This document provides an overview of various periodontal instruments, their parts, classifications, and uses. It describes diagnostic probes and explorers, as well as scaling and curettage instruments like sickle scalers and curettes. It also outlines cleaning/polishing tools, surgical instruments, ultrasonic/sonic devices, the periodontal endoscope, and miscellaneous tools like periotreivers, hoe scalers, files, and chisel scalers.

2. PRESENTATION BY:
Mohamed Abdul Haleem
1st Year Perio PG
KVG Dental college & Hospital, Sullia

3. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Parts of Instruments
 Classification
 Diagnostic
 Periodontal probes
 Explorers
 Scaling and Curettage
 For supragingival scaling
 For subgingival scaling
 Cleaning and polishing Instruments
 Surgical Instruments
 Periodontal Endoscope
 Ultrasonic and Sonic Instruments
 Miscellaneous
 Schwartz periotreivers
 Plastic instruments for implants
 Hoe scalers
 Files
 Chisel scaler

4. Introduction
 Periodontal instruments are designed for specific
purposes….
 such as…
 Removing calculus
 Planing root surfaces
 Curetting the gingival wall
 Removing diseased tissue.

5. Parts of Instruments
 Periodontal instrument is composed of:
 Blade
 Shank
 Handle

6. Classification of Periodontal Instruments
 Diagnostic
 Periodontal probes
 Explorers
 Scaling and Curettage
 For supragingival scaling
 For subgingival scaling
 Cleaning and polishing
Instruments
 Surgical Instruments
 Periodontal Endoscope
 Ultrasonic and Sonic Instruments

7. Periodontal probes
 A typical probe is a tapered
rod-like instrument
calibrated in millimeters
with a blunt, rounded tip.
• Periodontal probes are
used to locate, measure
and mark pockets.

8. • When measuring a
pocket, the probe is
inserted with a firm gentle
pressure to the base of the
pocket.
•The shank should be
aligned with the long axis
of the tooth.

9. Types of periodontal probes
 CoIor-coded
 Noncolor-coded
 The Marquis color-coded probe:
 The calibrations are in 3 millimeter sections

10. The UNC-15 probe:
 It Is a 15 mm long probe
 Color coding at the 5th, 10th, and 15th mm.

11. Williams probe:
 Has both color and non-color coding
 Markings at 1,2,3,5,7,8,9 and 10 mm

12. The Michigan “O” probe
 The Michigan “O” probe with Williams markings :At 1,
2, 3,5,7,8,9,10 mm (4 and 6 are missing)
 The Michigan “O” probe with markings: At 3, 6, and 8
mm.

13. The WHO probe:
 It has a 0.5 mm ball at the tip
 Millimeter marking at 3.5, 8.5 and 11.5 mm
 Color coding from 3.5 to 5.5 mm

14. Explorers
 Used to…
 Locate subgingival deposits in
various areas
 Check the smoothness of the
root surfaces after root planing
 Designed with different shapes
and angles for a variety of use
according to its needs.

15. Scaling and Curettage Instruments
(For supragingival scaling)
Sickle scalers:
 have a flat surface and two cutting edges that converge in a
sharply-pointed tip.
 The arch-shape of the instrument makes the tip so strong that
it will not break off during use.
 They appear triangular in cross-section.
 The sickle scaler is inserted
under ledges of calculus no
more than 1 mm below the
gingival sulcus.
 It is used with a pull stroke.

16. The Morse sickle
 Has a very small, miniature blade
 Useful in the mandibular, anterior
area where there is narrow,
interproximal space.
 Sickles with straight shanks are
designed for use on anterior teeth
and premolars,
 Sickle scalers with contra-angled
shanks adapt to posterior teeth.

17. Curettes
(For subgingival scaling)
 Instrument of choice for…
 Removing deep subgingival calculus
 Removing Altered cementum
 Root planing
 Removing the soft tissue lining the periodontal pocket.

18. REMOVAL OF SOFT TISSUE LINING THE PERIODONTAL
POCKET.

19.  Subgingival curettes can be adapted to provide good
access to deep pockets, with minimal soft tissue
trauma.

20.  There are cutting edges on both
sides of the blade.
 The curved blade and rounded
toe of the curette allows the
blade to adapt better to the root
surface.
 In cross- section the blade
appears to be semicircular with a
convex base.

21. Types of curettes
 There are two basic types of curettes.
 Universal curettes
 Barnhart curettes # 1-2 and 5-6
 Columbia curettes # 13 -14, 2R-2L and 4R-4L
 Area-specific curettes
 Gracey curettes
 Double-ended Gracey curettes
 Extended shank curettes / After
Five Curettes
 Mini-bladed curettes
 Langer and mini langer curettes

22. Difference between Gracey and
universal curettes
Gracey curette
 Set of many curettes
designed for specific
areas and surfaces.
 One cutting edge used,
work is done with the
outer edge only
 Curved in 2 planes
blade curves up and to
the side
 Offset blade, face of
blade beveled at 60
degrees to the shank
Universal curette
 One curette designed
for ail areas and
surfaces
 Both cutting edges
used, work is done
with outer or inner
edge
 Curved in one plane
blades curves up and
not to the side
 Not offset, face of
blade beveled at 90
degrees to the shank.
Area of use
Cutting
edge
Curvature
Blade angle

23. Cleaning and polishing Instruments
 Rubber cups:
 They consist of a rubber shell with or without
configuration in the hollow interiors.
 They are used in the hand piece with a specific angle.
 A good cleansing and
polishing paste that
contains fluoride
should be used.

