This document discusses various topics related to heat transfer, including:
- Modes of heat transfer such as conduction, convection, and radiation.
- Conduction is discussed including Fourier's law, one-dimensional and multi-dimensional conduction, and steady-state vs unsteady-state conduction.
- Convection including natural convection, forced convection, and heat transfer coefficients.
- Radiation including blackbody radiation, view factors, emissivities of surfaces and gases, and examples of calculating radiation in enclosures and furnaces.
- Mass transfer topics like Fick's law of diffusion and methods for estimating gas diffusivities are also covered.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer equipment and thermal design of heat exchangers. It introduces key concepts in heat exchanger design including the overall heat transfer coefficient, mean temperature difference, and types of flow arrangements. It then discusses the thermal design of specific equipment types like shell-and-tube heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, evaporators, and heating/cooling of tanks. The document also covers topics like fouling, extended surfaces, and thermal design considerations for solids processing.
This document discusses psychrometry, evaporative cooling, and solids drying. It covers terminology, principles, examples, equipment, and processes related to these topics. Key areas covered include psychrometric charts, cooling tower theory and operation, periods of drying, classification of dryers, and descriptions of dryer types like batch tray dryers, tunnel dryers, and rotary dryers. The document provides detailed information on analyzing processes involving air-water vapor mixtures and drying of solids.
This document covers topics in fluid dynamics including the nature of fluids, fluid flow concepts, conservation equations, fluid flow in pipes and channels, compressible and multiphase flows, fluid distribution, mixing and flow through tube banks. Key aspects discussed include viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, the continuity, momentum and energy equations, friction factors, velocity profiles, entrance and exit effects, orifice flow, the Mach number, nozzle flows, gas-liquid and gas-solid flows, distributors, stirred tanks, pipeline mixing and flow regimes in tube banks.
This document contains rules of thumb and guidelines for sizing and designing various process equipment used in oil and gas facilities. It includes sections on separation equipment, heat exchangers, treating systems, fluid flow, fractionation, combustion equipment, physical properties, and compressors/pumps. The document provides preliminary sizing equations, design practices, and considerations for various unit operations.
This document discusses liquid-liquid extraction operations and equipment. It covers topics such as phase equilibria, calculation methods for extraction systems, mass transfer rates and coefficients, equipment used for extraction including mixer-settlers and continuous contact equipment like spray towers and packed towers. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating partition ratios, number of transfer units, and shortcut methods for extraction system design.
This document contains Antoine coefficients for various compounds. The Antoine coefficients relate the log of vapor pressure (P) of a compound to temperature (T) using the formula log(P) = A-B/(T+C). The table lists over 100 compounds along with their Antoine coefficients (A, B, C values) and temperature ranges of applicability.
The vapors from a vapor column are condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger using cooling water. The design is for a multi-tube pass, single shell pass heat exchanger with 8 tubes of 3/4" diameter and 6' length. Energy and heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the required cooling water flow rate of 2072.53 lbs/hr and heat transfer area of 19.86 sqft to achieve the necessary heat transfer. Pressure drops are also calculated to be within acceptable limits.
The document describes a distillation system with multiple units including a feed preheater, reboiler, distillation column, bottom product cooler, top product cooler, and condenser. It provides material and energy balances for the system, including flow rates, temperatures, heat duties, and phases of the streams at each component.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer equipment and thermal design of heat exchangers. It introduces key concepts in heat exchanger design including the overall heat transfer coefficient, mean temperature difference, and types of flow arrangements. It then discusses the thermal design of specific equipment types like shell-and-tube heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, evaporators, and heating/cooling of tanks. The document also covers topics like fouling, extended surfaces, and thermal design considerations for solids processing.
This document discusses psychrometry, evaporative cooling, and solids drying. It covers terminology, principles, examples, equipment, and processes related to these topics. Key areas covered include psychrometric charts, cooling tower theory and operation, periods of drying, classification of dryers, and descriptions of dryer types like batch tray dryers, tunnel dryers, and rotary dryers. The document provides detailed information on analyzing processes involving air-water vapor mixtures and drying of solids.
This document covers topics in fluid dynamics including the nature of fluids, fluid flow concepts, conservation equations, fluid flow in pipes and channels, compressible and multiphase flows, fluid distribution, mixing and flow through tube banks. Key aspects discussed include viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, the continuity, momentum and energy equations, friction factors, velocity profiles, entrance and exit effects, orifice flow, the Mach number, nozzle flows, gas-liquid and gas-solid flows, distributors, stirred tanks, pipeline mixing and flow regimes in tube banks.
