This document discusses various methods and examples for evaluating investment and profitability of projects. It covers topics such as annual costs and profits, traditional measures like return on investment, modern measures like net present value, sensitivity analysis, risk and uncertainty analysis using probabilities, learning curves, and effects of inflation. It also discusses accounting principles, cost of capital, cost control methods, manufacturing cost estimation for single and multiple products, fixed capital cost estimation, and construction costs. Examples provided include calculations related to equipment costs, depreciation, variances, probabilities, breakeven analysis, and total installed plant costs.
This document discusses psychrometry, evaporative cooling, and solids drying. It covers terminology, principles, examples, equipment, and processes related to these topics. Key areas covered include psychrometric charts, cooling tower theory and operation, periods of drying, classification of dryers, and descriptions of dryer types like batch tray dryers, tunnel dryers, and rotary dryers. The document provides detailed information on analyzing processes involving air-water vapor mixtures and drying of solids.
Basic Unit Conversions for Turbomachinery Calculations Vijay Sarathy
Turbomachinery equipment like centrifugal pumps & compressors have their performance stated as a function of Actual volumetric flow rate [Q] & Head [m/bar]. The following tutorial describes how pump/compressor head can be expressed in energy terms as ‘kJ/kg’. Turbomachinery head expressed in kJ/kg describes, how many kJ of energy is required to compress 1 kg of gas for a given pressure ratio. The advantage of using energy terms to estimate absorbed power is that it is based on the amount of ‘mass’ compressed which is independent of pressure and temperature of a fluid.
This document is a lecture on cost estimation that covers several topics:
1) It discusses capital costs including fixed capital and working capital.
2) It explains the breakdown of total product costs including manufacturing costs, general expenses, and their typical percentages.
3) It provides examples of cost estimation problems from referenced textbooks, showing calculations for direct costs, indirect costs, depreciation, taxes, net profit, and cash flow.
Engineers often use softwares to perform gas compressor calculations to estimate compressor duty, temperatures, adiabatic & polytropic efficiencies, driver & cooler duty. In the following exercise, gas compressor calculations for a pipeline composition are shown as an example case study.
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS Gerard B. Hawkins
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
1) Conversion and reactor sizing for different reactor types such as batch, CSTR, PFR and reactors in series are discussed. Key equations for calculating conversion and sizing reactors given reaction rate data are presented.
2) Examples are provided to calculate the volume of a CSTR and PFR needed to achieve 80% conversion of a reactant based on rate data, and to compare the required volumes between reactor types.
3) For an isothermal reaction, a CSTR typically requires a larger volume than a PFR to achieve the same conversion due to operating at the lowest reaction rate throughout the reactor.
This document discusses psychrometry, evaporative cooling, and solids drying. It covers terminology, principles, examples, equipment, and processes related to these topics. Key areas covered include psychrometric charts, cooling tower theory and operation, periods of drying, classification of dryers, and descriptions of dryer types like batch tray dryers, tunnel dryers, and rotary dryers. The document provides detailed information on analyzing processes involving air-water vapor mixtures and drying of solids.
Basic Unit Conversions for Turbomachinery Calculations Vijay Sarathy
Turbomachinery equipment like centrifugal pumps & compressors have their performance stated as a function of Actual volumetric flow rate [Q] & Head [m/bar]. The following tutorial describes how pump/compressor head can be expressed in energy terms as ‘kJ/kg’. Turbomachinery head expressed in kJ/kg describes, how many kJ of energy is required to compress 1 kg of gas for a given pressure ratio. The advantage of using energy terms to estimate absorbed power is that it is based on the amount of ‘mass’ compressed which is independent of pressure and temperature of a fluid.
This document is a lecture on cost estimation that covers several topics:
1) It discusses capital costs including fixed capital and working capital.
2) It explains the breakdown of total product costs including manufacturing costs, general expenses, and their typical percentages.
3) It provides examples of cost estimation problems from referenced textbooks, showing calculations for direct costs, indirect costs, depreciation, taxes, net profit, and cash flow.
Engineers often use softwares to perform gas compressor calculations to estimate compressor duty, temperatures, adiabatic & polytropic efficiencies, driver & cooler duty. In the following exercise, gas compressor calculations for a pipeline composition are shown as an example case study.
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS Gerard B. Hawkins
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
1) Conversion and reactor sizing for different reactor types such as batch, CSTR, PFR and reactors in series are discussed. Key equations for calculating conversion and sizing reactors given reaction rate data are presented.
2) Examples are provided to calculate the volume of a CSTR and PFR needed to achieve 80% conversion of a reactant based on rate data, and to compare the required volumes between reactor types.
3) For an isothermal reaction, a CSTR typically requires a larger volume than a PFR to achieve the same conversion due to operating at the lowest reaction rate throughout the reactor.
The document describes a proposed process to produce 50,000 metric tons per year of dimethyl ether (DME) through the catalytic dehydration of methanol. Key aspects of the process include:
- Methanol and recycled methanol will be mixed, vaporized, and sent to a fixed bed reactor operating at 350°C to produce DME and water.
- The reactor effluent will be cooled and separated into DME product and a stream of methanol and water using two distillation columns.
