This document discusses pest control and management. It defines a pest as a living organism that competes with humans for resources like food and water or spreads disease. There are various types of pests including insects, microbes, weeds, and mollusks. The document outlines different pest control methods such as mechanical, biological, environmental, agricultural, and chemical approaches. It emphasizes the importance of an effective pest control program that excludes pests, removes their food sources, controls them with appropriate methods, and keeps proper procedures and records. Overall, the document promotes reducing pesticide use and exposure through safer pest management practices.

1. INTRODUCTION
The public are often concerned about the
use of pesticides and not always
presented with a balanced view. It is
important to be able to provide
reassurance about research and safety
aspects and to remind ourselves of the
need to keep pests under control.

2. What is a pest ?
• A pest is any living organism which competes
with human, domestic animals or desirable
plants for food or water.
• At the same time they spread diseases to
mankind and harms the environment.

3. What is Pest control?
• Pest control refers to the regulation
or management of a species defined
as a pest, usually because it is
perceived to be detrimental to a
person’s health, the ecology or the
economy.

4. Types of pests
• Insects
• Arthropods
• Microbial organism
• Weeds
• Mollusks
• Cockroach, termites,
beetles &flies
• Spiders
• Bacteria
• Any plant growing
where they are
unwanted
• Snails ,slugs &ship
worms

5. Why to control pests?
1. For clean environment.
2. Disease free environment.
3. To stop the rapid growth of pests.

6. Control methods
Need to determine:
• What mix of pest are present?
• What attracts the pest?
• What are the particular habits of the pest?
• What are the most effective control measures
to control or eliminate the pest?

7. Methods for pest control
There are mainly five methods for pest cotrol
• Mechanical methods for pest control
• Biological methods for pest control
• Environmental method for pest control
• Agricultural method for pest control
• Chemical method for pest control

8. Mechanical methods
• Hand picking:-
Method of choice when pests are slowly
crawling and are not able to fly. Eg;caterpillars
• Trapping:-
Is used for flying pests which cant be picked by
hand or burned.
• Burning :-
Is used for flying pests which cant be picked by
hand and can cause damage.pests are burned
and waste is removed frequently

9. Biological methods
• This method is applicable for removal of animal
pests.it depend on the following considerations:
Animals and insects which feed upon smaller forms
 Hawk, owl, eagle and cats etc
 Insects having small life span parasitize bigger
 Some flies lay eggs on larvae of the crop which cause
damage. They attack slowly moving larvae. After few
days when eggs are hatched, small larvae appear and
consume the body tissue of the crop larvae. Hence
death of pest occurs

10. Environmental methods
• The surrounding of the pest is changed in
such a way it becomes unfavorable for its
growth.
• It can be achieved by removing food stuff
needed for the growth of the pest of
draining swamps. Eg; mosquito control

11. Agricultural methods
• Involves cultivation of such crops which are
resistant to pests.
• It may be achieved using biotechnology and
genetic engineering.
• Another method for removal is crop rotation.

12. Chemical methods
• In this method, certain chemicals are used for
controlling pests.
Eg:
• Rodenticides
• Insecticides
• Herbicides
• Fungicides

13. Effective pest control
• An effective pest control program includes:
• Exclusion of pest
• Removing food source by good practice
• Controlling pests with appropriate methods
• Specific procedures/records

14. Pest exclusion
• Keep door closed / tight fitting
a) Minimize gaps
b) Use door seal/self closer
• Keep windows screened /closed
• Screen air inlets /exhaust openings
• Use air curtains/strip curtains
• Netting/ eliminate perches for birds

15. Rodent control
• Use of bait station/ traps most common
• Place traps inside production areas
a) Sticky pads for small rodents
b) Check & empty weekly(min.)
• Bait stations in non-food areas
a) Use approved baits only
b) Place in secured station

16. Bird control
• Eliminate roots or nesting sites
• Minimize food sources outside of bldngs
 Landscape plants can be attractive
 Garbage
• Use netting or screens under eaves or
structures open to outside

17. Insect control
• Physical
i. UV light attracts insects
ii. Mount at right height /location
iii. Charged electric grids kill insects
iv. Sticky pads hold insects after impact
• chemical
i. Handle pesticides with care
ii. Use only approved chemicals
iii. Don’t contaminate food
iv. Use correct methods to target pest

18. Pest management
• Pest management is a process can use to solve
pest problems while minimizing risks to
people and the environment.
• Pest management can be used to manage all
kinds of pests anywhere—in urban,
agricultural, and wildland or natural areas.

19. Preventive measures
• Seal cracks and holes on the outside of the
home including entry points for utilities and
pipes.
• Keep tree branches and shrubbery well
trimmed and away from the house.
• Keep basements, attics, and crawl spaces well
ventilated and dry.
• Store garbage in sealed containers and
dispose of it regularly.

20. Dealing with resistance
Wrong approach:
• Raised concentrations of active ingredients!
• Increased frequency of application!
Correct approach
• Reduce reliance on chemicals.
• Alternation of chemicals.
• Targeted insecticide application.

21. Conclusion
Given the inherent risk associated
with pesticide exposure, particularly
for children, programs, policies and
other efforts that reduce pesticide
use and exposure are warranted.
School across the country are seeing
the benefits of implementing safer
pest management practices that do
not rely on hazardous pesticides.

22. References
• Charles j . Krebs, 2001 . Ecology . American
publishers
• David pimentel, 1991 .handbook of pest
management in Agriculture. CRC press
• F. Moriarty, 1983. Ecotoxicology. englad
enterprises
• Rachel carson, 1962. silent spring. Houghton
mifflin
• www.google .com