24. Bristle brushes:
 Available in wheel and cup shapes
 Used in hand piece with a polishing paste

25. Dental tape:
 Used with a polishing paste for polishing proximal
surfaces that are inaccessible to other polishing
instruments.

26. Air powder polishing:
 A specially designed hand piece that delivers air powdered
slurry of warm water and sodium bicarbonate.
 This instrument is called
prophy- jet.
 Effective for the removal of
extrinsic stains and soft
deposits.

27. Contraindications:
 Respiratory illness
 Hypertension
 Patients on medications affecting the
electrolyte balance
Disadvantages:
 Tooth substance can be lost
 Damage to gingival tissue
 Amalgam , composite resins and
cements can be roughened

28. Surgical Instruments
Excisional and incisional instruments:
 Periodontal knives (Gingivectomy knives); Example
Kirkland knife

29.  Interdental knives:
Example, Orban knife
#1-2, Merrifield knife
#1,2,3 and 4
 Surgical blades: Example, #
12D, 15 and ISC.

30.  Electrosurgery techniques and instrumentation:
 Electrosection used for incisions, excisions and tissue planing.
 Electrocoagulation, coagulation or hemorrhage control
 Eceltrofulguration not in general use in dentistry
 Electrodessication not in general use in dentistry

31.  Electrofulguration, is a procedure to destroy and
remove tissue (such as a malignant tumor) using a
high-frequency electric current applied with a
needlelike electrode

32.  Electrodesiccation denatures a layer of the dermis
and the curette is then used over the surgical ulcer to
remove denatured dermis over the living tissue.
 Used in treatment of basal cell cancers and squamous
cell cancers of the skin.

33. Surgical curettes and sickles:
 Required for removal of …
 Granulation tissue
 Fibrous interdental tissue
 Tenacious subgingival deposits.
 Examples:
 Kramer curettes # 1, 2, 3 and Langer curettes.
 Kirkland surgical instruments.
 Ball scaler # B2-B3.

34. Periosteal elevators:
 Necessary to reflect and
move the flap after the
incision has been made for
flap surgery.
 Example: Goldman Fox #14.

35. Surgical chisels and hoes:
 Used during periodontal surgery for removing and
reshaping bone.
 Chisels are used with a push stroke whereas surgical
hoes are used with a pull stroke.
 Example:
Rhodes chisel.Ochsenbein #1-2, chisel.

36. Surgical files:
 They are used primarily to smoothen rough, bony,
ledges and to remove all areas of necrotic bone.
 Example: Schluger and Sugarman files.

37. Scissors and nippers:
 Used for…
 Removing tags of tissue during gingivectomy
 Trimming the margins of flaps
 Enlarging incisions in periodontal abscesses
 Removing muscle attachments in mucogingival surgery
 Example: Goldman - Fox # 16 scissors.

38. Needle holders:
 They are used to suture
the flap at the desired
position.
 Example: Castroviejo
needle holder.

39. Ultrasonic and Sonic Instruments
 Used for removing plaque, scaling, curetting and
removing stains.

40. Types of ultrasonic units
 Two types of ultrasonic units are there:
 Magnetostrictive:
 Vibration of the tip is elliptical.
 Hence all the sides can be used.
 Piezo-electric:
 Pattern of vibration of the tip is linear
 Only two sides of the tip are active.
 Ultrasonic vibrations range from 20,000 to 45,000
cycles/second. They operate In a wet field and have
attached water outlets.

41. Periodontal Endoscope
 It is used subgingivally…. in the diagnosis and treatment of
periodontal diseases.
 Called as the perioscopy system.
 It consists of re-usable fiber optic endoscope, over which
there is a sterile sheath.

42.  The fiber optic endoscope fits onto the periodontal probes and
ultrasonic instruments that have been designed to accept it.
 The sheath delivers water for irrigation that flushes the pocket
while the endoscope is in use, and it keeps the field clear.
 This device allows clear visualization, subgingivatly, in deep
pockets and in furcations.
 It enables the operator to detect the presence and location of
subgingival deposits and guides the operator in their thorough
removal.
 Using this device it is possible to achieve levels of root
debridement and cleanliness that are much more difficult to
produce without it.

43. Miscellaneous
Schwartz periotreivers:
 Set of two double- ended, highly-magnetized
instruments
 designed for the retrieval of broken instrument tips
from the periodontal pocket.

44. Plastic instruments for implants:
 Rather than metal, Plastic instruments should be
used… to avoid scarring and permanent damage to the
implants.

45. Hoe scalers:
 Used for scaling ledges or rings of calculus.
 The blade is bent at a 99-degree angle
 The cutting edge is beveled at 45 degrees.

46.  used in the following manner:-
 The blade is inserted to the base of the periodontal
pocket, so that it makes a two point contact with the
tooth.
 This stabilizes the instrument and prevents nicking of
the tooth.
 The instrument is activated with a firm pull stroke
towards the crown, with every effort being made to
preserve the two point contact with the tooth.
 Me. Cafis Hoe scalers # 3, 4.5.6.7 and 8 are a set of six Hoe scalers
designed to provide access to aLl the tooth surfaces

47. Files:
 They have a series of blades on a base.
 Their primary function is to fracture or
crush tenacious calculus.
 Files can easily gouge and roughen root
surfaces when used improperly.
 Therefore they are not suitable for fine scaling and root
planing.
 They are sometimes used for removing overhanging
margins of dental restorations.

48. Chisel scalers:
 Usually used in the too
closely spaced proximal
surfaces of anterior teeth
 It is a double-ended
instrument with a curved
shank at one end and a
straight shank at the other.
 The instrument is activated
with a push motion.