In 1874 Francis Galton in his book English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture found
Out of 180 prominent scientists firstborns were overrepresented.
The greater chance of success for firstborns was because of their
Upbringing (In line with Victorian era understanding) : eldest sons had
A greater chance of having their education paid for by their parents,
Parents gave their eldest sons more attention as well as responsibility, and
With limited financial resources, parents might care just a little bit better for their firstborns.
All the circumstances in which a child comes into the world wealth end up making a person who they are.
Whether they’re born male or female, in war or peace,
But the birth-order effect seems to particularly enthuse and preoccupy us.
Perhaps it may be a vague interplay of personality and environment, expectations and discernment.
In 1874 Francis Galton in his book English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture found
Out of 180 prominent scientists firstborns were overrepresented.
The greater chance of success for firstborns was because of their
Upbringing (In line with Victorian era understanding) : eldest sons had
A greater chance of having their education paid for by their parents,
Parents gave their eldest sons more attention as well as responsibility, and
With limited financial resources, parents might care just a little bit better for their firstborns.
All the circumstances in which a child comes into the world wealth end up making a person who they are.
Whether they’re born male or female, in war or peace,
But the birth-order effect seems to particularly enthuse and preoccupy us.
Perhaps it may be a vague interplay of personality and environment, expectations and discernment.
-Moral Development
-Kohlberg’s Theory
-Gilligan’s Theory
-Consensus and Controversy
-Models of Professional Roles
-Self-Interest
-Engineering as Experimentation
-Engineers as Responsible Experimenters
-Moral Development
-Kohlberg’s Theory
-Gilligan’s Theory
-Consensus and Controversy
-Models of Professional Roles
-Self-Interest
-Engineering as Experimentation
-Engineers as Responsible Experimenters
Textbook of Mental Health & Psychiatric Nursing" by Bharat Pareek and Sandeep Arya.
https://www.visionbookspublisher.com/textbook-of-mental-health-psychiatric-nursing/
Theoretical approaches to psychiatric nursing carepiyushparashar13
nursing practice is based on theoretical concepts. theory guides the nurse to understand human behavior and implement the nursing care plan effectively on patients with maladaptive behavior. theory is a belief, policy or procedure followed as the basis of action.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. DEFINITION
• It is a complex set of psychological qualities that influence an
individual’s characteristic patterns of behavior across different
situations and over time (Richard J. Gerrig and Philip G.
Zimbardo 2005)
• It refers to one characteristics that set him/her apart from
everybody
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 2
3. DEVELOPMENT OF
PERSONALITY
• There are a lot of factor that play a role in shaping personality
• Psychologists have used a number of theoretical perspectives
on development of personality.
• The factors that have been mentioned include; Psychological,
Physiological and socio-cultural.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 3
4. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Psychoanalysis theory explain human behavior in
terms of interaction between various components of
personality. The proponent of this school of thought
is Sigmund Freud whose psycho-analytical concept
was based on the fact that much of man’s behavior is
determined by inate (inborn) instincts or drives which
are largely unconscious
• He divided personality into three hypothetical
perspectives. The id , the ego and the superego.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 4
5. PSYCHOANALYSIS CONT
• He came up with the five stage of psycho-sexual development.
• The way each stage is resolve will affect an individuals
personality later in life
• The diagram below summarizes the stages.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 5
6. PSYCHOANALYSIS CONT
stage Age Erogenous
zone
Major developments
Tasks
Some adult characteristics
who have fixated
Oral 0-1 Mouth, lips
tongue
Weaning Oral behaviors, talkative,
smoking and over eating
Anal 2-3 Anus Toilet training Orderliness
Phallic 4-5 Genitals Oedipus complex Homosexuality or
heterosexuality
Latency 6-12 No specific
area
Development of
defence mechanisms
Fixation does not occur
Genital 13-18 genitals Mature sexual intimacy Sincere interest in other
and mature sexuality
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 6
7. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• The nature of personality is closely linked to the basic
physiological processes such as functioning of the brain
,nervous system and hormone levels.
• Theorists under this school of thought believe that there is an
established relationship between other biological processes and
aspects of personality
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 7
8. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
CONT
• There is evidence that each of the big five personality
have a biological basis. Hans Eyenck described
detailed theory on two of them. Neuroticism and
Extraversion
• Neuroticism is related to the level of activity in the
brain. The limbic system regulate the emotions.