- The project tasks involve developing a process flow diagram, performing material balances, equipment sizing and costing, estimating capital and operating costs, and evaluating the economic viability of the process.
Excess gibbs free energy models,MARGULES EQUATION
,REDLICH-KISTER EQUATION,VAN LAAR EQUATION
,WILSON AND “NRTL” EQUATION
,UNIversal QUAsi Chemical equation
The presentation is for the engineers of HIRA POWER PLANT,. The complete calculations for calculation of boiler efficiency are described in the presentation
The document discusses key concepts in multicomponent distillation including:
- Key components are chosen to indicate separation and are always distributed between products.
- The Fenske equation is used to determine minimum number of stages assuming constant relative volatility, while the Underwood method determines minimum reflux ratio.
- The Gilliland correlation estimates actual number of stages given operating reflux from minimum values.
PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGEN BY STEAM METHANE REFORMING (SMR)Priyam Jyoti Borah
Steam methane reforming (SMR) is one of the most promising processes for hydrogen production. Several studies have demonstrated its advantages from the economic viewpoint. Nowadays process development is based on technical and economic aspects, however, in the near future; the environmental impact will play a significant role in the design of such processes. In this paper, an SMR process is studied from the viewpoint of overall environmental impact, using an exergoenvironmental analysis. This analysis presents the combination of exergy analysis and life cycle assessment. Components, where chemical reactions occur, are the most important plant components from the exergoenvironmental point of view, because, in general, there is a high environmental impact associated with these components. This is mainly caused by the energy destruction within the components, and this in turn is mainly due to the chemical reactions. The obtained results show that the largest potential for reducing the overall environmental impact is associated with the combustion reactor, the steam reformer, the hydrogen separation unit and the major heat exchangers. The environmental impact in these components can mainly be reduced by improving their exergetic efficiency. A sensitivity analysis for some important exergoenvironmental variables is also presented in the paper.
This is course on Plant Simulation will show you how to setup hypothetical compounds, oil assays, blends, and petroleum characterization using the Oil Manager of Aspen HYSYS.
You will learn about:
Hypothetical Compounds (Hypos)
Estimation of hypo compound data
Models via Chemical Structure UNIFAC Component Builder
Basis conversion/cloning of existing components
Input of Petroleum Assay and Crude Oils
Typical Bulk Properties (Molar Weight, Density, Viscosity)
Distillation curves such as TBP (Total Boiling Point)
ASTM (D86, D1160, D86-D1160, D2887)
Chromatography
Light End
Oil Characterization
Using the Petroleum Assay Manager or the Oil Manager
Importing Assays: Existing Database
Creating Assays: Manually / Model
Cutting: Pseudocomponent generation
Blending of crude oils
Installing oils into Aspen HYSYS flowsheets
Getting Results (Plots, Graphs, Tables)
Property and Composition Tables
Distribution Plot (Off Gas, Light Short Run, Naphtha, Kerosene, Light Diesel, Heavy Diesel, Gasoil, Residue)
Oil Properties
Proper
Boiling Point Curves
Viscosity, Density, Molecular Weight Curves
This is helpful for students, teachers, engineers and researchers in the area of R&D, specially those in the Oil and Gas or Petroleum Refining industry.
This is a "workshop-based" course, there is about 25% theory and about 75% work!
At the end of the course you will be able to handle crude oils for your fractionation, refining, petrochemical process simulations!
This document provides an overview of forced draught burners, including:
1. Fundamental combustion principles such as basic reactions, combustion supporters, pollutant emissions, and combustion control.
2. Details of forced draught burner components like the combustion head, fan, fuel supply, electrical control, and noise levels. It includes diagrams of typical system layouts.
3. A process for selecting an appropriate forced draught burner based on criteria like thermal capacity, fuel type, and installation features. It includes an example selection.
4. Methods for measuring combustion efficiency using instruments to calculate efficiency factors.
5. Reference tables and diagrams on topics like measurement units, fuel properties, circuit dimensioning,
The document describes the design of a batch stirred tank reactor for producing industrial alcohol through fermentation. Key details include:
- The reactor will be a jacketed, stirred tank reactor with a volume of 377m3, 10m height, 6.8m diameter, and carbon steel construction.
- It will operate at 32°C and 1.8 atm with a 52 hour batch time and use a torispherical head.
- Cooling will be provided by a 17m2 jacket using 33 tons/hr of cooling water from 20-28°C.
- Agitation will be from three 6-bladed impellers 2.2m in diameter running at 44 RPM and requiring 60
The vapors from a vapor column are condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger using cooling water. The design is for a multi-tube pass, single shell pass heat exchanger with 8 tubes of 3/4" diameter and 6' length. Energy and heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the required cooling water flow rate of 2072.53 lbs/hr and heat transfer area of 19.86 sqft to achieve the necessary heat transfer. Pressure drops are also calculated to be within acceptable limits.
This document contains rules of thumb and guidelines for sizing and designing various process equipment used in oil and gas facilities. It includes sections on separation equipment, heat exchangers, treating systems, fluid flow, fractionation, combustion equipment, physical properties, and compressors/pumps. The document provides preliminary sizing equations, design practices, and considerations for various unit operations.
