Personality is defined as a complex set of psychological qualities that influence behavior across situations over time. It develops due to various psychological, physiological, and socio-cultural factors from childhood. Theories on personality development include psychoanalysis, which focuses on unconscious drives, and Erikson's psychosocial stages that center around resolving social conflicts. Personality can also be described using types that categorize people or traits that measure dimensions of behavior. Common theories include Eysenck's traits of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism and the five factor model.

1. PERSONALITY
BY M R . J O N E S H . M - M B A
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 1

2. DEFINITION
• It is a complex set of psychological qualities that influence an
individual’s characteristic patterns of behavior across different
situations and over time (Richard J. Gerrig and Philip G.
Zimbardo 2005)
• It refers to one characteristics that set him/her apart from
everybody
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 2

3. DEVELOPMENT OF
PERSONALITY
• There are a lot of factor that play a role in shaping personality
• Psychologists have used a number of theoretical perspectives
on development of personality.
• The factors that have been mentioned include; Psychological,
Physiological and socio-cultural.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 3

4. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Psychoanalysis theory explain human behavior in
terms of interaction between various components of
personality. The proponent of this school of thought
is Sigmund Freud whose psycho-analytical concept
was based on the fact that much of man’s behavior is
determined by inate (inborn) instincts or drives which
are largely unconscious
• He divided personality into three hypothetical
perspectives. The id , the ego and the superego.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 4

5. PSYCHOANALYSIS CONT
• He came up with the five stage of psycho-sexual development.
• The way each stage is resolve will affect an individuals
personality later in life
• The diagram below summarizes the stages.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 5

6. PSYCHOANALYSIS CONT
stage Age Erogenous
zone
Major developments
Tasks
Some adult characteristics
who have fixated
Oral 0-1 Mouth, lips
tongue
Weaning Oral behaviors, talkative,
smoking and over eating
Anal 2-3 Anus Toilet training Orderliness
Phallic 4-5 Genitals Oedipus complex Homosexuality or
heterosexuality
Latency 6-12 No specific
area
Development of
defence mechanisms
Fixation does not occur
Genital 13-18 genitals Mature sexual intimacy Sincere interest in other
and mature sexuality
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 6

7. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• The nature of personality is closely linked to the basic
physiological processes such as functioning of the brain
,nervous system and hormone levels.
• Theorists under this school of thought believe that there is an
established relationship between other biological processes and
aspects of personality
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 7

8. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
CONT
• There is evidence that each of the big five personality
have a biological basis. Hans Eyenck described
detailed theory on two of them. Neuroticism and
Extraversion
• Neuroticism is related to the level of activity in the
brain. The limbic system regulate the emotions.
• A person placed high on the neuroticism scale would
probably have a sensitive easily activated limbic
system
• Such person will have a rapid and intense emotional
arousal
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 8

9. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
CONT
• Extraversion which encompasses introversion and extroversion
is related to activity in the behavioral inhibition system.
• This part of the brain is involved in stopping behaviors that
cause pain , frustration and discomfort
• This was demonstrated in the lab using animals. When they
encountered painful of frustrating experiences there behavioral
inhibition system become active and the animals became quiet.
In man it was studied using drugs. The drugs used suppressed
the inhibition system and raised the morale. A quiet man
became talkative after taking alcohols.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 9

10. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS
• Although there is evidence that some aspects of biological
function are inherited, all aspects of biological functioning are in
turn affected by cognitive and environmental factor.
• Erik Erickson viewed personality as a resolution of social conflict,
from birth a social battle starts, as a result of this line of thought
he came up with psycho social stage of development
• He said at every developmental stage the child is faced with a
social battle and the way this social battle is handled will affect
the child’s future personality. The stages are as follows:
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 10

11. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-
1YEAR)
• When the child is born it helpless and depends on
the mother for all its needs of food love warmth etc
• If the child is given this it will develop trust and form
meaningful relationships with others.
• However if the child is denied this it will develop
mistrust and bitterness and negative attitude on the
world.
• He will see the world as an enermy
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 11

12. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT (2-
3YEARS)
• Here there is accomplishment of movement.
• The child wants to walk, run and climb trees. Child
wants to explore the environment
• The child want autonomy
• If encouraged it will be able to deal with situations
affecting the environment.
• However restricted and punished through beating
and strong words thy will develop shame and doubt.
• The child will demonstrate the feelings of inadequacy
and lack of confidence.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 12

13. INITIATIVE VS. GUILTY (4-
5YEARS)
• During this stage the child tries out things like playing
with its genital and experiment with its body.
• The child has the ability to fantasize or imagine.
• Because of its ability to imagine the child develops a lot of
curiosity. The ask a lot of question
• If the child is encouraged during this stage it will develop
the sense of initiative.
• If the child on the other hand is discouraged it will lack
initiative but show guilty later in life.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 13

14. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
(6-11)
• Here the child shows a lot of creativity. The do a lot of things
with there hand e.g. making wire cars, making dolls.
• They also engage in group play. If encourage the child develop
a sense of industry.
• However if the child is discouraged it develops inferiority.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 14

