The document discusses several key aspects of human development during adolescence based on theories from Freud, Erikson, and Marcia. It describes adolescence as a period of biological, cognitive, social, and personality changes between ages 12-18. Some of the main points covered include physical changes during puberty, advances in cognitive and moral reasoning skills, experimenting with social roles and identity formation, developing autonomy from parents and forming peer relationships.

1. Human Development Adolescents Introduction to General Psychology Niel Steve M. Kintanar

3. Positive Psychology and Adolescents 1. Freud described adolescents as sexually driven and conflicted. 2. Too often adolescents have been stereotyped as abnormal and deviant. a. Acting out and boundary testing are normal events in adolescent development. b. Adolescents enthusiastically try on new identities. 3. Adolescence is a time of evaluation, decision making, and commitment. 4. Worldwide, about three out of four adolescents have a healthy self- image.

5. Introduction to General Psychology Niel Steve M. Kintanar

6. Cognitive Development in Adolescents They also enter a period of significant cognitive growth where thinking is characterized by abstraction, idealism, and hypothetical-deductive reasoning. This change in thinking is reflected in a change in moral reasoning skills.

7. Socio-emotional Development in Adolescents According to Erikson, adolescents experiment with different roles in an effort to determine who they are. a. A moratorium is a temporal and psychological gap between childhood and adulthood. b. Identity confusion can result in withdrawal and isolation or immersion in the crowd

10. 1. Developing a positive identity 1. Identity is complex and takes a long time to develop. 2. The secondary school years are an important time for identity development. 3. Whether or not to adopt the parents’ identities is a challenge. 4. Identities continue to change.

11. Introduction to General Psychology Niel Steve M. Kintanar

12. 2. Developing autonomy Introduction to General Psychology Niel Steve M. Kintanar As people move from childhood to adulthood, adolescents demand, and parents grant them increasing autonomy. Ψ Parents “granting autonomy” is freeing adolescents from external rules or constraints. Ψ But adolescents typically demand autonomy earlier than their parents are ready to grant it. (Parent and adolescent conflict) Ψ Studies have shown that both parents and adolescents agree that parents can (and indeed should) regulate some aspects of their adolescents lives.