This document contains rules of thumb and guidelines for sizing and designing various process equipment used in oil and gas facilities. It includes sections on separation equipment, heat exchangers, treating systems, fluid flow, fractionation, combustion equipment, physical properties, and compressors/pumps. The document provides preliminary sizing equations, design practices, and considerations for various unit operations.
This document discusses liquid-liquid extraction operations and equipment. It covers topics such as phase equilibria, calculation methods for extraction systems, mass transfer rates and coefficients, equipment used for extraction including mixer-settlers and continuous contact equipment like spray towers and packed towers. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating partition ratios, number of transfer units, and shortcut methods for extraction system design.
This document contains Antoine coefficients for various compounds. The Antoine coefficients relate the log of vapor pressure (P) of a compound to temperature (T) using the formula log(P) = A-B/(T+C). The table lists over 100 compounds along with their Antoine coefficients (A, B, C values) and temperature ranges of applicability.
The vapors from a vapor column are condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger using cooling water. The design is for a multi-tube pass, single shell pass heat exchanger with 8 tubes of 3/4" diameter and 6' length. Energy and heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the required cooling water flow rate of 2072.53 lbs/hr and heat transfer area of 19.86 sqft to achieve the necessary heat transfer. Pressure drops are also calculated to be within acceptable limits.
The document describes a distillation system with multiple units including a feed preheater, reboiler, distillation column, bottom product cooler, top product cooler, and condenser. It provides material and energy balances for the system, including flow rates, temperatures, heat duties, and phases of the streams at each component.
This document discusses concepts related to adsorption and ion exchange design and modeling. It covers topics such as design strategy, characterization of equilibria, selection of adsorbents and ion exchangers, fixed-bed behavior, cycles, practical aspects, classifications of adsorbents and ion exchangers, sorption equilibrium modeling, conservation equations, rate and dispersion factors, batch and fixed-bed adsorption, fixed-bed transitions, chromatography, and numerical methods. The document provides an overview of key concepts and equations used in modeling adsorption and ion exchange systems.
This document summarizes flooding in a distillation column. Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in volatility through boiling and vaporization. Flooding occurs when excessive vapor flow carries liquid up the column, reducing efficiency. It can be detected by increases in differential pressure and decreases in separation. The document describes an experiment where a distillation column's reboiler heat was incrementally increased. Measurements from pressure transmitters showed that filtering and monitoring standard deviation of the pressure signal could provide early detection of the column approaching flooding. This allows operators to make adjustments and prevent loss of separation and reduced efficiency.
A packed tower uses packing material inside the tower to increase the surface area for gas absorption. Liquid is sprayed onto the top of the tower and flows down through the packed material while gas flows up counter-currently. This contact between the gas and liquid phases allows for absorption to take place. Bubble cap and sieve tray towers are alternatives to packed towers that use perforated plates or trays to facilitate contact between rising vapor and flowing liquid. The spacing and design of these trays is important for effective mass transfer between phases.
The document discusses the design of a Karr reciprocating-plate extractor (T-102) for a liquid-liquid extraction process in a biodiesel production plant. Key details include:
- Methanol will be used as the key component for the extractor design due to its solubility in both the feed and solvent streams.
- Design calculations are provided for the methanol recovery, distribution coefficient, continuous phase flux, and mass fraction of methanol in the raffinate stream.
- The operating feed to minimum solvent flow rate ratio is calculated as 2.2 based on the methanol distribution coefficient and mass fractions. This ratio is used to determine the minimum solvent flow rate of 2775.08 kg/h for
The document discusses the McCabe Thiele method for analyzing distillation columns. It begins by defining the rectifying section operating line (ROL) equation as yn+1 = (R/(R+1))xn + (1/(R+1))xD, where R is the reflux ratio.
It then explains that the McCabe Thiele method uses equilibrium curves and operating lines on a graphical diagram to determine the minimum number of theoretical stages needed for a given separation. The method involves constructing triangles between the equilibrium curve and operating line, with each triangle representing one theoretical tray.
This document provides an overview of distillation concepts and methods. It discusses general principles of continuous distillation operations and related separation processes. Various thermodynamic models, data correlations, and methods for analyzing distillation columns are presented, including graphical and rigorous computational approaches. Enhanced distillation techniques like azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation are also covered to facilitate separations involving azeotropes or close-boiling components.