15. IDENTITY VS. IDENTITY CONFUSION
(12-20 YEARS)
• During this stage the child is pre occupied with his
future role in adult hood.
• Thing like finding a job, a life partner, having
children, etc
• The child feels like an adult and want to be treated as
such.
• If these children a treated they find there identity,
however If they are frustrated the get into confusion
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 15

16. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
(21-40YEAR)
• This develops on the outcome of the previous stages.
• If the conflict during the adolescent stage was well resolved the
person will get into meaningful relationships. However if the
adolescent stage was not resolved well,the person withdraw and
become isolated
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 16

17. GENERATIVITY VS.
STAGNATION
• Here the individual want to contribute to the future
• It is characterized by commitment beyond one self and
ones partner to family, work society and future
generation.
• People the future generation to be better that
themselves.
• If one succeeds in doing this they feel proud of themselve
but if thy don’t the they feel like a failure and become self
centered and live things as they are
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 17

18. EGO INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR
(60 AND ABOVE)
• The individual accepts old age and death becomes a reality and
the individual is ready for it.
• If a person looks back and see success in his/her path he feels
happy and feel good with integrity.
• However if they look back and all they see is failure in their path
they become unhappy and have a sense of despair.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 18

19. TYPES AND TRAIT PERSONALITY THEORIES
• Two of the oldest approaches to describing personality involves
classifying people a limited number of distinct types and also
scaling the degree to which they can be described by different
traits.
• Some of the theories psychologists have developed to capture
the differences in terms of types and traits are as follows:
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 19

20. TYPES AND TRAIT PERSONALITY THEORIES
CONT
• Personality type refers to the psychological
classification of different types of people.
• Personality types are distinguished from personality
traits, which come in different levels or degrees. For
example, according to type theories, there are two
types of people, introverts and extraverts.
• According to trait theories, introversion and
extraversion are part of a continuous dimension, with
many people in the middle.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 20

21. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TYPES AND TRAITS
• TYPES: These are distinct, non overlapping categories.
• Types are all or non phenomena, e.g. you are either the first
born or last born. In other words if a person is assigned to one
type he/she could not belong to any other type within the
system. For example you are either anintrovert and extravert
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 21

22. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TYPES AND TRAITS
CONT
• TRAITS: These on the other hand are enduring qualities or
attributes that predispose a person to behave consistently
across situations e.g. you may demonstrate honest one day by
returning a lost wallet and on another day by not cheating on a
test.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 22

23. EXAMPLES PF THEORIES ON PERSONALITY
TYPES CONT
• Galen (2nd century A.D.) suggested that an individual’s
personality depended on which humor was predominated in his
or her body.
• He paired Hippocrates body humor with personality
temperaments according to the following schemes;
Blood. Sanguine temperament (cheerful and active)
Phlegm.: Phlegmatic temperament (Apathetic and sluggish)
Black bile. Melancholy temperament (Sad and brooding)
Yellow bile. Choleric temperament (Irritable and excitable)
• His theory was believed for centuries, up through the meddle
ages.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 23

24. WILLIAM SHELDON (1942)
• He assigned people to three categories based on their body
build.
Endomorphic (fat, soft round)
Mesomorphic (muscular rectangular strong)
Ectomorphic (thin, long, fragile)
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 24

25. ENDOMORPHS
• He believed that these people posses the following
characteristics;
Relaxed
Fond of eating
Sociable
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 25

26. MESOMORPHS
• These he said are;
Physical people
Filled with energy courageous
Assertive
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 26

27. ECTOMORPHS
• These posses the following characteristics:
Brainy
Artistic
Introverted (they think about life rather than
consuming or acting on it.
• For a period of time Sheldon’s theory was sufficiently
influential, however like Hippocrates's theory
Sheldon's notion of body types has proved to be of
little value to predicting individual’s behavior. (Tyler
1965)
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 27

28. FRANK SULLOWAY (1996)
• He proposed a contemporary type theory on birth
order i,e. First born (only child) , or later born in the
family.
• According to him the birth order has a lot to do with
an individual’s personality.
• First born are inclined to want to maintain the initial
attachment they have with their parents
• Right from birth they command their parents love
and want to maintain this attachment by identifying
and complying with their parents.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 28

29. FRANK SULLOWAY (1996)
CONT
• Later born children on the other hand tend to show inovation.
• Sulloway characterized the later borns as “Rebels” they seek to
excel in those domains where the older siblings have not
established superiority.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 29

30. EXAMPLES PF THEORIES ON PERSONALITY
TRAITS
• Hans Eysenk 1973,1990 came up with three dimension from
personality test data ie
 Extraversion ( internally vs. externally oriented )
Neuroticism (emotionally stable vs. emotionally unstable)
Psychoticism (kind and considerate vs. aggressive and
antisocial)
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 30

31. HANS EYSENK 1973,1990
CONT
• As shown in the figure below Eysenk combined the two
dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism to form a circular
display.
• He suggested that each quadrant of the display represents one
of the four personality types associated with Galen and
Hippocrates’s humors.
• His theory however allowed for individual variation within these
categories
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 31

