The document discusses hybridization in animals. It defines a hybrid as an offspring of two genetically distinct individuals, carrying two different alleles of the same gene. Hybridization is an artificial method used to develop high quality plant and animal varieties with desirable traits like increased yield, disease resistance and climate tolerance. Examples of hybrid cattle developed in India include the Sunandini cow and crossbreeds of Indian cows with foreign varieties like Swiss Brown and Jersey. While hybrids have benefits like higher milk production, it is important to also maintain native cattle varieties which are part of our biological wealth.

2. KERALA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
KUMARAPURAM
B.Ed. COURSE 2013-2014
SEMESTER II
OPTIONAL: NATURAL SCIENCE
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
Submitted to
Lesha Teacher
Submitted by
Archana s s Nair

4. INTRODUCTION
In biology a hybrid is an offspring of two animals or plants
of different breeds, varieties, species, or genera.[Using
genetics terminology, it may be defined as follows. In
general usage, hybrid is synonymous with heterozygous any
offspring resulting from the breeding of two genetically
distinct individuals. A genetic hybrid carries two different
alleles of the same gene. A structural hybrid results from
the fusion of gametes that have differing structure in at least
one chromosome as a result of structural abnormalities. A
numerical hybrid results from the fusion of gametes
having different haploid numbers of chromosomes. A
permanent hybrid is a situation where only the
heterozygous genotype occurs, because all homozygous
combinations are lethal.

5. HYBRIDISATION
 It is an artificial method of developing high quality
plants and animals.
The offspring's produced by hybridization are called
hybrids.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID VARIETIES
 High Yield
Disease Resistance
Desirable characters
 Tolerance to climate
High production capacity

7. HYBRIDISATION IN ANIMALS
 Hybridization is utilized for developing improved
varieties of animals as well.
There a number of institutions in our state which have
gained in developing high yield varieties of animals.
Eg: Sunandini, Jersey, Swissbrown etc

8. SUNANDINI
• A very high yielding
cross breeding cow
specially suited for
kerala.
• It is developed in
Indo Swiss Project at
Mattupetty near
Munnar.

9. VECHUR COW
•Vechur cow is
Kerala's own variety
of cattle.
•They are the
smallest cows in the
world.
• They are commonly
seen as brown color.

10. PECULARITIES OF VECHUR COW
High milk yielding capacity.
High disease resistance.
Recently they reached the edge of extinction.
As result of the combined efforts of Kerala
Agriculture University and ICAR they get
rebirth .

11. INDIAN VARIETY CATTLE
SAHIWAL REDSINDHI

12. PECULARITIES OF INDIAN VARIETY
Resistance to disease is high.
Easy to rear.
Weight of female less.
Milk production is low.
Milk production period is short.

13. FOREIGN VARIETY CATTLE
SWISSBROWN
JERSEY CROSS

14. PECULARITIES OF FOREIGN VARIETY
Resistance to disease is low.
Need more care.
More weight .
Milk production is high.
Milk production period is long.

15. BENEFITS OF HYBRID VARIETY CATTLES
Through hybridization we get high yielding
varieties.
Increasing milk production.
High longevity.
High immunity to disease.

16. CATTLE RESEARCH CENTRES
Indian Council of Agriculture Research Centre, New
Delhi.
Alamatty, Tamil Nadu
Surat Gargh, Rajasthan
Dharm road, Gujarat
Hassarhotta, Karnataka

17. CONCLUSION
Hybrid variety animals are high yielding.
But it is not good to depend on hybrid varieties by
fully avoiding our native variety animals. They are a
part of our valuable biological wealth. The hybrid
breeds are resulted from the crosses between local
varieties having some desirable characters with high
yielding foreign varieties. So the disappearance of
native varieties can lost even the possibility of the
production of hybrid varieties itself. So it is equally
importance to maintain our native varieties along with
the high yield hybrid varieties.

18. REFERENCE
Rieger, R.; Michaelis A.; Green, M. M. (1991). Glossary
Of Genetics (5th Ed.). Springer
Dr. Valsala Kumar, Msc Phil(phd)(zoology), (2008);
New Jyothi Publications.
Gerard J Tortora; Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
(13th edition)