CONTENTS : Introduction Biofuel feedstock Classification of Biofuels Manufacturing Process of Biofuels Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuel Biofuel Scenario Conclusion

1. MOSLA UDDIN

2. • Introduction
• Biofuel feedstock
• Classification of Biofuels
• Manufacturing Process of Biofuels
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuel
• Biofuel Scenario
• Conclusion
• References

3. • Biofuel is the fuel which is produced from organic products and
wastes.
•The common commercially used biofuels arebioethanol, biodiesel
and biomethane.
• Bioethanol is made from sugar, algae, wheat and sugar beet.
• Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, algal lipids,animal fats
• Biomethane can be produced from waste organic material, sewage,
agriculture waste and domestic wastes.

4. • Biomass feedstocks for energy production can result from plants
grown directly for energy or from plant parts, residues, processing
wastes, and materials from animal and human activities.
• Feedstocks can be classified by categories of plants or residues, by
the energy products they produce, or in other ways.
• The following categorization of feedstocks will be used:
sugars/starches, fibers/grasses, oil, crop residues, manures and
organic wastes, and wood and woody biomass.

6. • According to the way of biomass usage, biofuels can be
divided to the primary and the secondary ones.
• Biomass of food crops enriched with sugars, starch (stems of sugar
cane, sugar beet) and oils (soybeans, sunflower seeds,rapeseeds) is
a feedstock for production of bioalcohols and biodiesel of the first
generation.
•The simple and comparatively cheap method of treatment e microbial
fermentation e is the advantage of the production of this fuel.

7. • Biofuels of the second generation are produced from
lignocellulosic biomass .
• Lignocellulose is highly presented in plant biomass in comparison
with oils and starch; itis the main component of cell walls.
• Ligno-cellulose consists of three components: cellulose (40-50%),
lignin (15-20%), and hemicellulose (25-35%).
• Lignin can beremoved by dissolution in alkaline-alcohol solutions.
• Ligninper se can be burned to obtain heat or electricity; also, it is
possible to extract useful chemical compounds from it by chemical
treatment.

8. • The third generation of biofuel is connected with algal biomass.
• The use of algal biomass for fuel synthesisis relatively new
direction of bioenergetics.
• According to thedata of different investigations, algal biomass can
accumulate considerably high amount of lipids in comparison with
biomass of oil plants.
•Different algae have a different proportion proteins/carbohydrates/
fats.
•For example, Spirulina maxima has 60-71%w/w of proteins,
Porphyidium cruentum has 40-57%w/w of carbohydrates,
Scenedesmus dimorphus has up to 40%w/w of lipids.

10. • Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, yellow grease, used
cooking oils, or animal fats.
• The fuel is produced by transesterification—a process that
converts fats and oils into biodiesel and glycerin (a coproduct).
• Approximately 100 pounds of oil or fat are reacted with 10 pounds
of a short-chain alcohol (usually methanol) in the presence of a
catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide [NaOH] or potassium hydroxide
[KOH]) to form 100 pounds of biodiesel and 10 pounds of glycerin
(or glycerol).
• Glycerin, a co-product, is a sugar commonly used in the
manufacture of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

11. • Raw or refined plant oil, or recycled greases that have not been
processed into biodiesel, are not biodiesel and should not be used
as vehicle fuel.
• Fats and oils (triglycerides) are much more viscous than biodiesel,
and low-level vegetable oil blends can cause long-term engine
deposits, ring sticking, lube-oil gelling, and other maintenance
problems that can reduce engine life.

12. Plant Oil Alcohol Temperature
(celsius)
Reaction
Time
Catalyst
Soyabean and
castor
Ethyl 70 3 Hours NaOH
Wastes frying
oil
Methyl 60 1 Hours NaOH
Rapeseed Methyl 60 33 mins KOH
Sunflower Methyl 25 45 mins KOH

13. • Lower emissions. One of the biggest knocks against fossil
fuels is that they give off toxic emissions.
• Renewable. Being made from organic materials organic
there is practically an infinite amount of biofuels available.
• Biodegradable.
• Safer
• Cost Benefit
• Easy To Source
• Reduce Dependance on Foreign Oil
• Easy To Source

14. • High Cost of Production
• Monoculture: Monoculture refers to practice of producing same
crops year after year, rather than producing various crops through a
farmer’s fields over time.
• . Use of Fertilizers
• Shortage of Food
• Industrial Pollution
• Water Use: Large quantities of water are required to irrigate the
biofuel crops and it may impose strain on local and regional water
resources

17. • Presently, much work has been carried out to improve the effectiveness
and efficiency of processes of biofuel production from algae biomass.
• The third generation biofuel must be without drawbacks of the first two
generations.
• The fact that a large number of diverse works is carried out in this area
indicates that currently algal energy is intensively developing in all
directions: increase in growth rate,improving of harvesting methods, the
genetic engineering of crops, optimization of chemical and thermal
methods for producing biofuels.
• we can expect that in the future biofuels can meet the demands for
energy. It will be eco-friendly and low-cost solution of energy problems.

18. • www.elsevier.com/locate/he
•Renewables Statistics, U.S. Energy Information Administration
•Inderwildi O, King D. Energy Environ Sci 2009;2:343.
• Petroleum Production Statistics, U.S. Energy Information
Administration
•www.pubchem.com