Personality refers to an individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. It arises from both genetic and environmental factors. Personality can be measured through self-report surveys and observer ratings to provide insight into hiring, job fit, and workplace behavior. Common personality traits include the "Big Five" dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness. Additional concepts are locus of control, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and the "Dark Triad" of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. The Myers-Briggs and Big Five models provide frameworks for understanding personality types and traits.

1. Personality

2. What is Personality?
 Personality
◦ The sum total of ways in which an
individual reacts and interacts with others.
 Personality Traits
◦ Enduring characteristics that describe an
individual’s behavior.

3. Measuring Personality
 Useful in hiring decisions and help
managers forecast employee-fit
 Self-report surveys.
◦ Impression management
◦ Accuracy: Bad mood.
 Observer – ratings surveys: Co-
worker or independent observer:
◦ Subject’s knowledge / not
◦ Better credibility
Combination of both

4. Personality Determinants
 Whether it is a result of
heredity or environment .
 Heredity: Factors determined
at conception.
◦ Phy stature, facial features,
gender, temperament, muscle
composition and reflexes, energy
level, biological rhythms.
◦ Influenced by parentage (Only
Genes and Chromosomes..)
◦ 1000s of identical twins
separated at birth – genetics
account 50% of personality. 30%
occupational and leisure
interests.
Personality
Determinants
• Heredity
• Environment
• Situation

5.  Personality is changeable in
adolescence and more stable among
adults.
 Characteristics in a large no of
situations - personality traits.
 Consistency over time and frequency
of expression indicate the trait
importance.

6. Personality Types
 Proactive Personality
◦ Identifies opportunities, shows initiative,
takes action, and perseveres until
meaningful change occurs.
◦ Creates positive change in the
environment, regardless or even in spite
of constraints or obstacles.

7. Locus of Control
 Locus of Control
◦ The degree to which people believe they are
masters of their own fate.
 Internals
Individuals who believe that they
control what happens to them.
 Externals
Individuals who believe that what
happens to them is controlled by
outside forces such as luck or chance.

8. Self-Esteem and Self-
Monitoring
 Self-Esteem (SE)
◦ Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.
See themselves as effective and capable and in
control. Sales and insurance personnel
 Self-Monitoring
◦ A personality trait that measures an individuals ability
to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational
factors.
◦ Striking contradiction between public persona and pvt
self. Easily conform to others.

9. The DARK TRIAD
Machiavellianism
NarcissismPsychopath

10. Machiavellianism
 Machiavellianism (Mach)
◦ I do whatever I do to get ahead.
◦ Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
maintains emotional distance, and believes
that ends can justify means.
◦ If it works use it
◦ Manipulate more and win more, persuaded
less.
◦ Engage in counter-productive activity
◦ Ethical leadership behavior less likely to
transalate to followers

11. Narcissism
 Tendency to be arrogant . Have a
grandiose sense of self –importance
 Require excessive admiration and have
a sense of entitlement.
 Greek myth of Narcissus.
 Higher levels of motivation and job
satisfaction
 Perceived as ineffective and unethical
leaders.
 It stresses them if they don’t get what
they want

12. Psychopath
 J.L. Koch – German Psychologist
 Lack of concern for others
 Lack of guilt or remorse while causing
harm
 Research suggests hard influence tactics
– threat, manipulations, bullying
 Right of person with disabilities bill, 2014
https://www.idrlabs.com/psychopathy/test.
php

13. The Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator:
 Most widely used
 100 questions – how they usually feel or
act in different situations.
◦ Extraverted: outgoing, sociable and
assertive.
VS
◦ Introverted: quiet and shy
◦ Sensing: practical, prefer routine and order.
Focus on details
VS
◦ Intuitive: unconscious processes and “Big
Picture”

14.  Thinking: use reason and logic to
handle problems.
VS
 Feeling: personal values and
emotions.
 Judging: want control and prefer
order and structure
VS
 Perceiving: flexible and spontaneous
INTJ – Visionaries,
ESTJ – Organizers
ENTP – Entrepreneurial Ideas

15. The Big Five Personality
Model
 Five basic dimensions
◦ Extraversion : comfort level with
relationships.
H-> Gregarious, assertive, and sociable.
L-> reserved, timid and quiet.
◦ Agreeableness: propensity to defer to
others
H-> co-operative, warm and trusting.
L-> cold, disagreeable and antagonistic.

16. ◦ Conscientiousness : measure of
reliability:
H-> organized, dependable and
persistent
L-> distracted, disorganized and
unreliable
◦ Emotional Stability: inverse neuroticism
H->calm, self-confident and secure
L-> nervous, anxious, depressed and
insecure.
◦ Openness to experience: range of
interests and fascination with novelty
H-> creative, curious and artistically