The document summarizes the process for producing ammonia from natural gas and/or naphtha. Key steps include:
1) Desulphurization of the hydrocarbon feedstock using hydrogenation and ZnO absorption to remove sulfur.
2) Reforming the desulphurized feedstock with steam and air at high pressure and temperature in multiple reactors to produce synthesis gas containing hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
3) Purifying the synthesis gas through shift conversion and CO2/CO removal to increase hydrogen yield before sending the gas to the ammonia synthesis loop.
BE Chemical Engineering Design Project Production Of Propylene Oxidepatrickconneran
The document summarizes the design of a plant to produce 100,000 tonnes per year of 99.8% propylene oxide. It describes the selection of the cumene hydroperoxide process and provides details on the design of the key equipment, including oxidation, epoxidation, and distillation reactors and columns. It also discusses cost estimates, environmental impact assessments, hazard and operability studies, and the proposed site layout.
The document summarizes a lecture on pinch analysis and process integration given by Nigus Gabbiye Habtu. It discusses key concepts of pinch analysis including identifying hot and cold streams, constructing composite curves of heat sources and sinks, setting targets for minimum utility usage and capital costs, and using pinch analysis to optimize heat exchange in processes. The document provides examples of applying pinch analysis concepts to chemical reactor systems to reduce their energy demands through improved heat integration and exchange.
Sizing of relief valves for supercritical fluidsAlexis Torreele
The document provides an overview of Jacobs, an engineering company, and discusses their approach to sizing relief valves for supercritical fluids. It then presents a case study example of calculating the relief requirements for a vessel containing methane undergoing an external fire. The key steps involve: (1) gathering process data; (2) determining heat input from the fire; (3) calculating fluid properties as temperature increases; (4) determining mass and volume relief rates; (5) calculating choked flow rates; and (6) sizing the required relief valve orifice. The example demonstrates that relief of supercritical fluids can involve complex two-phase flow that requires specialized modeling approaches.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer equipment and thermal design of heat exchangers. It introduces key concepts in heat exchanger design including the overall heat transfer coefficient, mean temperature difference, and types of flow arrangements. It then discusses the thermal design of specific equipment types like shell-and-tube heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, evaporators, and heating/cooling of tanks. The document also covers topics like fouling, extended surfaces, and thermal design considerations for solids processing.
A QUICK ESTIMATION METHOD TO DETERMINE HOT RECYCLE REQUIREMENTS FOR CENTRIFUG...Vijay Sarathy
Turbomachinery Engineers often conduct studies to determine if a hot gas bypass is required for a given centrifugal compressor system. This would mean building a process model and simulating it for Emergency Shutdown conditions (ESD) & Normal Shutdown conditions (NSD) to check if the compressor operating point crosses the surge limit line (SLL). A quick estimation method that uses dimensionless number called the inertia number can be used to check prior to the study, if a Hot gas bypass (a.k.a. Hot Recycle) is required in addition to an Anti-surge line (ASV or a.k.a Cold Recycle).
This document presents the design of a process to produce phthalic anhydride from o-xylene. It includes a literature review on the production process, kinetic data, safety and environmental precautions. Mass and energy balances were developed for the key units: a mixing point, reactor, condenser, and two distillation columns. Process simulation and equipment sizing were performed. The reactor was designed to operate adiabatically at 150°C and 30 bar. The first distillation column was designed to separate o-xylene from other components with a minimum reflux ratio.
The Design and Layout of Vertical Thermosyphon ReboilersGerard B. Hawkins
The Design and Layout of Vertical Thermosyphon Reboilers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE DESIGN PROBLEM
5 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
6 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Heating Medium Temperature
6.2 Fouling Resistance
7 DESIGN PARAMETERS
7.1 Overall Arrangement and Specifications
7.2 Geometry Elements
8 ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
PROGRAM RESULTS
8.1 Main Results
8.2 Supplementary Results
8.3 Error Analysis
8.4 Adjustments to Design
9 OPERATING RANGE
10 CONTROL
10.1 Control of Condensing Heating Medium Pressure
10.2 Control of The Condensate Level
10.3 Control of Sensible Fluid Flow Rate
11 LAYOUT
11.1 Factors Influencing Design
11.2 A Standard Layout
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
This document provides a tutorial on using Flow Simulation 2012 software. It covers topics such as opening SolidWorks models, creating flow simulation projects, specifying boundary conditions and engineering goals, running calculations, and viewing results through cut plots, surface plots, and other visualization tools. Step-by-step instructions are provided for analyzing examples involving a ball valve, conjugate heat transfer, porous media flow, hydraulic loss determination, drag coefficient calculation, and heat exchanger efficiency.
This document provides guidance for developers of utility-scale solar photovoltaic power plants. It covers the entire project development process from early stage development through to construction, operation and financing. The document discusses key topics such as solar PV technology, site selection, plant design, permitting, contracts, construction, operations and maintenance, policies to support solar development, and financial analysis. It is intended to help project developers successfully develop, build and operate large-scale solar power plants.