• A person placed high on the neuroticism scale would
probably have a sensitive easily activated limbic
system
• Such person will have a rapid and intense emotional
arousal
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 8
9. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
CONT
• Extraversion which encompasses introversion and extroversion
is related to activity in the behavioral inhibition system.
• This part of the brain is involved in stopping behaviors that
cause pain , frustration and discomfort
• This was demonstrated in the lab using animals. When they
encountered painful of frustrating experiences there behavioral
inhibition system become active and the animals became quiet.
In man it was studied using drugs. The drugs used suppressed
the inhibition system and raised the morale. A quiet man
became talkative after taking alcohols.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 9
10. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS
• Although there is evidence that some aspects of biological
function are inherited, all aspects of biological functioning are in
turn affected by cognitive and environmental factor.
• Erik Erickson viewed personality as a resolution of social conflict,
from birth a social battle starts, as a result of this line of thought
he came up with psycho social stage of development
• He said at every developmental stage the child is faced with a
social battle and the way this social battle is handled will affect
the child’s future personality. The stages are as follows:
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 10
11. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-
1YEAR)
• When the child is born it helpless and depends on
the mother for all its needs of food love warmth etc
• If the child is given this it will develop trust and form
meaningful relationships with others.
• However if the child is denied this it will develop
mistrust and bitterness and negative attitude on the
world.
• He will see the world as an enermy
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 11
12. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT (2-
3YEARS)
• Here there is accomplishment of movement.
• The child wants to walk, run and climb trees. Child
wants to explore the environment
• The child want autonomy
• If encouraged it will be able to deal with situations
affecting the environment.
• However restricted and punished through beating
and strong words thy will develop shame and doubt.
• The child will demonstrate the feelings of inadequacy
and lack of confidence.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 12
13. INITIATIVE VS. GUILTY (4-
5YEARS)
• During this stage the child tries out things like playing
with its genital and experiment with its body.
• The child has the ability to fantasize or imagine.
• Because of its ability to imagine the child develops a lot of
curiosity. The ask a lot of question
• If the child is encouraged during this stage it will develop
the sense of initiative.
• If the child on the other hand is discouraged it will lack
initiative but show guilty later in life.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 13
14. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
(6-11)
• Here the child shows a lot of creativity. The do a lot of things
with there hand e.g. making wire cars, making dolls.
• They also engage in group play. If encourage the child develop
a sense of industry.
• However if the child is discouraged it develops inferiority.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 14
15. IDENTITY VS. IDENTITY CONFUSION
(12-20 YEARS)
• During this stage the child is pre occupied with his
future role in adult hood.
• Thing like finding a job, a life partner, having
children, etc
• The child feels like an adult and want to be treated as
such.
• If these children a treated they find there identity,
however If they are frustrated the get into confusion
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 15
16. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
(21-40YEAR)
• This develops on the outcome of the previous stages.
• If the conflict during the adolescent stage was well resolved the
person will get into meaningful relationships. However if the
adolescent stage was not resolved well,the person withdraw and
become isolated
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 16
17. GENERATIVITY VS.
STAGNATION
• Here the individual want to contribute to the future
• It is characterized by commitment beyond one self and
ones partner to family, work society and future
generation.
• People the future generation to be better that
themselves.
• If one succeeds in doing this they feel proud of themselve
but if thy don’t the they feel like a failure and become self
centered and live things as they are
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 17
18. EGO INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR
(60 AND ABOVE)
• The individual accepts old age and death becomes a reality and
the individual is ready for it.
• If a person looks back and see success in his/her path he feels
happy and feel good with integrity.
• However if they look back and all they see is failure in their path
they become unhappy and have a sense of despair.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 18
19. TYPES AND TRAIT PERSONALITY THEORIES
• Two of the oldest approaches to describing personality involves
classifying people a limited number of distinct types and also
scaling the degree to which they can be described by different
traits.
• Some of the theories psychologists have developed to capture
the differences in terms of types and traits are as follows:
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 19
20. TYPES AND TRAIT PERSONALITY THEORIES
CONT
• Personality type refers to the psychological
classification of different types of people.
