This document provides an overview of periodontal surgical instruments, magnification loupes, and microsurgical instruments. It discusses the identification, usage, and classification of common periodontal knives, curettes, elevators, chisels and other instruments. It describes the optical principles and types of magnification loupes, including simple, compound and prism loupes. Finally, it outlines the characteristics of microsurgical instruments and why they enable improved precision, ergonomics and wound healing compared to conventional tools.
introduction, history of rotary instruments in endodontics, classification, properties of NiTi, generations and design features, rotary file systems available
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
introduction, history of rotary instruments in endodontics, classification, properties of NiTi, generations and design features, rotary file systems available
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
A presentation on the instructions to be given to complete denture patients at the insertion appointment. Dealing with patients can be hard at times but with a proper approach, a strong rapport can be formed with the patient.
Endodontic implants /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
A presentation on the instructions to be given to complete denture patients at the insertion appointment. Dealing with patients can be hard at times but with a proper approach, a strong rapport can be formed with the patient.
Endodontic implants /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Detailed description of the operating microscope in endodontics, its use and availability in the market. Appropriate review of literature added with case reports.
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history, working, optics and salient features of operating microscopes in neurosurgery and endoscope. role of endoscopes in various surgeries and newer prospects of both microscopes and endoscopes
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
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Increased number of fungiform papillae
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. At the end of this presentation should be able to;
1. Identify each periodontal surgical instruments
2. Differentiate each periodontal surgical instrument and it’s usage
3. Understand the optical Principle of magnifying loupes
4. Differentiate between the types of magnifying loupes
5. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of each type of loupes
6. Have a general idea about microsurgical instruments
ILOS
5. 1. Excisional and incisional instruments
2. Surgical curettes and sickles
3. Periosteal elevators
4. Surgical chisels
5. Surgical files
6. Scissors
7. Hemostats and tissue forceps
Classification of surgical instruments
6. A. Periodontal Knives (Gingivectomy Knives)
The Kirkland knife is representative of knives typically used for gingivectomy.
These knives can be obtained as either double-ended or single-ended instruments.
The entire periphery of these kidney-shaped knives is the cutting edge
Excisional and incisional instruments
7. B. Interdental Knives
The Orban and the Merrifield knife #1, 2, 3, and 4 are examples of knives used for
interdental areas. These spear-shaped knives have cutting edges on both sides of the
blade and are designed with either double-ended or single-ended blades.
8. C. Surgical Blades
Scalpel blades of different shapes and sizes are used in periodontal surgery.
The most common blades are 12D, 15, and 15C The 12D blade is a beak shaped blade with cutting
edges on both sides, allowing the operator to engage narrow, restricted areas with both pushing and
pulling cutting motions. The 15 blade is used for thinning flaps and general purposes. The 15C blade,
a narrower version of the 15 blade, is useful for making the initial, scalloping type incision. The slim
design of this blade allows for incising into the narrow interdental portion of the flap. All these blades
are discarded after one use.
9. 1.Bard barker handle
Which is used typical in oral surgical procedures and it used also for cutting gingival tissues and
making surgical incisions.
2. No. 5 Scalpel handle
Finely balanced, pen like scalpel handle with fingertip control that easily rotates and maneuvers in
difficult to reach areas.
3. No. 5E & No. 5EM European Style Scalpel handle
Finely balanced, European style pen like scalpel handle with fingertip control that easily rotates and
maneuvers in difficult to reach areas.
SCALPEL HANDLE
10. 2. Surgical Curettes and Sickles
Larger and heavier curettes and sickles are often needed during surgery for the removal of
granulation tissue, fibrous interdental tissues, and tenacious subgingival deposits. The Prichard
curette and the Kirkland surgical instruments are heavy curettes, whereas the Ball scaler B2-B3 is a
popular heavy sickle. The wider, heavier blades of these instruments make them suitable for surgical
procedures.
11. 3. Periosteal Elevators
The periosteal elevators are needed to reflect and move the flap after the incision has been made for
flap surgery. The Woodson and Prichard elevators are well designed periosteal instruments.
12. 4. Surgical Chisels
There are two types of surgical chisels straight chicsels which is is used with a push motion such as ;
Wiedelstadt, Ochsenbein 1-2, The Ochsenbein chisel is a useful chisel with a semicircular
indentation on both sides of the shank that allows the instrument to engage around the tooth and into
the interdental area . and there are back action chisels which they used with a pull motion eg; The
Rhodes .
13. 5. Tissue Forceps
The tissue forceps is used to hold the flap during suturing. It is also used to position and displace the
flap after the flap has been reflected. The DeBakey forcep is an extremely efficient instrument
6. Scissors and Nippers
Scissors and nippers are used in periodontal surgery to remove tabs of tissue during gingivectomy,
trim the margins of flaps, enlarge incisions in periodontal abscesses, and remove muscle
attachments in mucogingival surgery. Many types are available, and individual preference
determines the choice.