The document describes a proposed process to produce 50,000 metric tons per year of dimethyl ether (DME) through the catalytic dehydration of methanol. Key aspects of the process include:
- Methanol and recycled methanol will be mixed, vaporized, and sent to a fixed bed reactor operating at 350°C to produce DME and water.
- The reactor effluent will be cooled and separated into DME product and a stream of methanol and water using two distillation columns.
- The project tasks involve developing a process flow diagram, performing material balances, equipment sizing and costing, estimating capital and operating costs, and evaluating the economic viability of the process.
Excess gibbs free energy models,MARGULES EQUATION
,REDLICH-KISTER EQUATION,VAN LAAR EQUATION
,WILSON AND “NRTL” EQUATION
,UNIversal QUAsi Chemical equation
The presentation is for the engineers of HIRA POWER PLANT,. The complete calculations for calculation of boiler efficiency are described in the presentation
The document discusses key concepts in multicomponent distillation including:
- Key components are chosen to indicate separation and are always distributed between products.
- The Fenske equation is used to determine minimum number of stages assuming constant relative volatility, while the Underwood method determines minimum reflux ratio.
- The Gilliland correlation estimates actual number of stages given operating reflux from minimum values.
PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGEN BY STEAM METHANE REFORMING (SMR)Priyam Jyoti Borah
Steam methane reforming (SMR) is one of the most promising processes for hydrogen production. Several studies have demonstrated its advantages from the economic viewpoint. Nowadays process development is based on technical and economic aspects, however, in the near future; the environmental impact will play a significant role in the design of such processes. In this paper, an SMR process is studied from the viewpoint of overall environmental impact, using an exergoenvironmental analysis. This analysis presents the combination of exergy analysis and life cycle assessment. Components, where chemical reactions occur, are the most important plant components from the exergoenvironmental point of view, because, in general, there is a high environmental impact associated with these components. This is mainly caused by the energy destruction within the components, and this in turn is mainly due to the chemical reactions. The obtained results show that the largest potential for reducing the overall environmental impact is associated with the combustion reactor, the steam reformer, the hydrogen separation unit and the major heat exchangers. The environmental impact in these components can mainly be reduced by improving their exergetic efficiency. A sensitivity analysis for some important exergoenvironmental variables is also presented in the paper.
This is course on Plant Simulation will show you how to setup hypothetical compounds, oil assays, blends, and petroleum characterization using the Oil Manager of Aspen HYSYS.
You will learn about:
Hypothetical Compounds (Hypos)
Estimation of hypo compound data
Models via Chemical Structure UNIFAC Component Builder
Basis conversion/cloning of existing components
Input of Petroleum Assay and Crude Oils
Typical Bulk Properties (Molar Weight, Density, Viscosity)
Distillation curves such as TBP (Total Boiling Point)
ASTM (D86, D1160, D86-D1160, D2887)
Chromatography
Light End
Oil Characterization
Using the Petroleum Assay Manager or the Oil Manager
Importing Assays: Existing Database
Creating Assays: Manually / Model
Cutting: Pseudocomponent generation
Blending of crude oils
Installing oils into Aspen HYSYS flowsheets
Getting Results (Plots, Graphs, Tables)
Property and Composition Tables
Distribution Plot (Off Gas, Light Short Run, Naphtha, Kerosene, Light Diesel, Heavy Diesel, Gasoil, Residue)
Oil Properties
Proper
Boiling Point Curves
Viscosity, Density, Molecular Weight Curves
This is helpful for students, teachers, engineers and researchers in the area of R&D, specially those in the Oil and Gas or Petroleum Refining industry.
This is a "workshop-based" course, there is about 25% theory and about 75% work!
At the end of the course you will be able to handle crude oils for your fractionation, refining, petrochemical process simulations!
This document provides an overview of forced draught burners, including:
1. Fundamental combustion principles such as basic reactions, combustion supporters, pollutant emissions, and combustion control.
2. Details of forced draught burner components like the combustion head, fan, fuel supply, electrical control, and noise levels. It includes diagrams of typical system layouts.
3. A process for selecting an appropriate forced draught burner based on criteria like thermal capacity, fuel type, and installation features. It includes an example selection.
4. Methods for measuring combustion efficiency using instruments to calculate efficiency factors.
5. Reference tables and diagrams on topics like measurement units, fuel properties, circuit dimensioning,
The document describes the design of a batch stirred tank reactor for producing industrial alcohol through fermentation. Key details include:
- The reactor will be a jacketed, stirred tank reactor with a volume of 377m3, 10m height, 6.8m diameter, and carbon steel construction.
- It will operate at 32°C and 1.8 atm with a 52 hour batch time and use a torispherical head.
- Cooling will be provided by a 17m2 jacket using 33 tons/hr of cooling water from 20-28°C.
- Agitation will be from three 6-bladed impellers 2.2m in diameter running at 44 RPM and requiring 60
The vapors from a vapor column are condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger using cooling water. The design is for a multi-tube pass, single shell pass heat exchanger with 8 tubes of 3/4" diameter and 6' length. Energy and heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the required cooling water flow rate of 2072.53 lbs/hr and heat transfer area of 19.86 sqft to achieve the necessary heat transfer. Pressure drops are also calculated to be within acceptable limits.
