Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to Personality by dr sudhir sahu (1)
Personality by dr sudhir sahu (1)
- 1.
- 2. Meaning & Definitionsof Personality Word Derivation : The term ‘Personality” is derived from the Latin word Persona which means Mask. This concept of personality is drawn from the Greek –Play where identity of an actor recognized from the mask they have. It refers to outer look or external appearance of a person. But this concept of personality was highly criticized by expert as it under estimate the internal aspect of a person.
- 3. Meaning & Definitionsof Personality “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the environment.” (Allport, 1937) Main Points of these definitions Dynamic organization: we need to integrate all parts of our personality into a whole. Organized and patterned personality Subject to change, not static, but growing and changing Criticism- Philosophical Not about assessment process Personality is not so dynamic which change in minutes
- 4. Meaning & Definitionsof Personality Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation. – R. B. Cattel 1970 “Personality is more or less stable and enduring organization of a persons character, temperament, intellect and physique which determine his unique adjustment to environment.” - Eysenck, 1971
- 5. Meaning & Definitionsof Personality Evaluation of Eysenck Concept/Definition of Personality:
- 6. Meaning & Definitionsof Personality Criticism of Eysenck Concept/Definition of Personality:
- 7. Characteristics of Personality •Personalityis something unique and specific. •It is more or less stable and enduring •It is totality of individual traits. •It is both internal as well as external •Individual differences exist in personality •It is byproduct of both heredity and environ ment.
- 8. 8 Personality Determinants Nature/Heredity Geneticallydetermined Inherited traits Fixed at birth Evidence from study of twins separated at birth Nurture Determined by environment Culture and conditioning Family & social groups Situation
- 9. Theories of Personality TypeTheory: Describe Personality in Kinds with some properties (Hippocrates, Kritchmer, Sheldon and Jung) Trait Theory: Describe Personality with traits or psychological construct (Allport and Cattel) Type cum Trait Theory: Assigned kind of personality with some traits (Eysenck) Psychoanalytic Theory: Describe personality with human instinct and structure of mind (Frued)
- 10. Hippocrates Yellow Bile –Choleric or quick-tempered Blood – Sanguine or warm, cheerful temperament Phlegm – Phlegmatic – Sluggish, cool disposition Black Bile – Melancholic – thoughtful, depressive personality Believed traits were a result of a combination of bodily fluids (Humors).
- 11. Sheldon Classification: Ectomorphic, Endomorphic,and Mesomorphic :
- 12. Kretchmer Classification Types Characteristics Pyknic(Fat Body) Sociable, Jolly, Easy-going and good natured. have tendency to extroversion, kindhearted, they are expressive, these individuals more liable to get manic depressive psychoses Athletic (Balanced Body) Energetic, optimistic and adjustable muscular man with broad chest. Asthenic (Lean & Thin) Unsociable, reserved, shy, sensitive and pessimistic. person is tall, flat with long fingers and flat idealistic thinking, more sensitive and not expressive. If they get mental breakdown they will be liable to schizophrenia Dysplastic (Large bone & fat) Mixed Personality
- 13. Carl Jung Extrovert :According to Jung, a person who usually focuses on social life and the external world instead of on his or her internal experience. Introvert : A person who usually focuses on his or her own thoughts and feelings.
- 14. Gordon Allport (1897-1967) Followed his brother Floyd to Harvard, where both studied psychology Was verbally adept, but lacked the statistical and laboratory skills of a dedicated scientist Carved out his own career in the undeveloped area of personality Met with Freud during a trip he took to Europe, but came away thinking that Freud had become blinded to the fact that the conscious influences on our behavior may be of greater importance than the unconscious ones Sometimes called “the father of personality psychology”
- 15. Kind of Traitsto Allport Cardinal Traits: These are primary traits or dominant traits of a person. One or Two in a person. (Example – Humor) Central Traits: Few characteristics which we generally used describe a person (Example: Honesty, Kindness, submissive etc) Secondary Traits: Not so dominant, appear in small range of situation
- 16. Raymond B. Cattell(1905-1998) Born in England and raised in Torquay Was profoundly affected by what he witnessed as an adolescent during World War I Changed his plans of becoming a chemist and enrolled in graduate study in psychology at the University of London Worked with Charles Spearman, who taught him to use factor analysis Came to the US to work with Thorndike at Columbia Worked at Clark University until Allport invited him to join the faculty at Harvard Was extremely hard working, and enormously productive as a writer and researcher
- 17. R.B. Cattel’s TraitTheory Common Traits- widely found in most of the persons (Honesty, aggression, cooperation) Unique Traits- Traits unique to a person (Temperament, values) Surface traits- Observable traits recognized from manifestation (like Marks in the Examination) Source Traits- Lies in structure or source; reason for surface traits (Intelligence, dedication, etc)
- 18. Raymond Cattell (1950’s) Studiedgroups rather than individuals Personality consists of 46 surface traits which can be derived from 16 source traits Take Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire for yourself
- 19. The Big Five Extroversion< > Introversion Agreeableness < > Disagreeableness Conscientiousness < > Carelessness Stability < > Instability Openness < >Closed Mindedness
- 20. Chapter 3 -Personality
- 21. Hans Eysenck (1950’s) TypeCum Traits Theory Hans Eysenck (1906-1997). Disagreed with Allport and Cattell. He believed that there are only two major dimensions to personality: 1. Introversion-Extraversion 2. Neuroticism-Stability 3. Psychotic- Stability
- 22. Eysenck’s Type cumTrait Personality(1950’s) Focused on the relationship between two personality dimensions Introversion/Extroversion Stable/Unstable Cataloged various personality traits according to where those traits appear within the Introversion/Extroversion and Stable/Unstable dimensions. Similar to Hippocrates’ scheme
- 23. Eysenck’s Type CumTrait Personality Introversion (Type Level) Trait Level Persistence Rigidity Subjectivity Shyness Irritability Habitual Level Specific Level
- 25. Psycho-analytic theory Personality theoriescontending that behavior results from psychological forces that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness.