Eg; The Goldman–Fox 16 scissor , Goldman-Fox Tissue Nippers
7. Needle holders
Needle holders are used to suture the flap at the desired position after the surgical procedure has
been completed. In addition to the regular types of needle holder the Castroviejo needle holder is
used for delicate, precise techniques that require quick and easy release and grasp of the suture.
15. Generally there are two basic types of magnification systems are commonly used;
1. Loupes
2. Surgical microscope
The Loupes are the most common magnification system used in periodontics. These are
fundamentally two monocular microscopes, with side by-side lenses, angled to focus an object. The
magnified image that
is formed has stereoscopic properties that are created by the use of convergent lens systems which
is called Keplerian optical system.
Loupes are further classified as:
1. Single-lens magnifiers (Simple , clip-on, flip-up, jeweller's glasses)
2. Multi-lens telescopic loupes ;
A. compound
B. prism loupes
The Optical principles of loupes
SIMPLE compound prism
16. 1. Single-lens magnifiers ( simple loupes )
They cosist of simple pair of single meniscus lenses which they produce the described diopter
magnification that simply adjust the working distance to a set length. As diopters increase, the
working distances decrease. A set working distance creates difficulty in maintaining focus and,
therefore, may cause neck and back strain from poor posture. Their magnification can only increase
by increasing lens diameter and thickness which is limited by the loupe’s size and it’s weight to 1.5X.
Another disadvantage of simple loupes is that they are greatly affected by spherical and chromatic
aberration. This distorts the image shape and color of objects being viewed.
2. compound loupes
compound loupes use multiple lenses with intervening air spaces which allow an adjustment of
magnification, working distance, and depth of the field without excessive increase in size or weight
because it allow higher magnification simply by lengthening the distance between lenses. Als it offers
improved optical performance, compound lenses can be achromatic. Achromatic lenses consist of
two glass lenses, joined together with clear resin. The specific density of each lens counteracts the
chromatic aberration of its paired lens to produce a color correct image. But it’s disadvantage that the
multi-element compound loupes become optically inefficient at magnifications above 3x.
17. 3. Prism loupes
Prism loupes are the most optically advanced type of loupe magnification, offering improved
ergonomic posture as well as significant advancements in optical performance.They contain Pechan
or Schmidt prisms that lengthen the light path through a series of mirror reflections within the loupes
confined to a range determined by the loupe's characteristics. The proper depth of field allows the
practitioner to avoid too much leaning and any overextension while practicing. The increased weight
of prism telescopic loupes with magnification above 4X makes headband mounting more comfortable
and stable than eyeglass frame mounting. Recent innovations in prism telescopic loupes include
coaxial fiberoptic lighting incorporated in the lens elements to improve illumination.
19. - Microsurgical triad
Operating microscope renders three unambiguous benefits of illumination, magnification, and
increased precision in delivery of surgical skills, collectively known as microsurgical triad.
- Microsurgical instruments
with the principle of microsurgical triad Smaller instruments can be used with more precision due to
improved visual acuity. To aid in proper handling and for a high-precision movement
Which they require to be ;
1. slightly top heavy,
2. circular in cross-section
3. approximately 18 cm in length, Shorter instruments with a rectangular cross-sectional design do
not allow precise manipulation and are not ideal for microsurgery.
4. Microsurgical instruments usually have a color-coated surface to avoid an unfavorable metallic
flare due to the light of the microscope.
5. Weight of microsurgical instruments should not be more than 15–20 g to avoid fatigue of hand and
arm muscles. Needle holders should have an appropriate working lock which does not surpass a
locking force of 50 g (0.5 N) as low locking forces diminish the precision and high locking forces
engender tremors.
6. Different manufacturers provide sets of periodontal microsurgical instruments made of steel or
titanium( the last is stronger, lighter, and nonmagnetized in comparison to stainless steel
instruments).
20. - their ability to create clean incisions that prepare wounds for healing by primary
intention.
- Micro-surgical incisions are established at a 90-degree angle to the surface using
ophthalmic microsurgical scalpels
- permits easy identification of ragged wound edges for trimming and freshening.
- For primary wound closure, microsutures in the range of 6-0 to 9-0 are needed to
approximate the wound edges accurately
- Microsurgical wound apposition minimizes gaps or voids at the wound edges.
- This encourages rapid healing with less postoperative inflammation and with less
pain.
- (BETTER ERGONOMICS ) ;
- Studies show that motor coordination is greatly improved when surgeons use
microsurgical instruments specifically designed to employ a precision grip of the
hand.
- These methods also greatly reduce surgical fatigue as well as the spinal and
occupational pathology common in periodontics
WHY MICROSURGICAL INSTRUMENT ?