Fractional distillation is a process that separates mixtures into their individual chemical components based on differences in boiling points. Petroleum, a yellow-to-black liquid, is separated via fractional distillation into its main fractions including petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene oil, diesel oil, lubricating oil, and residue by heating it to different temperature ranges at which each component vaporizes. This process allows petroleum to be used for various applications such as fuel for stoves, lamps, jet engines, and vehicles as well as building roads.

1. Fractional distillation is the separation of a
mixture into its component parts, or fractions,
separating chemical compounds by their boiling
point by heating them to a temperature at which
one or more fractions of the compound will
vaporize.
Fractional Distillation

2. Latin: petra: "rock" + oleum: "oil"
C1---C40
C1---C25 = Liquid and Gases (Hydro Carbon)
C25---C40 = Solid (Hydro Carbon)
Yellow-to-Black Liquid
Petroleum

3. 40 °C
40 °C---200 °C
200 °C---250 °C
250 °C---300 °C
300 °C---370 °C
C1---C3
C4---C12
C12---C16
C16---C19
C19---C25
Furnace
C25---C40
Petroleum Gas
Gasoline (Petrol)
Kerosene Oil
Diesel Oil
Lubricating Oil
Residue (Heavy Oil)
fractional distillation of petroleum

4. Petroleum Gas
StoveCylinder
C1---C3
40 °C

5. Gasoline (Petrol)
40 °C---200 °C
C4---C12

6. Kerosene Oil
C12---C16
200 °C---250 °C
Lamps
Jet Engine

7. Diesel Oil
C16---C19
250 °C---300 °C
Fuel

8. Lubricating Oil
C19---C25
300 °C---370 °C
Reduce The Friction and Heat

9. Residue (Heavy Oil)
C25---C40
Building Road