoisomeric
mixture containing sennoside A and
sennoside B.
40-50% fixed oil,
20% Proteins,
Enyzme – emulsion
Bitter glycoside – Amygdalin upon
hydrolysis gives 80% benzaldehyde and
2-6% hydrocyanic acid.
Amygdalin
 Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glucoside.
 Amygdalin is a cyanogenic
glycoside derived from the aromatic
amino acid phenylalanine.
Chemical constituents & Chemistry

14. Therapeutic uses
& commercial
Applications
Purgative in constipation.
The anthraquinones irritates and
stimulates the colon thereby
movements are increased due to
local action. The increase in
peristalsis causes reduction in
water absorption results in soft
& bulky faeces.
Produces gripping effect due to
emodin content.
Sedative due to
presence of hydrocyanic
acid,
Demulcent,
In perfumery &
Should not be used in
flavouring of foods.

15. Aloe
Cape Curacao Socotrine Zangiber
Synonym Aloe
Biological
Source
Solid residue obtained by evaporating the liquid – cut of leaves of
...... - Liliaceae
Aloe ferox Aloe barbadensis Aloe peryi
G. Source South Africe,
kenya
Island of
curacao
Island of
socotrine
zangiber
Chemistry
Principle constituent – Aloin
Barbaloin
Isobarbaloin
Aloe-emodin
Resins- Aloesin
Aloin B is a C-glycosyl compound.
Aloin extracted from natural sources is a mixture of two diastereomers, termed
aloin A (also called barbaloin) and aloin B (or isobarbaloin), which have similar
chemical properties.
Aloin is an anthraquinone glycosyl, meaning that its anthraquinone skeleton
has been modified by the addition of a sugar molecule.

16. Therapeutic uses
& commercial
Applications
Purgative,
Carminative, anti-inflammatory, treatment of burns &
wounds
Good moisturizing property
Antimicrobial hence used in cosmetic products.
Antiwrinkle property
Adulterant Natal aloes
Mocha aloes
Black catechu

17. Iridoids, Other terpenoids & Naphthaquinones
Iridoids:
•They are monoterpenes
•It consists of cyclopental pyranoid skeleton
•Iridoids are name after ants of Iridomermix genus from which were isolated
compounds involved in the defence mechanism of insects :iridoidal,
iridomyrmecin & related compounds.
•It is generally 10 carbons.
•It consists of glucoside – glycosidic linkage between OH group of anomeric carbon
of D-glucose and –OH group in the 1 position of aglycone.
•They are biosynthesized from acetate mevalonate pathway
•They are delicate due to their great instability.

18. Gentian
(Iridoid glycoside)
Artemisia
(Sesquiterpenoid)
Taxus
(Diterpenoid)
Synonym Indian gentian,
Kutki, Picrorrhiza
Sweet-annie, worm
weed, qninghao
Yew, Talispatra,
Himalayan Yew
Biological
Source
Dried rhizomes
Picrorhizza kurroa –
Scrophulariaceae
Herb – Artemisia
annua – Asteraceae
Dried leaves, bark &
roots – Taxus baccata,
T. Brevifolia, T.
Canadensis & T.
Cuspidate – Taxaceae
G. Source India, china China, Europe &
America
India, Canada &
America

19. Chemical
constituents
& Chemistry
Picroside I, II &
Kutkoside
Gentiopicroside
According to BP the
bitterness value
should not less than
NLT 10,000
Artemisinin
Deoxyartemisinin
Artemisinic acid
Amyrin
Luteolin
 It shows the
presence of lactone
ring & a peroxide
group.
 It is 8-hydroxy
santonin derivative
is responsible for
bitter taste of drug.
Taxol,
Cephalomannine, 10
deactyl baccatin III
Taxol
 It is a diterpenoid
(C20) alkaloidal
drug.
 The nitrogen atom
is not incorporated
in diterpene
skeleton
 The side chains in
taxol contain
aromatic rings
derived from
shikimic acid via
phenylalanine.
 It possess 4
membered oxetane
ring and complex
ester side chain in
their structures.

20. Therapeutic
uses &
commercial
Applications
Bitter tonic,
febrifuge, laxative,
antibacterial effect.
Traditionally used
in GIT infections,
anti-inflammatory &
wound healing.
Antimalarial, anti
HIV, anti-
inflammatory,
cytotoxic.
Anticancer
Lung carcinoma,
gastric and cervical
cancer and also
carcinomas head,
neck, prostate and
colon.

21. Carotenoids:
•They are the group of non-nitrogenous yellow, orange, or red pigments which are
widely distributed in living things.
•They are also called tetraterpenoids contains 8 isoprene units contains 40 carbon
atoms.
•They are over 600 known carotenoids.
•They are lipophilic compounds, soluble in oils and organic solvents.
•They can be isomerized by heat, acid & light.
•Many carotenoids exhibit spectral shifts with various agents and these spectral
changes are used for identification.
•Carotenoids are easily oxidized.

22. Types of carotenoids:
•It is classified into 2 classes.
•They are Cartenes & Xanthophylls
•Carotenes: They are purely hydrocarbons Ex: alpha carotene, beta carotene &
lycopene.
•Xanthophylls: They contains oxygen Ex: beta cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin.
Carotenoid functions:
They are used as antioxidant, enhances immune function, UV skin protectant,
Provitamin A activity.
Lycopene:
Lycopene is a member of carotenoid gives characteristic red color to tomato,
watermelon and orange.
Xanthophylls:
The other type of carotenoid containing oxygen molecule (xanthophylls)
Source: Dark leafy greens such as spinach, broccoli.
Uses: antioxidant, cataracts.

23. Beta carotene:
It is known as provitamin A
Source: Yellow foods like carrot.
Chemistry:
It belongs to tetraterpenoids.
It contains 40 carbon atoms being built from 4 terpene units each containing 10
carbon atoms.
They take the form of polyene hydrocarbon chain which is terminated by rings,
may or may not have additional oxygen atoms attached.
The general structure of carotenoid is a polyene chain consisting of 9-11 double
bonds and possible terminating rings
General Structure of Carotenoids

24. Lycopene
Lutein