This document describes closed feedwater heaters used in power plants. It discusses:
- Closed feedwater heaters are shell and tube heat exchangers that preheat boiler feedwater using extracted steam, improving cycle efficiency. No separate pumps are needed since streams remain at the same pressure.
- Advantages include reduced irreversibility in steam generation and avoiding thermal shock to boiler metal.
- Most power plants use a combination of open and closed feedwater heaters due to complexity and cost of closed heaters.
A condenser is a heat exchanger that transfers vapors into a liquid state by removing latent heat with a coolant like water. This document provides design calculations for an 8 unit shell and tube condenser with 1030 tubes that uses cold water as the coolant to condense steam at a rate of 8060 kg/hr and 4343 kW of heat duty. Key specifications are provided, like a calculated overall heat transfer coefficient of 1100.97 W/m2C and pressure drops of 0.59 psi for the tube side and 0.109 psi for the shell side. References on condenser design are also listed.
Packed columns are used for distillation, gas absorption, and liquid-liquid extraction. They have continuous gas-liquid contact through a packed bed, unlike plate columns which have stage-wise contact. Packed columns depend on good liquid and gas distribution, and have lower holdup but higher pressure drop than plate columns. This document provides details on packed column components, design procedures such as selecting packing and determining height, and examples of absorption and stripping processes in packed columns.
This design project aims to propose a plate type heat exchanger that can meet given heat duty and find the number of plates required. Plate type heat exchanger uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids. Starting point of this design is to define given properties
This document discusses various methods and examples for evaluating investment and profitability of projects. It covers topics such as annual costs and profits, traditional measures like return on investment, modern measures like net present value, sensitivity analysis, risk and uncertainty analysis using probabilities, learning curves, and effects of inflation. It also discusses accounting principles, cost of capital, cost control methods, manufacturing cost estimation for single and multiple products, fixed capital cost estimation, and construction costs. Examples provided include calculations related to equipment costs, depreciation, variances, probabilities, breakeven analysis, and total installed plant costs.
Control of Continuous Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A DISTILLATION COLUMN
5 REGULATORY CONTROL
5.1 Composition Control
5.2 Mass Balance Control
5.3 Design of Feedback Control Systems
5.4 Pressure and Condensation Control
5.5 Reboiler Control
6 DISTURBANCE COMPENSATION
6.1 Feed-forward Control
6.2 Cascade Control
6.3 Internal Reflux Control
7 CONSTRAINT CONTROL
7.1 Override Controls
7.2 Flooding
7.3 Limiting Control
8 MORE ADVANCED TOPICS
8.1 Temperature Position Control
8.2 Inferential Measurement
8.1 Floating Pressure Control
8.2 Model Based Predictive Control
8.1 Control of Side-streams
8.2 Extractive/Azeotropic Systems
9 REFERENCES
TABLES
1 SYMPTOMS OF IMBALANCE AND THE REGULATORY VARIABLES
2 PRACTICAL LINKAGES BETWEEN CONTROL
(P, R, B, C) AND REGULATION VARIABLES
(h, r, d, b, c, v)
3 COMPOSITION REGULATION
4 COMPOSITION REGULATION - VERY SMALL FLOWS
Gas absorption is a process used to separate gases by contacting a gas mixture with a liquid solvent. The key principles are the solubility of the absorbed gas and the rate of mass transfer as the gas dissolves into the liquid. Absorption is usually carried out counter-currently in vertical columns. The solvent is fed at the top while the gas enters at the bottom, allowing the absorbed substances to be washed out in the downward flowing liquid. Proper selection of solvent considers factors like gas solubility, volatility, cost, and viscosity. Rate of absorption is determined by volumetric mass transfer coefficients, which can be calculated from operating line and equilibrium curve diagrams.
This document presents the design of a process to produce phthalic anhydride from o-xylene. It includes a literature review on the production process, kinetic data, safety and environmental precautions. Mass and energy balances were developed for the key units: a mixing point, reactor, condenser, and two distillation columns. Process simulation and equipment sizing were performed. The reactor was designed to operate adiabatically at 150°C and 30 bar. The first distillation column was designed to separate o-xylene from other components with a minimum reflux ratio.
Reactive distillation
LeChatelier’s law
conventional process
mtbe production using Reactive distillation
various contact devices used for Reactive distillation
advantages of Reactive distillation
disadvantages of Reactive distillation
application of Reactive distillation
This document discusses various methods for measuring fluid flow and pumping liquids and gases. It describes techniques for measuring static pressure, total temperature, static temperature, velocity, and flow visualization. It also covers head meters, area meters, mass flowmeters, and measuring two-phase systems. For pumping, it discusses terminology, centrifugal pumps, pump selection factors like range of operation and materials, and types of centrifugal pumps like process pumps, double-suction pumps, and vertical pumps.