• Personality types are distinguished from personality
traits, which come in different levels or degrees. For
example, according to type theories, there are two
types of people, introverts and extraverts.
• According to trait theories, introversion and
extraversion are part of a continuous dimension, with
many people in the middle.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 20
21. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TYPES AND TRAITS
• TYPES: These are distinct, non overlapping categories.
• Types are all or non phenomena, e.g. you are either the first
born or last born. In other words if a person is assigned to one
type he/she could not belong to any other type within the
system. For example you are either anintrovert and extravert
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 21
22. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TYPES AND TRAITS
CONT
• TRAITS: These on the other hand are enduring qualities or
attributes that predispose a person to behave consistently
across situations e.g. you may demonstrate honest one day by
returning a lost wallet and on another day by not cheating on a
test.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 22
23. EXAMPLES PF THEORIES ON PERSONALITY
TYPES CONT
• Galen (2nd century A.D.) suggested that an individual’s
personality depended on which humor was predominated in his
or her body.
• He paired Hippocrates body humor with personality
temperaments according to the following schemes;
Blood. Sanguine temperament (cheerful and active)
Phlegm.: Phlegmatic temperament (Apathetic and sluggish)
Black bile. Melancholy temperament (Sad and brooding)
Yellow bile. Choleric temperament (Irritable and excitable)
• His theory was believed for centuries, up through the meddle
ages.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 23
24. WILLIAM SHELDON (1942)
• He assigned people to three categories based on their body
build.
Endomorphic (fat, soft round)
Mesomorphic (muscular rectangular strong)
Ectomorphic (thin, long, fragile)
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 24
25. ENDOMORPHS
• He believed that these people posses the following
characteristics;
Relaxed
Fond of eating
Sociable
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 25
26. MESOMORPHS
• These he said are;
Physical people
Filled with energy courageous
Assertive
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 26
27. ECTOMORPHS
• These posses the following characteristics:
Brainy
Artistic
Introverted (they think about life rather than
consuming or acting on it.
• For a period of time Sheldon’s theory was sufficiently
influential, however like Hippocrates's theory
Sheldon's notion of body types has proved to be of
little value to predicting individual’s behavior. (Tyler
1965)
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 27
28. FRANK SULLOWAY (1996)
• He proposed a contemporary type theory on birth
order i,e. First born (only child) , or later born in the
family.
• According to him the birth order has a lot to do with
an individual’s personality.
• First born are inclined to want to maintain the initial
attachment they have with their parents
• Right from birth they command their parents love
and want to maintain this attachment by identifying
and complying with their parents.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 28
29. FRANK SULLOWAY (1996)
CONT
• Later born children on the other hand tend to show inovation.
• Sulloway characterized the later borns as “Rebels” they seek to
excel in those domains where the older siblings have not
established superiority.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 29
30. EXAMPLES PF THEORIES ON PERSONALITY
TRAITS
• Hans Eysenk 1973,1990 came up with three dimension from
personality test data ie
Extraversion ( internally vs. externally oriented )
Neuroticism (emotionally stable vs. emotionally unstable)
Psychoticism (kind and considerate vs. aggressive and
antisocial)
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 30
31. HANS EYSENK 1973,1990
CONT
• As shown in the figure below Eysenk combined the two
dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism to form a circular
display.
• He suggested that each quadrant of the display represents one
of the four personality types associated with Galen and
Hippocrates’s humors.
• His theory however allowed for individual variation within these
categories
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 31
32. HANS EYSENK 1973,1990
CONT
• He said individual can fall anywhere around the circle ranging
from very introverted to very extraverted and from very
unstable (neurotic) to very stable
• The traits listed around the circle describe people with
combinations of these two dimensions
• E.g. A person who is extraverted and some what unstable is
likely to be impulsive.
