Peru's capital is Lima, and major cities include Arequipa, Cuzco, and Trujillo, with the currency being nuevo sol. The country has a rich history, being home to ancient civilizations like the Norte Chico and the Inca Empire, and it gained independence from Spanish rule in 1821. Peru is notable for its diverse wildlife, particularly in the Amazon and Andes, featuring many endemic and endangered species, and is also known for the historical site Machu Picchu.