This document provides an overview of liquid-solid operations and equipment. It discusses various types of mixing equipment used for agitating low-viscosity particle suspensions, including impellers, stirrers, and tanks. It describes factors that influence fluid behavior in mixing vessels such as turbulent vs laminar flow. The document also covers topics like solid-liquid mixing, gas-liquid dispersion, mixer-settler equipment, and considerations for mixing pastes and viscous materials.
Cooling water is used to remove heat from machines and can be recycled or used once. Recirculating systems use cooling towers or ponds to remove heat. Industrial cooling towers use water sources like rivers as makeup water to replace evaporated water. They continuously circulate water through heat exchangers where heat is absorbed and rejected to the atmosphere through partial water evaporation. Different types of cooling towers exist like natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers which vary based on design and how air is moved through the tower. Key components, performance parameters, and maintenance factors of cooling towers are discussed.
This document provides an overview of gas absorption and gas-liquid system design. It discusses general design procedures and considerations for gas-absorption systems using packed or plate towers. These include selecting solvents and solubility data, calculating liquid-to-gas ratios, determining packed height and transfer units, and accounting for heat effects. It also covers multicomponent systems, absorption with chemical reactions, gas-liquid contacting equipment like packed and plate columns, and design of these systems. Parameters discussed include pressure drop, flooding, loading, liquid distribution, interfacial area and mass transfer effectiveness.
This document outlines key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- It defines 5 postulates that form the basis for thermodynamic analysis.
- It discusses variables, definitions, and relationships for constant composition systems, properties as functions of temperature and pressure/volume, and systems of variable composition including partial molar properties.
- It covers solution thermodynamics including ideal gas mixtures, fugacity, the ideal solution model, and property changes upon mixing.
- The document also addresses evaluation of properties using various formulations, criteria for equilibrium, phase equilibria, chemical reaction equilibria, and thermodynamic analysis of processes.
This document provides an overview of air-cooled heat exchangers (ACHEs), including their components, design, performance control, and applications. It describes the basic components of ACHEs, such as tube bundles, fans, and structure. The document outlines methods for thermal design of ACHEs using parameters like mean temperature difference and effectiveness. It also discusses controls to vary performance, design considerations for liquids, and factors that influence cost.
This document discusses concepts related to adsorption and ion exchange design and modeling. It covers topics such as design strategy, characterization of equilibria, selection of adsorbents and ion exchangers, fixed-bed behavior, cycles, practical aspects, classifications of adsorbents and ion exchangers, sorption equilibrium modeling, conservation equations, rate and dispersion factors, batch and fixed-bed adsorption, fixed-bed transitions, chromatography, and numerical methods. The document provides an overview of key concepts and equations used in modeling adsorption and ion exchange systems.
This document summarizes flooding in a distillation column. Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in volatility through boiling and vaporization. Flooding occurs when excessive vapor flow carries liquid up the column, reducing efficiency. It can be detected by increases in differential pressure and decreases in separation. The document describes an experiment where a distillation column's reboiler heat was incrementally increased. Measurements from pressure transmitters showed that filtering and monitoring standard deviation of the pressure signal could provide early detection of the column approaching flooding. This allows operators to make adjustments and prevent loss of separation and reduced efficiency.
A packed tower uses packing material inside the tower to increase the surface area for gas absorption. Liquid is sprayed onto the top of the tower and flows down through the packed material while gas flows up counter-currently. This contact between the gas and liquid phases allows for absorption to take place. Bubble cap and sieve tray towers are alternatives to packed towers that use perforated plates or trays to facilitate contact between rising vapor and flowing liquid. The spacing and design of these trays is important for effective mass transfer between phases.
The document discusses the design of a Karr reciprocating-plate extractor (T-102) for a liquid-liquid extraction process in a biodiesel production plant. Key details include:
- Methanol will be used as the key component for the extractor design due to its solubility in both the feed and solvent streams.
- Design calculations are provided for the methanol recovery, distribution coefficient, continuous phase flux, and mass fraction of methanol in the raffinate stream.
- The operating feed to minimum solvent flow rate ratio is calculated as 2.2 based on the methanol distribution coefficient and mass fractions. This ratio is used to determine the minimum solvent flow rate of 2775.08 kg/h for
The document discusses the McCabe Thiele method for analyzing distillation columns. It begins by defining the rectifying section operating line (ROL) equation as yn+1 = (R/(R+1))xn + (1/(R+1))xD, where R is the reflux ratio.