This document contains rules of thumb and guidelines for sizing and designing various process equipment used in oil and gas facilities. It includes sections on separation equipment, heat exchangers, treating systems, fluid flow, fractionation, combustion equipment, physical properties, and compressors/pumps. The document provides preliminary sizing equations, design practices, and considerations for various unit operations.
The document summarizes the process for producing ammonia from natural gas and/or naphtha. Key steps include:
1) Desulphurization of the hydrocarbon feedstock using hydrogenation and ZnO absorption to remove sulfur.
2) Reforming the desulphurized feedstock with steam and air at high pressure and temperature in multiple reactors to produce synthesis gas containing hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
3) Purifying the synthesis gas through shift conversion and CO2/CO removal to increase hydrogen yield before sending the gas to the ammonia synthesis loop.
BE Chemical Engineering Design Project Production Of Propylene Oxidepatrickconneran
The document summarizes the design of a plant to produce 100,000 tonnes per year of 99.8% propylene oxide. It describes the selection of the cumene hydroperoxide process and provides details on the design of the key equipment, including oxidation, epoxidation, and distillation reactors and columns. It also discusses cost estimates, environmental impact assessments, hazard and operability studies, and the proposed site layout.
The document summarizes a lecture on pinch analysis and process integration given by Nigus Gabbiye Habtu. It discusses key concepts of pinch analysis including identifying hot and cold streams, constructing composite curves of heat sources and sinks, setting targets for minimum utility usage and capital costs, and using pinch analysis to optimize heat exchange in processes. The document provides examples of applying pinch analysis concepts to chemical reactor systems to reduce their energy demands through improved heat integration and exchange.
Sizing of relief valves for supercritical fluidsAlexis Torreele
The document provides an overview of Jacobs, an engineering company, and discusses their approach to sizing relief valves for supercritical fluids. It then presents a case study example of calculating the relief requirements for a vessel containing methane undergoing an external fire. The key steps involve: (1) gathering process data; (2) determining heat input from the fire; (3) calculating fluid properties as temperature increases; (4) determining mass and volume relief rates; (5) calculating choked flow rates; and (6) sizing the required relief valve orifice. The example demonstrates that relief of supercritical fluids can involve complex two-phase flow that requires specialized modeling approaches.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer equipment and thermal design of heat exchangers. It introduces key concepts in heat exchanger design including the overall heat transfer coefficient, mean temperature difference, and types of flow arrangements. It then discusses the thermal design of specific equipment types like shell-and-tube heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, evaporators, and heating/cooling of tanks. The document also covers topics like fouling, extended surfaces, and thermal design considerations for solids processing.
A QUICK ESTIMATION METHOD TO DETERMINE HOT RECYCLE REQUIREMENTS FOR CENTRIFUG...Vijay Sarathy
Turbomachinery Engineers often conduct studies to determine if a hot gas bypass is required for a given centrifugal compressor system. This would mean building a process model and simulating it for Emergency Shutdown conditions (ESD) & Normal Shutdown conditions (NSD) to check if the compressor operating point crosses the surge limit line (SLL). A quick estimation method that uses dimensionless number called the inertia number can be used to check prior to the study, if a Hot gas bypass (a.k.a. Hot Recycle) is required in addition to an Anti-surge line (ASV or a.k.a Cold Recycle).
This document presents the design of a process to produce phthalic anhydride from o-xylene. It includes a literature review on the production process, kinetic data, safety and environmental precautions. Mass and energy balances were developed for the key units: a mixing point, reactor, condenser, and two distillation columns. Process simulation and equipment sizing were performed. The reactor was designed to operate adiabatically at 150°C and 30 bar. The first distillation column was designed to separate o-xylene from other components with a minimum reflux ratio.
The Design and Layout of Vertical Thermosyphon ReboilersGerard B. Hawkins
The Design and Layout of Vertical Thermosyphon Reboilers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE DESIGN PROBLEM
5 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
6 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Heating Medium Temperature
6.2 Fouling Resistance
7 DESIGN PARAMETERS
7.1 Overall Arrangement and Specifications
7.2 Geometry Elements
8 ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
PROGRAM RESULTS
8.1 Main Results
8.2 Supplementary Results
8.3 Error Analysis
8.4 Adjustments to Design
9 OPERATING RANGE
10 CONTROL
10.1 Control of Condensing Heating Medium Pressure
10.2 Control of The Condensate Level
10.3 Control of Sensible Fluid Flow Rate
11 LAYOUT
11.1 Factors Influencing Design
11.2 A Standard Layout
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
This document provides a tutorial on using Flow Simulation 2012 software. It covers topics such as opening SolidWorks models, creating flow simulation projects, specifying boundary conditions and engineering goals, running calculations, and viewing results through cut plots, surface plots, and other visualization tools. Step-by-step instructions are provided for analyzing examples involving a ball valve, conjugate heat transfer, porous media flow, hydraulic loss determination, drag coefficient calculation, and heat exchanger efficiency.