- 26. Freud’s Psychoanalysis: The structureof personality Id - Unconscious Ego - unconscious, preconscious, conscious Superego - unconscious, preconscious, conscious chapter 2
- 27. Freud’s Psychoanalysis: The ID Operatesaccording to the pleasure principle Present from birth Primitive basic needs and wants 2 competing instincts: Life (sexual) - libido Death (aggressive) Unconscious chapter 2
- 28. Freud’s Psychoanalysis: The Ego Operatesaccording to the reality principle Arises in first 3 years of life Mediates between ID and Superego Rational part of mind you can’t always get what you want Floats between all 3 levels of consciousness chapter 2
- 29. Freud’s Psychoanalysis: The Superego MoralConscience Develops around age 5 At end of Phallic Stage Stores and enforces rules Inner voice that tells you not to do something or that what you did was wrong 2 subsystems: Ego Ideal = parents approve/value Conscience = parents disapproval chapter 2
- 30. Frued’s Personality structure Id:In Freud’s theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression. Pleasure principle : According to Freud, the way in which the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct.
- 31. Personality structure Ego :Freud’s term for the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands, conscious, and instinctual need; now often used as a synonym for self. Reality principle : According to Freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world.
- 32. Personality structure Super ego: According to Freud, the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscious and the ego ideal. Ego ideal: The part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be.
- 33.
- 34. How personality develops Libido: According to Freud, the energy generated by sexual instinct. Fixation : According to Freud, a partial or complete halt at some point in the individual’s psychosexual development.
- 35. How personality develops Oralstage : (birth to 2 years)First stage in Freud’s theory of personality development, in which the infant’s erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue. Anal stage : (2-3 years) Second stage in Freud’s theory of personality development, in which a child’s erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination.
- 36. How personality develops Phallicstage : (4 -5) Third stage in Freud’s theory of personality development, in which erotic feelings center on the genitals. Oedipus complex and Electra complex: According to Freud, a child’s sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage.
- 37. How personality develops Latencyperiod : (6incase of girls and 7/8 incase of boys to till puberty)In Freud’s theory of personality, a period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex. Genital stage :(From the puberty to till the Life) In Freud’s theory of personality development, the final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality.
- 39. Ego Defense Mechanisms (1stLine) Repression- Pushing desires from our conscious into the subconscious mind. This may cause repressed feeling that surface later in life. If this doesn’t work we move to 2nd line of defense.
- 40. 2nd Line ofEgo Defense Mechanisms Displacement- Take out anger on something or someone who isn’t the cause of your problem. (Yell at wife instead of instead of annoying friend) Fantasy- Make up things to take the place of unfulfilled needs (Dad is a war hero) Identification- Identify with someone or something who has the positive attributes you desire (Brett Favre and I would be good friends. We both are laid back and pretty athletic) Isolation/Intellectualization- Separate conflicting thoughts or feelings into separate compartments (Your girlfriend looks like your ex but you refuse to think about it) Overcompensation- Covering up for a weakness by overemphasizing another area (You don’t feel confident in Chemistry class so you act out)
- 41. Projection- Blaming difficultieson others (I don’t take risk because my parents didn’t) Rationalization- Sighting reasons why your behavior is okay even though it isn’t (It is okay for me to eat 3 bowls of Trix before bed since I exercised) Reaction Formation- Preventing dangerous or Unacceptable desires by endorsing opposing viewpoints and using them as barriers (I want to sneak on the golf course but it is unlawful and I could get arrested) Regression- Retreating to earlier developmental periods by displaying childish behavior (The Christmas lights didn’t work so I acted like a child and kicked the box of lights) Undoing- Trying to make up for undesirable behaviors (I didn’t correct the test so I gave out extra credit to make myself feel better) Denial of Reality- Refusing to believe something that is true (I know my hair will grow back soon)
- 42.