It then explains that the McCabe Thiele method uses equilibrium curves and operating lines on a graphical diagram to determine the minimum number of theoretical stages needed for a given separation. The method involves constructing triangles between the equilibrium curve and operating line, with each triangle representing one theoretical tray.
This document provides an overview of distillation concepts and methods. It discusses general principles of continuous distillation operations and related separation processes. Various thermodynamic models, data correlations, and methods for analyzing distillation columns are presented, including graphical and rigorous computational approaches. Enhanced distillation techniques like azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation are also covered to facilitate separations involving azeotropes or close-boiling components.
This document describes closed feedwater heaters used in power plants. It discusses:
- Closed feedwater heaters are shell and tube heat exchangers that preheat boiler feedwater using extracted steam, improving cycle efficiency. No separate pumps are needed since streams remain at the same pressure.
- Advantages include reduced irreversibility in steam generation and avoiding thermal shock to boiler metal.
- Most power plants use a combination of open and closed feedwater heaters due to complexity and cost of closed heaters.
A condenser is a heat exchanger that transfers vapors into a liquid state by removing latent heat with a coolant like water. This document provides design calculations for an 8 unit shell and tube condenser with 1030 tubes that uses cold water as the coolant to condense steam at a rate of 8060 kg/hr and 4343 kW of heat duty. Key specifications are provided, like a calculated overall heat transfer coefficient of 1100.97 W/m2C and pressure drops of 0.59 psi for the tube side and 0.109 psi for the shell side. References on condenser design are also listed.
Packed columns are used for distillation, gas absorption, and liquid-liquid extraction. They have continuous gas-liquid contact through a packed bed, unlike plate columns which have stage-wise contact. Packed columns depend on good liquid and gas distribution, and have lower holdup but higher pressure drop than plate columns. This document provides details on packed column components, design procedures such as selecting packing and determining height, and examples of absorption and stripping processes in packed columns.
This design project aims to propose a plate type heat exchanger that can meet given heat duty and find the number of plates required. Plate type heat exchanger uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids. Starting point of this design is to define given properties
This document discusses various methods and examples for evaluating investment and profitability of projects. It covers topics such as annual costs and profits, traditional measures like return on investment, modern measures like net present value, sensitivity analysis, risk and uncertainty analysis using probabilities, learning curves, and effects of inflation. It also discusses accounting principles, cost of capital, cost control methods, manufacturing cost estimation for single and multiple products, fixed capital cost estimation, and construction costs. Examples provided include calculations related to equipment costs, depreciation, variances, probabilities, breakeven analysis, and total installed plant costs.
Control of Continuous Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A DISTILLATION COLUMN
5 REGULATORY CONTROL
5.1 Composition Control
5.2 Mass Balance Control
5.3 Design of Feedback Control Systems
5.4 Pressure and Condensation Control
5.5 Reboiler Control
6 DISTURBANCE COMPENSATION
6.1 Feed-forward Control
6.2 Cascade Control
6.3 Internal Reflux Control
7 CONSTRAINT CONTROL
7.1 Override Controls
7.2 Flooding
7.3 Limiting Control
8 MORE ADVANCED TOPICS
8.1 Temperature Position Control
8.2 Inferential Measurement
8.1 Floating Pressure Control
8.2 Model Based Predictive Control
8.1 Control of Side-streams
8.2 Extractive/Azeotropic Systems
9 REFERENCES
TABLES
1 SYMPTOMS OF IMBALANCE AND THE REGULATORY VARIABLES
2 PRACTICAL LINKAGES BETWEEN CONTROL
(P, R, B, C) AND REGULATION VARIABLES
(h, r, d, b, c, v)
3 COMPOSITION REGULATION
4 COMPOSITION REGULATION - VERY SMALL FLOWS
Gas absorption is a process used to separate gases by contacting a gas mixture with a liquid solvent. The key principles are the solubility of the absorbed gas and the rate of mass transfer as the gas dissolves into the liquid. Absorption is usually carried out counter-currently in vertical columns. The solvent is fed at the top while the gas enters at the bottom, allowing the absorbed substances to be washed out in the downward flowing liquid. Proper selection of solvent considers factors like gas solubility, volatility, cost, and viscosity. Rate of absorption is determined by volumetric mass transfer coefficients, which can be calculated from operating line and equilibrium curve diagrams.