This document provides guidance for developers of utility-scale solar photovoltaic power plants. It covers the entire project development process from early stage development through to construction, operation and financing. The document discusses key topics such as solar PV technology, site selection, plant design, permitting, contracts, construction, operations and maintenance, policies to support solar development, and financial analysis. It is intended to help project developers successfully develop, build and operate large-scale solar power plants.
This document provides guidance for developers of utility-scale solar photovoltaic power plants. It covers the entire project development process from early stage development through to construction, operation and financing. Key topics covered include solar PV technology, site selection, plant design, permitting, contracts, construction, operation and maintenance. The intended audience is project developers seeking to build large-scale solar farms.
All of material inside is un-licence, kindly use it for educational only but please do not to commercialize it.
Based on 'ilman nafi'an, hopefully this file beneficially for you.
Thank you.
This document provides guidance for developing utility-scale solar photovoltaic power plant projects. It covers the entire project development process from initial site selection and design through construction, operation and maintenance. Key topics discussed include solar PV technology, predicting energy yield, environmental permitting, power purchase agreements, and financial analysis. The intended audience is project developers.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for performing flow simulations in SolidWorks Flow Simulation. It describes how to open a SolidWorks model, create a flow simulation project, define boundary conditions and engineering goals, run the simulation, and view results through various plot types. The document is divided into multiple chapters that guide the user through simulations of different flow scenarios including ball valve design, conjugate heat transfer, porous media, hydraulic loss, and cylinder drag coefficient.
This document presents a preliminary design for a regional aircraft called Project Eolo. It includes a market study that finds growth opportunities in regional air travel within Europe. A conceptual design is developed to meet requirements for takeoff distance, landing distance, cruise speed, and climb. The general aircraft configuration is then analyzed, including a propeller, wing, empennage, and landing gear design. Systems are selected for propulsion, electrical, lighting, instrumentation, hydraulics, and structures. CFD, economic feasibility, environmental impact, safety, planning, and quality aspects are also evaluated to develop the preliminary design for the Project Eolo regional aircraft.
Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants - A Project Developer’s GuidePrivate Consultants
This document provides guidance for developing utility-scale solar photovoltaic power plant projects. It covers the entire project development process from initial site selection and resource assessment through construction and long-term operation. Key topics discussed include solar PV technology, assessing the solar resource, predicting energy yield, site selection factors, plant design considerations, permitting requirements, engineering procurement and construction contracts, and financial analysis methods. The intended audience is project developers of large-scale solar power projects.
This document provides instructions for using COSMOSFloWorks software to simulate fluid flow and heat transfer. It outlines steps for opening a CAD model, setting up a project, defining boundary conditions and engineering goals, running simulations, and visualizing results through plots and trajectories. The document includes sections on topics like conjugate heat transfer, porous media, drag coefficient calculation, and parametric studies.
Cobre - Gestión de Activos – Guía para la aplicación de la norma 55001Horacio Felauto
La gestión de activos representa un cambio cultural en el planeamiento estratégico de las empresas que agrega a la visión tradicional sobre productos y clientes la visión de los activos y del valor que estos son capaces de generar al negocio. Autor: International Copper Association Latin America
This document provides an introduction to managerial accounting concepts. It defines managerial accounting as providing internal reports customized for management decision making, as opposed to external financial reporting. It notes managerial accounting involves actual and estimated future financial data. The main topics covered include accumulating costs, analyzing costs, evaluating performance, and comparing alternatives. It states the goal is to generate profit by controlling costs, which impact profitability. Managerial accounting is relevant for service, merchandising, and manufacturing businesses.
This report analyzes the factors that determine the cost of electricity from new power plants, such as construction costs, fuel costs, environmental regulations, and financing costs. Government policies can influence these factors and determine what types of power plants are built. For example, policies that reduce costs for nuclear plants could benefit nuclear energy. The report models the potential costs of electricity from different power plant technologies in 2015 under various scenarios and finds that government incentives can change the relative costs of technologies. Natural gas plants are often competitive, but coal plants with carbon capture are currently more expensive than alternatives like wind and nuclear.
This thesis proposes an innovation called Environmentally Opportunistic Computing (EOC) to address the large amounts of waste heat generated by data centers. EOC nodes would utilize an algorithm to supply waste heat from servers to locations where it is needed, such as for building heating. This would significantly reduce data center cooling costs. The thesis outlines the science and engineering behind EOC, reviews potential applications, discusses intellectual property considerations, identifies barriers to commercialization, and describes additional work needed to develop EOC into a business.
This document is the user manual for the Fluke 92B/96B/99B/105B ScopeMeter test tool. It provides instructions on how to operate the device, including powering it on, making measurements and connections, using the display and keys, and accessing additional functions like memory, math operations, printing, and waveform generation. The manual also includes examples of applications like temperature, current, power, and phase measurements.
This energy audit report summarizes the baseline energy use at M Industries' D Facility. It finds that:
1) D's total annual energy expenditure is $1.84 million, with electricity representing 65.2% of total energy usage but 94.2% of energy costs. Natural gas represents 35.4% of total energy usage but only 5.8% of costs.