32. HANS EYSENK 1973,1990
CONT
• He said individual can fall anywhere around the circle ranging
from very introverted to very extraverted and from very
unstable (neurotic) to very stable
• The traits listed around the circle describe people with
combinations of these two dimensions
• E.g. A person who is extraverted and some what unstable is
likely to be impulsive.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 32

33. THE QUADRANTS OF EYSENCK’S
PERSONALITY CIRCLE
Upper outer quadrant (LEFT): Unstable
• Moody
• Anxious
• Rigid
• Sober
• Pessimistic
• Reserved
• Unsociable
• Quiet
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 33

34. THE QUADRANTS OF EYSENCK’S
PERSONALITY CIRCLE CONT
• Upper outer quadrant Right (unstable extraverted) :
• Touchy Restless
• Aggressive
• Excitable
• Changeable
• Impulsive
• Optimistic
• Active
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 34

35. THE QUADRANTS OF EYSENCK’S
PERSONALITY CIRCLE CONT
• Lower outer left quadrant (Introverted stable)
• Passive
• Careful
• Thoughtful
• Peaceful
• Controlled Reliable
• Even tempered
• Calm
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 35

36. THE QUADRANTS OF EYSENCK’S
PERSONALITY CIRCLE CONT
• Lower outer right quadrant (Extaverted stable)
• Sociable
• out going
• Talkative
• Responsive
• Easy going
• Lively
• Carefree
• Leadership
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 36

37. THE QUADRANTS OF EYSENCK’S
PERSONALITY CIRCLE CONT
• Inner upper left quadrant: Melancholic
• Inner upper right quadrant: Choleric
• Inner lower left quadrant: Phlegmatic
• Inner Lower right quadrant: Sanguine
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 37
Inner left quadrant

38. FIVE FACTOR MODEL
• Research findings supported many of Eysenck’s
theory, however in recent years consensus has
emerged the five factors which overlap imperfectly
with Eysenck’s three dimensions, best characterize
personality structure (Wiggins & Pincus, 1992.
• Although these five factor are not accepted by all
personality researchers the now serve as a touch
stone for most discussion of trait structure.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 38

39. FIVE FACTOR MODEL CONT
Extraversion Talkative, energetic and assertive vs.
quiet reserved and shy
Agreeable Sympathetic, kind and affectionate
vs. Cold quarrelsome and cruel
Conscientiousn
ess
Organized, responsible & cautious
vs. careless, frivolous & irresponsible
Neuroticism Stable, calm & contented vs.
Anxious, unstable & temperamental
Openness to
experience
Creative intellectual & open-minded
vs. simple shallow & unintelligent
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 39

40. ASSESSMENT OF
PERSONALITY
• The assessment method vary in many settings such
as counseling or research.
• Personal selection includes; interviews, report
questionnaire protective test and behavioral
observations
• The method used should be reliable and should yield
the same results if repeated
• The method should also measure what is supposed
to be measured
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 40

41. ASSESSMENT OF
PERSONALITY CONT
• Interviews get information from two sources e.g.
dressing or behavior and manners during interviews
• Structured questions; these are asked and the
response noted. questions are asked about the
persons behavior in the past.
• The assessor hopes to gain information about the
persons characteristic way of behavior.
• However interviewers must be careful not to jump to
conclusions about personal traits on the basis of
inadequate information
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 41

42. STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
CONT
• The problem is that there may be hollow effect.
• These are things that blind the interviewers judgment
e.g.
A good impression created by the ones
characteristics
Speaking very well and smiling
Interviewers may be attracted to the person they are
interviewing
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 42

43. SELF REPORTED
QUESTIONNAIRE
• Here the respondent answer a series of questions related to a
particular trait.
• A numerical score derived from the answers provides a person
with the measure of how much a person exerts a trait.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 43

44. BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION
• This is one of the best ways to asses a person
• It is done by observing the a real life situation.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 44

45. DEFENSE MECHANISM
• As discussed earlier
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 45

46. STRESS
• It is the physiological reaction formation people exhibit in
response to the environment events called stressors.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 46

47. SOURCES OF STRESS
• THE SOURCES OF stress include
• Stressful life events
• Problem of daily lives.
• Occupation
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 47

48. MANAGEMENT OF STRESS
• Personal resourcefulness; refers to life skills people
learn and use to reduce the impact of stressor. These
include
Being optimistic than pessimistic about a situation.
Taking a problem solving approach
Obtaining social support
Delegation of work
Taking time off work
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 48

49. MANAGEMENT OF STRESS
CONT
• Appraisals; Refers to the person perception of the
situation.
• There are 2 types of appraisals i.e.:
• Primary appraisal which refers to the perception of
how dangerous a situation is e.g. some people will
face an exam with less stress as they will prepare.
• Secondary appraisal; Refers to a person’s judgment
on whether they can handle or manage a situation.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 49

50. SOCIAL SUPPORT
• This can lessen the negative effects of stress
• People with good social support believe that they are cared for
and tend to handle situation better.
8/26/2019 Jones H.M-MBA 50