This document presents the design of a process to produce phthalic anhydride from o-xylene. It includes a literature review on the production process, kinetic data, safety and environmental precautions. Mass and energy balances were developed for the key units: a mixing point, reactor, condenser, and two distillation columns. Process simulation and equipment sizing were performed. The reactor was designed to operate adiabatically at 150°C and 30 bar. The first distillation column was designed to separate o-xylene from other components with a minimum reflux ratio.
Reactive distillation
LeChatelier’s law
conventional process
mtbe production using Reactive distillation
various contact devices used for Reactive distillation
advantages of Reactive distillation
disadvantages of Reactive distillation
application of Reactive distillation
This document discusses various methods for measuring fluid flow and pumping liquids and gases. It describes techniques for measuring static pressure, total temperature, static temperature, velocity, and flow visualization. It also covers head meters, area meters, mass flowmeters, and measuring two-phase systems. For pumping, it discusses terminology, centrifugal pumps, pump selection factors like range of operation and materials, and types of centrifugal pumps like process pumps, double-suction pumps, and vertical pumps.
This document provides an overview of liquid-solid operations and equipment. It discusses various types of mixing equipment used for agitating low-viscosity particle suspensions, including impellers, stirrers, and tanks. It describes factors that influence fluid behavior in mixing vessels such as turbulent vs laminar flow. The document also covers topics like solid-liquid mixing, gas-liquid dispersion, mixer-settler equipment, and considerations for mixing pastes and viscous materials.
Cooling water is used to remove heat from machines and can be recycled or used once. Recirculating systems use cooling towers or ponds to remove heat. Industrial cooling towers use water sources like rivers as makeup water to replace evaporated water. They continuously circulate water through heat exchangers where heat is absorbed and rejected to the atmosphere through partial water evaporation. Different types of cooling towers exist like natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers which vary based on design and how air is moved through the tower. Key components, performance parameters, and maintenance factors of cooling towers are discussed.
This document provides an overview of gas absorption and gas-liquid system design. It discusses general design procedures and considerations for gas-absorption systems using packed or plate towers. These include selecting solvents and solubility data, calculating liquid-to-gas ratios, determining packed height and transfer units, and accounting for heat effects. It also covers multicomponent systems, absorption with chemical reactions, gas-liquid contacting equipment like packed and plate columns, and design of these systems. Parameters discussed include pressure drop, flooding, loading, liquid distribution, interfacial area and mass transfer effectiveness.
This document outlines key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- It defines 5 postulates that form the basis for thermodynamic analysis.
- It discusses variables, definitions, and relationships for constant composition systems, properties as functions of temperature and pressure/volume, and systems of variable composition including partial molar properties.
- It covers solution thermodynamics including ideal gas mixtures, fugacity, the ideal solution model, and property changes upon mixing.
- The document also addresses evaluation of properties using various formulations, criteria for equilibrium, phase equilibria, chemical reaction equilibria, and thermodynamic analysis of processes.
This document provides an overview of air-cooled heat exchangers (ACHEs), including their components, design, performance control, and applications. It describes the basic components of ACHEs, such as tube bundles, fans, and structure. The document outlines methods for thermal design of ACHEs using parameters like mean temperature difference and effectiveness. It also discusses controls to vary performance, design considerations for liquids, and factors that influence cost.
1d 2d heat transfer lumped capacitance model giesler chart, forced and free convection heat transfer, radiation, heat exchangers, boiling and condensation for mechanical engineering students
Definition, modes of heat transfer, critical radius of cooling, conduction from extended and finned surfaces, 1d and 2d steady heat conduction, unsteady head conduction with and without convective boundary layer, convection heat transfer, radiation heat transfer, heat exchangers, boiling and condensation
This document covers reaction kinetics and reactor design. It discusses rate equations, ideal reactors like batch and continuous stirred-tank reactors, non-ideal behavior in large-scale reactors, heterogeneous reactions, and the acquisition of experimental kinetic data. Key topics include the law of mass action, temperature effects, concentration units, rate constants from differential/integrated equations and half-times, multiple reactions and stoichiometric balances, batch reactor daily yields, and non-ideal flow patterns like laminar flow and segregated flow.
Fluidized-bed systems involve suspending solid particles in an upward-flowing gas stream, allowing the particles to behave like a fluid. This technique is used in many chemical processes. The document discusses types of particles used, phase diagrams that map different fluidization regimes, equipment design considerations like fluidization vessel design and solids mixing/separation, and applications like chemical reactions and physical contacting.