2) Over the past 2.5 years, D averaged using 22.5 million kWh of electricity and 420,696 therms of natural gas annually.
3) Analysis of interval meter data shows D's peak electric demands have increased 4.7% from 2012 to 2014, indicating rising energy needs at the facility.
This document describes an internship report on cost modeling of offshore wind farm installations. The report examines the installation process of offshore wind farms, including foundations, turbines, and electrical infrastructure. It details the ECN Install modeling tool and its cost module. A case study application to the Gemini offshore wind farm is presented, with results on resource utilization, delays, and costs. The report aims to contribute to improved cost estimations for offshore wind farm installations.
This document describes the methodology used by the Department of Energy to analyze the cost-efficiency relationship of commercial unitary air conditioners and heat pumps. It involved identifying baseline equipment classes, conducting teardown analyses to develop bills of materials and costs, constructing industry cost-efficiency curves using the cost model, and validating the curves using design option analysis and alternative refrigerant analysis. The analysis focused on single-package equipment between 65,000-240,000 Btu/hr which represents the highest sales volume. The results were intended to inform life-cycle cost analysis and potential energy conservation standards.
This document presents the design of a new concentrated solar power plant in Morocco. Six potential locations were considered and Ouarzazate was selected as the most suitable. A central tower configuration was chosen over a parabolic trough design. A MATLAB model was developed to size the solar field, power cycle components, and optimize the storage size and turbine capacity. The final optimized plant produces 150 MW, has 7 hours of molten salt storage, and annually produces 731 GWh at 19.3% overall efficiency. The payback period is 10 years with a levelized cost of electricity of 16.7 cents/kWh and annual CO2 emissions reductions of 403,500 tons.
This document provides a final report for a proposed wind farm project on the Isle of Cumbrae in Scotland. It summarizes the key aspects of planning and designing the wind farm, including site selection based on environmental and wind analyses, choosing the Vestas-90 2MW turbine model, construction plans, quality management procedures, estimated energy production costs and profitability over 20 years, and permissions required. The project aims to provide renewable energy for the island in an environmentally friendly and financially viable manner.
This document provides an overview of air-cooled heat exchangers (ACHEs), including their components, design, performance control, and applications. It describes the basic components of ACHEs, such as tube bundles, fans, and structure. The document outlines methods for thermal design of ACHEs using parameters like mean temperature difference and effectiveness. It also discusses controls to vary performance, design considerations for liquids, and factors that influence cost.
Similar to Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 7ma Ed Chap 09 (20)
The document discusses particle size analysis and size reduction processes. It covers topics such as particle size distribution, measurement techniques, principles of size reduction through various mechanisms, attainable product sizes and energy requirements, grinding equipment, and simulation of milling circuits. Key size reduction equipment described includes jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, roll crushers, impact breakers, hammer crushers, cage mills, pan crushers, and tumbling mills. Factors that influence grinding efficiency and product size are also addressed.
This document discusses sampling techniques for dry solids and slurries. It introduces various methods for determining the minimum sample size needed for different types of analysis like composition testing or size distribution measurement. It also covers mechanical considerations in sampling equipment design and methods for obtaining composite samples from multiple extractions. The document then shifts to discussing various solid-solid processing systems and techniques, including mixing, screening, classification, dense media separation, magnetic separation, and electrostatic separation.
This document provides an overview of liquid-solid operations and equipment. It discusses various types of mixing equipment used for agitating low-viscosity particle suspensions, including impellers, stirrers, and tanks. It describes factors that influence fluid behavior in mixing vessels such as turbulent vs laminar flow. The document also covers topics like solid-liquid mixing, gas-liquid dispersion, mixer-settler equipment, and considerations for mixing pastes and viscous materials.
Fluidized-bed systems involve suspending solid particles in an upward-flowing gas stream, allowing the particles to behave like a fluid. This technique is used in many chemical processes. The document discusses types of particles used, phase diagrams that map different fluidization regimes, equipment design considerations like fluidization vessel design and solids mixing/separation, and applications like chemical reactions and physical contacting.
This document discusses concepts related to adsorption and ion exchange design and modeling. It covers topics such as design strategy, characterization of equilibria, selection of adsorbents and ion exchangers, fixed-bed behavior, cycles, practical aspects, classifications of adsorbents and ion exchangers, sorption equilibrium modeling, conservation equations, rate and dispersion factors, batch and fixed-bed adsorption, fixed-bed transitions, chromatography, and numerical methods. The document provides an overview of key concepts and equations used in modeling adsorption and ion exchange systems.
This document discusses liquid-liquid extraction operations and equipment. It covers topics such as phase equilibria, calculation methods for extraction systems, mass transfer rates and coefficients, equipment used for extraction including mixer-settlers and continuous contact equipment like spray towers and packed towers. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating partition ratios, number of transfer units, and shortcut methods for extraction system design.
This document provides an overview of gas absorption and gas-liquid system design. It discusses general design procedures and considerations for gas-absorption systems using packed or plate towers. These include selecting solvents and solubility data, calculating liquid-to-gas ratios, determining packed height and transfer units, and accounting for heat effects. It also covers multicomponent systems, absorption with chemical reactions, gas-liquid contacting equipment like packed and plate columns, and design of these systems. Parameters discussed include pressure drop, flooding, loading, liquid distribution, interfacial area and mass transfer effectiveness.