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 32
33. THE QUADRANTS OF EYSENCK’S
PERSONALITY CIRCLE
Upper outer quadrant (LEFT): Unstable
• Moody
• Anxious
• Rigid
• Sober
• Pessimistic
• Reserved
• Unsociable
• Quiet
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 33
34. THE QUADRANTS OF EYSENCK’S
PERSONALITY CIRCLE CONT
• Upper outer quadrant Right (unstable extraverted) :
• Touchy Restless
• Aggressive
• Excitable
• Changeable
• Impulsive
• Optimistic
• Active
1/18/2021 Jones H.M-MBA 34
35. THE QUADRANTS OF EYSENCK’S
PERSONALITY CIRCLE CONT
• Lower outer left quadrant (Introverted stable)
• Passive
• Careful
• Thoughtful
• Peaceful
• Controlled Reliable
• Even tempered
• Calm
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36. THE QUADRANTS OF EYSENCK’S
PERSONALITY CIRCLE CONT
• Lower outer right quadrant (Extaverted stable)
• Sociable
• out going
• Talkative
• Responsive
• Easy going
• Lively
• Carefree
• Leadership
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37. THE QUADRANTS OF EYSENCK’S
PERSONALITY CIRCLE CONT
• Inner upper left quadrant: Melancholic
• Inner upper right quadrant: Choleric
• Inner lower left quadrant: Phlegmatic
• Inner Lower right quadrant: Sanguine
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Inner left quadrant
38. FIVE FACTOR MODEL
• Research findings supported many of Eysenck’s
theory, however in recent years consensus has
emerged the five factors which overlap imperfectly
with Eysenck’s three dimensions, best characterize
personality structure (Wiggins & Pincus, 1992.
• Although these five factor are not accepted by all
personality researchers the now serve as a touch
stone for most discussion of trait structure.
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39. FIVE FACTOR MODEL CONT
Extraversion Talkative, energetic and assertive vs.
quiet reserved and shy
Agreeable Sympathetic, kind and affectionate
vs. Cold quarrelsome and cruel
Conscientiousn
ess
Organized, responsible & cautious
vs. careless, frivolous & irresponsible
Neuroticism Stable, calm & contented vs.
Anxious, unstable & temperamental
Openness to
experience
Creative intellectual & open-minded
vs. simple shallow & unintelligent
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40. ASSESSMENT OF
PERSONALITY
• The assessment method vary in many settings such
as counseling or research.
• Personal selection includes; interviews, report
questionnaire protective test and behavioral
observations
• The method used should be reliable and should yield
the same results if repeated
• The method should also measure what is supposed
to be measured
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41. ASSESSMENT OF
PERSONALITY CONT
• Interviews get information from two sources e.g.
dressing or behavior and manners during interviews
• Structured questions; these are asked and the
response noted. questions are asked about the
persons behavior in the past.
• The assessor hopes to gain information about the
persons characteristic way of behavior.
• However interviewers must be careful not to jump to
conclusions about personal traits on the basis of
inadequate information
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42. STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
CONT
• The problem is that there may be hollow effect.
• These are things that blind the interviewers judgment
e.g.
A good impression created by the ones
characteristics
Speaking very well and smiling
Interviewers may be attracted to the person they are
interviewing
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43. SELF REPORTED
QUESTIONNAIRE
• Here the respondent answer a series of questions related to a
particular trait.
• A numerical score derived from the answers provides a person
with the measure of how much a person exerts a trait.
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44. BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION
• This is one of the best ways to asses a person
• It is done by observing the a real life situation.
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46. STRESS
• It is the physiological reaction formation people exhibit in
response to the environment events called stressors.
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47. SOURCES OF STRESS
• THE SOURCES OF stress include
• Stressful life events
• Problem of daily lives.
• Occupation
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48. MANAGEMENT OF STRESS
• Personal resourcefulness; refers to life skills people
learn and use to reduce the impact of stressor. These
include
Being optimistic than pessimistic about a situation.
Taking a problem solving approach
Obtaining social support
Delegation of work
Taking time off work
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49. MANAGEMENT OF STRESS
CONT
• Appraisals; Refers to the person perception of the
situation.
• There are 2 types of appraisals i.e.:
• Primary appraisal which refers to the perception of
how dangerous a situation is e.g. some people will
face an exam with less stress as they will prepare.
• Secondary appraisal; Refers to a person’s judgment
on whether they can handle or manage a situation.
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50. SOCIAL SUPPORT
• This can lessen the negative effects of stress
• People with good social support believe that they are cared for
and tend to handle situation better.
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