Guide for the design of crane supporting steel structuresTimóteo Rocha
This document provides guidelines for the design of crane-supporting steel structures. It covers loads specific to these structures, design for repeated loads and fatigue, classification of structures, design and construction measures, and topics related to rehabilitation and upgrading of existing structures. The document contains several chapters that describe loads, fatigue design procedures, classification of crane service, examples of duty cycle analyses, design and construction checklists, and other topics such as clearances, attachments, and welding standards.
This document contains lecture notes on quantum mechanics. It begins with an introduction to quantum mechanics and its bizarre nature compared to classical mechanics. It then covers various topics in quantum mechanics like the Schrodinger equation, operators, identical particles, density matrices, quantization of fields, and interactions between different particles. The document provides an overview of key concepts and mathematical formulations in quantum mechanics to make the subject easier to understand.
This document contains lecture notes from a 1951 course on relativistic quantum mechanics taught by F.J. Dyson at Cornell University. The notes cover topics including the Dirac theory, scattering problems, quantum field theory, and examples of quantized field theories such as quantum electrodynamics. The notes were originally written by Dyson and edited into a second edition by Michael J. Moravcsik, who is responsible for changes made in the re-editing process.
J.M. Smith, Hendrick Van Ness, Michael Abbott, Mark Swihart - Introduction to...HEMAMALINIKANASAN
This document is the table of contents for the 8th edition of the textbook "Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics" by J.M. Smith, H.C. Van Ness, M.M. Abbott, and M.T. Swihart. The textbook covers fundamental concepts in chemical engineering thermodynamics across 10 chapters, including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, properties of pure fluids and mixtures, heat effects, and entropy. The table of contents provides an overview of the topics and subtopics covered in each chapter.
J.M. Smith, Hendrick Van Ness, Michael Abbott, Mark Swihart - Introduction to...HEMAMALINIKANASAN
This document is the table of contents for the 8th edition of the textbook "Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics" by J.M. Smith, H.C. Van Ness, M.M. Abbott, and M.T. Swihart. The textbook covers fundamental concepts in chemical engineering thermodynamics across 10 chapters, including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, properties of pure fluids and mixtures, heat effects, and entropy. The table of contents provides an overview of the topics and subtopics covered in each chapter.
This document describes the design of a thermoacoustic compressor powered by exhaust heat from an internal combustion engine. It begins with an introduction to thermoacoustics, including its history and basic principles. Key components of thermoacoustic systems like stacks, heat exchangers, and resonators are explained. Design considerations for the thermoacoustic compressor are then discussed, including choices for operating parameters, materials, and geometry. Results of the compressor design are presented, showing performance parameters. The document also introduces a software tool called DeltaEC that can be used to model and optimize components of thermoacoustic systems.
Nonlinear Simulation of Rotor-Bearing System DynamicsFrederik Budde
This document summarizes a student project investigating nonlinear dynamics of rotor-bearing systems through numerical simulation. Key points:
- Simulations are performed using a 2-DOF rigid disc model and a 72-DOF flexible rotor finite element model to analyze the effects of unbalance and initial perturbations.
- Both models exhibit subsynchronous instabilities around 0.45x and 0.5x the rotational speed due to cross-coupled bearing stiffness and unbalance-induced nonlinearity. Increasing unbalance can suppress the lower instability.
- Qualitative analysis using bifurcation diagrams, phase planes, frequency spectra and Poincaré maps characterizes various motions like quasi-periodicity and chaos, with evidence of period-dou
This manual provides guidance on designing pipe systems and selecting pumps. It covers topics such as physical fundamentals of liquids, hydraulic fundamentals like pressure and friction losses, technical fundamentals of installing and connecting pipe systems, and designing centrifugal and rotary lobe pumps. The manual aims to be informative for engineers and laypeople alike through practical examples and simplifying technical concepts. It seeks to help readers better understand pipe systems and pumps to solve problems that may arise in their design and use.
This document is a pocket manual from Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH about refrigeration and air conditioning technology. It provides an overview of Solvay as a company, the history of refrigerants, new generations of refrigerants including Solvay's refrigerants, basics of refrigeration calculations, general properties of refrigerants, and handling of refrigerants. The manual contains technical data, equations, and information to help with planning and designing refrigeration plants using Solvay refrigerants.
This dissertation examines high-fidelity simulations and modeling of compressible reacting flows. Direct numerical simulations are performed of a supersonic reacting mixing layer to explore the physics of supersonic combustion. An efficient compressible flamelet/progress variable combustion model is introduced and validated using the DNS databases. The combustion model is then applied to simulate a hydrogen jet in supersonic cross-flow and the HIFiRE scramjet configuration.