This document provides an overview of distillation concepts and methods. It discusses general principles of continuous distillation operations and related separation processes. Various thermodynamic models, data correlations, and methods for analyzing distillation columns are presented, including graphical and rigorous computational approaches. Enhanced distillation techniques like azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation are also covered to facilitate separations involving azeotropes or close-boiling components.
This document discusses various methods for measuring fluid flow and pumping liquids and gases. It describes techniques for measuring static pressure, total temperature, static temperature, velocity, and flow visualization. It also covers head meters, area meters, mass flowmeters, and measuring two-phase systems. For pumping, it discusses terminology, centrifugal pumps, pump selection factors like range of operation and materials, and types of centrifugal pumps like process pumps, double-suction pumps, and vertical pumps.
This document provides an overview of process dynamics and control topics, including:
- Mathematical modeling of processes using techniques like transfer functions and Laplace transforms.
- Feedback and feedforward control systems for processes.
- Tuning of common controller types like PID controllers.
- Advanced control techniques including model predictive control, multivariable control, and optimization.
- Control of specific unit operations such as heat exchangers, distillation columns, reactors, and batch processes.
This document covers reaction kinetics and reactor design. It discusses rate equations, ideal reactors like batch and continuous stirred-tank reactors, non-ideal behavior in large-scale reactors, heterogeneous reactions, and the acquisition of experimental kinetic data. Key topics include the law of mass action, temperature effects, concentration units, rate constants from differential/integrated equations and half-times, multiple reactions and stoichiometric balances, batch reactor daily yields, and non-ideal flow patterns like laminar flow and segregated flow.
This document covers topics in fluid dynamics including the nature of fluids, fluid flow concepts, conservation equations, fluid flow in pipes and channels, compressible and multiphase flows, fluid distribution, mixing and flow through tube banks. Key aspects discussed include viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, the continuity, momentum and energy equations, friction factors, velocity profiles, entrance and exit effects, orifice flow, the Mach number, nozzle flows, gas-liquid and gas-solid flows, distributors, stirred tanks, pipeline mixing and flow regimes in tube banks.
This document discusses various topics related to heat transfer, including:
- Modes of heat transfer such as conduction, convection, and radiation.
- Conduction is discussed including Fourier's law, one-dimensional and multi-dimensional conduction, and steady-state vs unsteady-state conduction.
- Convection including natural convection, forced convection, and heat transfer coefficients.
- Radiation including blackbody radiation, view factors, emissivities of surfaces and gases, and examples of calculating radiation in enclosures and furnaces.
- Mass transfer topics like Fick's law of diffusion and methods for estimating gas diffusivities are also covered.
This document outlines key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- It defines 5 postulates that form the basis for thermodynamic analysis.
- It discusses variables, definitions, and relationships for constant composition systems, properties as functions of temperature and pressure/volume, and systems of variable composition including partial molar properties.
- It covers solution thermodynamics including ideal gas mixtures, fugacity, the ideal solution model, and property changes upon mixing.
- The document also addresses evaluation of properties using various formulations, criteria for equilibrium, phase equilibria, chemical reaction equilibria, and thermodynamic analysis of processes.
This document contains an outline of mathematical topics covered in Section 3, including: general mathematics, mensuration formulas, elementary algebra, analytic geometry, plane trigonometry, calculus, infinite series, complex variables, differential equations, difference equations, integral equations, integral transforms, matrix algebra, numerical analysis, optimization, statistics, dimensional analysis, process simulation, and intelligent systems in process engineering. The outline provides page references for brief descriptions of each mathematical concept or method.
The document provides tables of conversion factors from U.S. customary units to SI units. It includes conversion factors for units of length, area, volume, temperature, mass, force, pressure, energy, power, and other physical quantities. The tables allow quantities expressed in U.S. customary units to be converted to the equivalent values in the International System of Units (SI units).
Este documento presenta los resultados de un examen parcial de flujo de fluidos. Incluye tablas con datos de tuberías, accesorios, agua y tanques, así como cálculos de alturas estáticas, presiones, velocidades y potencia requerida. Los estudiantes determinaron que el NPSHa es mayor que el NPSHrequerido, por lo que la bomba funcionará adecuadamente.
The document discusses the importance of developing a growth mindset and continuously learning new skills to stay relevant in a changing job market. It notes that many jobs and roles will be automated in the coming years, requiring workers to learn new skills to perform roles that robots and AI cannot. The key is to embrace lifelong learning, be curious, and seek out opportunities to grow your knowledge and abilities so you can adapt to future changes and challenges in the workplace.
Este documento describe un estudio experimental para determinar los coeficientes volumétricos de transferencia de oxígeno en tanques agitados y cómo estos coeficientes se ven afectados por los números de Reynolds y agitación. Se variaron la velocidad del agitador y el caudal de gas para establecer una correlación empírica que muestre la influencia de las variables de operación como la intensidad de agitación y el caudal de aireación.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.