This document is the theory guide for ANSYS FLUENT 12.0. It provides an overview of the physical models available in FLUENT for various fluid flow situations, such as basic fluid flow, flows with rotating reference frames, flows using sliding and deforming meshes, turbulence modeling, heat transfer, and other topics. The guide describes the governing equations and assumptions underlying each model. It is intended to help users understand the theoretical basis of the simulations that can be performed with FLUENT.
This report details the design of a process to treat 800 m3 per year of magnox nuclear waste and radioactive liquid effluent. The magnox dissolution process uses filtration, dissolution in acid, thermal decomposition, and calcination in a kiln to break down the solid waste into magnesium oxide. The liquid effluent treatment process uses ion exchange and carbonation to remove radioactive nuclides before storage. Material, energy, and radioactivity balances were performed to size the major equipment. Preliminary integration found the kiln off-gases could provide 47.3 kW of heat, reducing external heating needs while heat recovery between units lowers cooling requirements from 50.3 kW to 10.3 kW.
This document contains a problem archive related to modeling and analyzing dynamic systems. It is divided into multiple sections covering topics such as first order and second order systems, mechanical systems, electrical systems, fluid systems, thermal systems, circuits, operational amplifiers, differential equations, and frequency response. Each section contains numerous problems related to modeling and solving systems within that topic area.
Similar to Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 7ma Ed Chap 05 (20)
The document discusses particle size analysis and size reduction processes. It covers topics such as particle size distribution, measurement techniques, principles of size reduction through various mechanisms, attainable product sizes and energy requirements, grinding equipment, and simulation of milling circuits. Key size reduction equipment described includes jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, roll crushers, impact breakers, hammer crushers, cage mills, pan crushers, and tumbling mills. Factors that influence grinding efficiency and product size are also addressed.
This document discusses sampling techniques for dry solids and slurries. It introduces various methods for determining the minimum sample size needed for different types of analysis like composition testing or size distribution measurement. It also covers mechanical considerations in sampling equipment design and methods for obtaining composite samples from multiple extractions. The document then shifts to discussing various solid-solid processing systems and techniques, including mixing, screening, classification, dense media separation, magnetic separation, and electrostatic separation.
This document provides an overview of process dynamics and control topics, including:
- Mathematical modeling of processes using techniques like transfer functions and Laplace transforms.
- Feedback and feedforward control systems for processes.
- Tuning of common controller types like PID controllers.
- Advanced control techniques including model predictive control, multivariable control, and optimization.
- Control of specific unit operations such as heat exchangers, distillation columns, reactors, and batch processes.
This document contains an outline of mathematical topics covered in Section 3, including: general mathematics, mensuration formulas, elementary algebra, analytic geometry, plane trigonometry, calculus, infinite series, complex variables, differential equations, difference equations, integral equations, integral transforms, matrix algebra, numerical analysis, optimization, statistics, dimensional analysis, process simulation, and intelligent systems in process engineering. The outline provides page references for brief descriptions of each mathematical concept or method.
The document provides tables of conversion factors from U.S. customary units to SI units. It includes conversion factors for units of length, area, volume, temperature, mass, force, pressure, energy, power, and other physical quantities. The tables allow quantities expressed in U.S. customary units to be converted to the equivalent values in the International System of Units (SI units).
Este documento presenta los resultados de un examen parcial de flujo de fluidos. Incluye tablas con datos de tuberías, accesorios, agua y tanques, así como cálculos de alturas estáticas, presiones, velocidades y potencia requerida. Los estudiantes determinaron que el NPSHa es mayor que el NPSHrequerido, por lo que la bomba funcionará adecuadamente.
The document discusses the importance of developing a growth mindset and continuously learning new skills to stay relevant in a changing job market. It notes that many jobs and roles will be automated in the coming years, requiring workers to learn new skills to perform roles that robots and AI cannot. The key is to embrace lifelong learning, be curious, and seek out opportunities to grow your knowledge and abilities so you can adapt to future changes and challenges in the workplace.
Este documento describe un estudio experimental para determinar los coeficientes volumétricos de transferencia de oxígeno en tanques agitados y cómo estos coeficientes se ven afectados por los números de Reynolds y agitación. Se variaron la velocidad del agitador y el caudal de gas para establecer una correlación empírica que muestre la influencia de las variables de operación como la intensidad de agitación y el caudal de aireación.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.